Atropelamentos de animais silvestres são a principal causa de mortalidade de origem antrópica de vertebrados terrestres. Além da mortalidade direta, as populações animais também são fragmentadas e isoladas por rodovias, que podem atuar como filtro ou barreira ao movimento da fauna. A indicação e implementação de medidas mitigadoras têm sido uma estratégia cada vez importante, ampliando a necessidade de desenvolver e qualificar métodos para avaliar os impactos e indicar áreas prioritárias. Essa tese de doutorado foi concebida com a preocupação de investigar certos temas relacionados à mortalidade e fragmentação por rodovias. No primeiro capítulo, discuto como a qualificação da pesquisa e do licenciamento podem colaborar com este cenário. No segundo capítulo, apresento uma revisão de diferentes métodos de análise espacial utilizados para testar se existe a presença de agregações de atropelamento e para localizar onde estão estas agregações. No terceiro capítulo, apresento os resultados de um modelo de simulação baseado em indivíduos, que mostra que a localização dos hotspots muda ao longo do tempo em função da diminuição das populações próximas a trechos de rodovias com maior letalidade, o que torna a mortalidade per capita um melhor indicador da necessidade de mitigação. No último capítulo avaliei o efeito da rede de rodovias na fragmentação de habitat nos campos sulinos do Rio Grande do Sul, e demonstro que considerar o efeito da rede de rodovias como uma barreira aos movimentos da fauna modifica de forma severa a percepção que temos sobre o status de conservação dos campos. Esta tese pode ter dois tipos principais de implicações: a aplicação direta dos resultados aqui apresentados nas avaliações dos impactos de rodovias e planejamento da mitigação, e a influência em novos rumos de pesquisa na ecologia de rodovias. / Roads are responsible for a series of impacts to ecosystems, and some authors point out that road-kills are the main cause of terrestrial vertebrate mortality from anthropogenic causes. Besides direct mortality, wildlife populations are also fragmented and isolated by roads, as they can act as barriers or filters to wildlife movement. Implementing mitigation measures had become an important conservation strategy, but the need to prioritize areas brings the urgency to develop and qualify methods to assess road impacts and indicate priority areas. This doctorate thesis was developed with the concern of investigating subjects related to wildlife mortality and fragmentation by roads. In the first chapter I discuss how qualifying research and environmental licensing may contribute in this scenario. In the second chapter, I present a review of different methods of spatial analysis that have been used to test the presence of clustering on road-kill data and to identify road-kill hotpots. In the third chapter, I present the results of simulations of an individual-based model that shows that the location of road-kill hotspots change in time due to population depression near high-risk road segments; making per capita mortality a better indicator of the need for mitigation. In the last chapter, I evaluated the effect of the road network on habitat fragmentation of South Brazilian grasslands in Rio Grande do Sul State, and I show that considering the road network as a barrier changes severely our perception about grassland conservation status. This thesis may have two types of implications: the direct applications of the results presented here in environmental impact assessment of roads and in mitigation planning, or the influence on new paths to study road effects on wildlife.

A Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva e o Programa Um Computador por Aluno (PROUCA) fomentam estratégias e ações que oportunizam condições iguais a todos para a construção do conhecimento, tema central desta pesquisa, que visa investigar a inclusão das pessoas com deficiências promovida pelo uso da tecnologia. Este estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, a qual partiu de um eixo condutor centralizado na seguinte problemática: que movimentos são desencadeados pela mediação dos laptops educacionais do PROUCA para potencializar a inclusão de alunos com deficiência atendendo à Política Nacional de Educação Inclusiva? Para a coleta e posterior análise de dados, esculpimos três nichos analíticos, constituídos pelos alunos JP, S, E, V e A, que estudam na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Padre Germano, em Bagé, RS. O quadro teórico para essa análise foi construído a partir da abordagem sócio-histórica proposta por Lev S. Vygotsky e dos estudos contemporâneos acerca das implicações do uso das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs). Para análise dos movimentos vividos em prol da inclusão dos alunos no contexto escolar, elegemos as categorias: Inclusão Social, Inclusão Digital e Inclusão Educacional. Ao construirmos essas categorias, procuramos balizar nosso olhar sobre todas as vivências dos sujeitos investigados no cenário escolar, tais como experiências relativas à turma, às ações da professora, ao Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE), à família e à tecnologia. Constatamos diferentes resultados acerca do uso do laptop distribuído pelo governo brasileiro e dos movimentos promovidos para a inclusão dos alunos com deficiência nos três nichos analíticos. Concluímos que, embora o PROUCA tenha promovido algumas situações de inclusão social, digital e educacional, o que predomina é um acolhimento escolar dos alunos na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Padre Germano, sem que haja a devida atenção aos princípios de customização, mobilidade e conectividade. / The National Policy of Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education and One Computer per Student Program (PROUCA) instigate strategies and actions that afford equal conditions to all for the construction of knowledge, which is the main theme of this research, with the aim of investigating the inclusion of disabled people promoted by the use of technology. The investigation is featured as a qualitative and descriptive research which has started in a leading axis center in the following problematic: What movements are triggered by the mediation of educational laptops in the context of PROUCA to potentiate the inclusion of disabled students, answering the National Policy of Inclusive Education? For the collection and following data analysis, three analytical niches were sculpted, built by the students JP, S, E, V and A, who study in the Padre Germano Elementary Civic School, in Bagé, RS. The theoretical presentment for this analysis was built from the social interactional proposed by Lev S. Vygotsky and its contemporary studies on the implications of the use of the Information and Communication Technologies (TICs). For the analysis of the movements lived in favor of the student‟s inclusion in the school context, the following categories were elected: Social Inclusion, Digital Inclusion and Educational Inclusion. By building these categories, we attempted to delimit our look over all the subjects‟ experiences that were investigated in the scholastic scenery, such as experiences related to the group, to the teacher‟s actions, to the Specialized Educational Treatment (AEE), to the family and to the technology. Different results were found concerning the laptop usage distributed by the Brazilian government and the actions promoted for the inclusion of disabled students in the three analytical niches. We concluded that although PROUCA has promoted some social inclusion, digital and educational situations, what predominates is a school welcoming of the students of Padre Germano Elementary Civic School, without having the proper attention to the principles of customization, mobility and connectivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO KATIA MARIA.pdf: 793030 bytes, checksum: 919d0e6a42496ed0217aba51d601f90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work do an analyse of the implications of the increasement populous incorrelation between education, numbers of children and amount of a rent in Amazon state, delimiting a research at one universe of little mothers of thirty years old of sons that had wasborn live in 2000. A methodology used was based in research biography and in view of collected in sensus demography of 2000. Publicaded by the Institute Brazian of Geograph and Estatistic. IBGE. With this analyse the increasement populous, in the tauch to the size of the family in this universe of mothers, and their implicating for the education and per capita income, where show that Amazon state go along with, tendency Brazilian with the fall of the ritme in Amazon don`t occur of form