A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

Les migrations intérieures en Chine sont régulées par le système du Hukou. Celui-ci distingue la population rurale de la population urbaine et matérialise le droit d’accès aux biens publics du lieu d’enregistrement. Deux types de migration sont à distinguer selon que l’individu a pu convertir/ transférer ou non son Hukou en déplacement : migration permanente et migration temporaire. Notre recherche adopte donc une approche dichotomique et comparatiste en vue d’avoir une vue plus intégrale de la migration intérieure en Chine.D’abord, nous nous interrogeons sur les déterminants du choix de la localisation. Le résultat économétrique montre que la migration temporaire est plus déterminée que la migration permanente par les caractéristiques du marché du travail (salaire et chômage). Par ailleurs, les afflux de l’IDE et le développement de l’entreprise rurale représentent un attrait significatif pour les migrants temporaires, contrairement aux migrants permanents. L’autre remarque consiste dans l’attraction des régions autonomes de minorité à l’égard des migrants permanents.Ensuite, nous nous demandons si les deux types de migration créent des différences en termes de profils individuels et d’insertions professionnelles des migrants. Les permanents sont plus qualifiés que les natifs urbains alors que les