uniform, having in sight a parcel of their population above all the group of motheres pertains the class few schoolings and of revenue under resident, mainly in part of the interior and in the areas rurals of the states, still prevailed families numerous in 2000. In interior, 14% of these five sons. In the context, was contexted the stronger influence of the education in the maner of the women how much of have sons, but in Amazon there was a percentage very tail of mothers with more of five sons between a grupo of women of schoolings extremily under. Showalso, of accord with the datum verifield in the pass a way of the research, that how much big the level of schoolings few are the opportunities of the people have better revenue and obtain a better level of live, showing that education is a factor for the promotion of the development economic. Conclued, therefore e, that education and rent are negativament correlacioned with the level of increasement populous evidencing the tact of that the reduction of the size of the families reflect positively in situation partner-economic of the population. / Este trabalho faz uma análise das implicações do crescimento populacional, na correlação entre educação, número de filhos e renda per capita no Estado do Amazonas, delimitando a pesquisa num universo de mães menores de 30 anos de filhos tidos nascidos vivos em 2000. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e nos dados coletados no Censo Demográfico de 2000, publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Com isso, analisa o crescimento populacional, no tocante ao tamanho da família, nesse universo de mães, e suas implicações para a educação e renda per capita, onde mostra que o Estado do Amazonas acompanhou a tendência brasileira com a queda das taxas de fecundidade em razão do processo de transição demográfica, iniciada na década de 1940. Mostrou também que a queda do ritmo de crescimento populacional no Amazonas não ocorreu de forma homogênea, tendo em vista uma parcela de sua população, sobretudo o grupo de mães pertencentes às classes menos escolarizadas e de rendimentos baixos, residente, principalmente, em parte do interior e nas áreas rurais do Estado, ainda prevalecia famílias numerosas em 2000. No interior, 14% dessas mães tinham 1 filho e 34% mais de 5 filhos. Nesse contexto, foi constatada a forte influência da educação no comportamento das mulheres quanto à decisão de ter filhos, pois no Amazonas existia um percentual muito elevado de mães com mais de 5 filhos entre o grupo de mulheres de escolaridade extremamente baixa. Mostra também, de acordo com os dados verificados no decorrer da pesquisa, que quanto maior o nível de escolaridade, maiores são as chances das pessoas obterem melhores rendimentos e, por conseguinte, um melhor padrão de vida, mostrando que a educação é um fator condicionante para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico. Conclui, portanto, que educação e renda estão negativamente correlacionadas com o nível de crescimento populacional evidenciando o fato de que a redução do tamanho das famílias reflete, positivamente, na situação sócio-econômica da população. Palavras-chave: Crescimento Populacional, Educação, Renda per capita, Desenvolvimento Econômico.

A colheita mecanizada florestal é uma atividade custosa com diversos fatores a serem gerenciados e controlados para que se torne uma atividade viável e competitiva. Para a aplicação em povoamentos florestais de baixo volume por hectare, a escolha do sistema de colheita ideal é fator determinante para o sucesso operacional e financeiro do processo. O presente estudo avaliou dois sistemas de colheita: um convencional - composto por: \"Harvester\" e \"Forwarder\" - e outro alternativo - composto por: \"Feller-buncher\", \"Skidder\", \"Flail\", \"Power-Clamp\" e \"Garra-Traçadora\". Os sistemas de colheita foram aplicados em florestas de baixo volume unitário, sendo a UP-A com 0,14 m³.árv.-1 com 48,07 hectares e a UP-B com 0,11 m³.árv.-1 com 80,88ha. Foi realizado estudo de tempo contínuo para o apontamento dos indicadores de desempenho de disponibilidade mecânica, eficiência operacional e índice de utilização, bem como coleta do número de árvores produzidas por cada máquina de cada um dos sistemas em ciclos de 30min. de forma aleatória. Os custos horários foram divididos em: custos fixos - compostos por: custo de depreciação, juros, seguros e estrutura - e custos variáveis - representados pelos valores correspondentes a: combustível, lubrificantes, mão de obra e manutenção. O custo de produção (R$.m-3 de cada máquina e somatório de cada sistema) foi obtido por meio da soma dos custos fixos e variáveis de cada máquina e divisão entre sua produção horária apontada pelos técnicos florestais ao longo do estudo. Na análise estatística, aplicou-se o teste de BOX-COX para avaliar a homogeneidade da variância da produção horária (m³.h-1) com a variância homogeneizada pela transformação logarítmica, fez-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) da variável m³.h-1 de cada um dos sistemas para cada uma das unidades de produção e, sequencialmente, realizou-se o teste de comparação de médias dos sistemas de colheita e unidades de produção, comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os custos fixos do sistema convencional totalizaram 221,59 R$.h-1, sendo estes 52,77% dos custos totais deste sistema, já o sistema alternativo apresentou um custo total fixo de 668,55 R$.h-1, representando 45,75% dos custos totais horários. Os custos variáveis do sistema convencional totalizaram 198,29 R$.h-1, compondo 47,23% dos custos totais, e para o sistema alternativo, os custos variáveis totalizaram 792,68 R$.h-1, representando 54,25% dos custos totais. O custo de produção do sistema convencional na UP-A foi de 19,38 R$.m-³ e na UP-B foi de 23,85 R$.m-³. Já para o sistema alternativo, obteve-se na UP-A um custo de 14,62 R$.m-³ e para UP-B um valor de 19,99 R$.m-³. Em conclusão, verificou-se que, para ambas as situações de floresta estudadas, o sistema alternativo de colheita foi mais competitivo em relação ao sistema convencional. / The forest mechanized harvesting operation is a costly activity with many factors to be managed and controlled in order to become a viable and competitive activity. Thus when applied to forest stands with low volume per hectare, choosing the ideal harvesting system is a determining factor for the operational and financial success. The present study analyzed two harvesting systems, one named traditional, which is composed of \"Harvester\" and \"Forwarder\" and a second named alternate consisting of \"Feller-buncher\", \"Skidder\", \"Flail\", \"Power-Clamp\" and \"Grapple-Saw\". Both systems were applied to harvest forests of low unit volume, and the UP-A with 0.14 m³.tree-1 with 48.07 hectares and UP-B with 0.11 m³.tree-1 with 80.88 hectares. The study was conducted with continuous time for the appointment of the performance indicators of mechanical availability, operational efficiency and utilization rates, also was collected the number of trees produced by each machine in each system in cycles of 30 minutes at random. Hourly costs were divided into fixed costs, consisting of depreciation cost, interest, insurance and variable cost structure was represented by the cost of fuel, lubricants, labor and maintenance. The production cost of R$.m-3 of each machine and the sum of each system was obtained by the sum of the fixed and variable costs of each machine and divided by their hourly production indicated by forest technicians throughout the study. Statistical analysis was applied to the BOX-COX test to evaluate the homogeneity of the variance of output per hour (m³.hour-1), with the variance homogenized by logarithmic transformation was made the variance analysis (ANOVA) of the variable m³.hour-1 of each harvest system for each forest production units and sequentially held the mean test comparison of harvest systems and forest production units, compared by Tukey test at 5%. The fixed costs of the traditional system totaled R$ 221.59 per hour effective worked these being 52.77% of the total costs of the system, since the alternative system presented a total fixed cost of R$ 668.55 per effective worked hour, representing 45.75% of the total costs. The variable costs of the traditional system totaled R$ 198.29 per effective worked hour, composing 47.23% of total costs, and for the alternative system, variable costs totaled R$ 792.68 per worked hour effectively representing 54.25% of total costs. The production cost of the traditional system in UP-A was R$ 19.38 per m³ and UP-B of R$ 23.85 per m³, for the alternative system has obtained in the UP-A a cost of R$ 14.62 per m³ and for the UP-B R$ 19.99 per m³. It is concluded that for both situations of forests studied, the alternative harvest system was more competitive compared to the traditional system in terms of R$.m-3.

The objective of this thesis is to find out what factors have been the main sources of economic growth in China in 2003 and 2010. It also aims to find out whether the Solow model can be used to explain growth in China, if factors of growth are the same in rich and poor regions, whether the factors are the same in 2003 and 2010 and if the results are in line with previous research. The theoretical framework is the Solow model. Empirical tests are performed using econometrics, and therefore this thesis has a quantitative approach. Factors used are growth in GDP per capita which is tested against investments, household savings, the level of GDP per capita, population growth, healthcare and education. The results show that the Solow model can explain economic growth in China. Investments, the level of GDP per capita and population growth are the factors most significant to growth. In poor regions, both investments and population growth are more significant than in rich regions, whereas healthcare is more significant in rich regions. Investments and population growth also have a smaller impact in 2010 than 2003. Healthcare is more significant in 2010 and than 2003, and education is only significant in 2010. Previous research shows a wide range of results, and the results of investments and population growth are consistent with those.

Pay per click (PPC) advertising over the past few years has gained importance and companies invest larger amounts of money into it. There are more PPC systems in the market from which to choose for advertising. Which PPC system is appropriate to use for a specific campaign? This thesis consists of four chapters (excluding introduction and conclusion). The first chapter clarifies terms, talks about the basic characteristics of the subject and gives an idea of the importance of the topic (position of pay per click in the market of internet advertising). The second chapter characterizes three PPC systems (and their principles) which the author considers to be the most important in the Slovak market. The third chapter is important for the characterisation of different types of PPC campaigns. In it the author used his own classification of PPC campaigns. Two case studies are analysed in the fourth chapter. According to them an evaluation of the suitability of selected PPC systems is made (using induction method). The first three chapters are based on an analysis of available literature, the fourth part on the author's own experiences.

No description available.

The project deals with the creation of graphical applications for iOS system, describes the basics of OpenGL ES 2.0, development environment Xcode, Cocoa Touch Framework and Objective-C language. It focuses on the description of creation OpenGL game in the genre of "line drawing" games.

This paper deals with the analysis of data obtained from the surface of aluminum alloy 7475-T7351 after face milling with a tool inclination of 1°. The theoretical part explains the basic principles of measuring the topography of the surface and instruments that are able to provide relevant data directly from the scanned part. The following part contains the methods of evaluating the information, especially using various types of parameters acquired from ČSN EN ISO standards. The practical part focuses on the data obtained from the sample surface using the Alicona IF-G5. This information determines the character of the surface texture with the tool inclination and the difference between the profile and surface parameters. There is also described surface texture in the tool path and on the edge of the tool path. In the final economic evaluation, the connection between the feed per tooth and the machining price is found.

The aim of this study is to identify the main differences in compositional style in selected chamber music works by Hendrik Hofmeyr (Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte, Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Violoncello e Pianoforte) and Alexander Johnson (Imicabango for flute and piano, Three Incantations for flute, clarinet and piano, and Khalagari for flute and piano). After a thorough analysis of the melodic-, harmonic-, rhythmic-, and structural elements, it was clear that the two composers’ composition style is different from one another. Differences can be identified under the following main points: form structure, melodic and harmonic content, recurring motives and texture. Hofmeyr makes use of traditional form structures, such as sonata form, ternary form, and theme and variations. Johnson does not use traditional form structures and makes use of free form structures, such as: A1-A2-A3-A4-A5- A6-A7 (second movement from Khalagari), ABABC (third movement from Three Incantations), and A1-A2-B-A3-closing section (first movement from Three Incantations). The first movement from Khalagari is the only movement where references to sonata form can be found. Hofmeyr uses existing modes and scales in his works. Both his Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Violoncello e Pianoforte contain numerous examples where he makes use of the octatonic scale and the phrygian mode. Examples of the hexatonic scale can be found in the first and second movements of the Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte. Hofmeyr’s chord structures are also based on these scales and modes. Alexander Johnson does not use any of the above-mentioned scales, but rather makes use of his own scale (labeled as the “Johnson-scale” in this study). His chord structures are also based on this scale. Hofmeyr does not use themes and motives from other compositions in the three works in this study. He does however combine themes from earlier movements within a composition. Examples of this can be found in the third movements from Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte. Johnson combines motives and themes from other compositions in his works. Motives from Three Incantations can be found in Khalagari. A detailed summary can be found in the conclusion of this study. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Music / DMus / Unrestricted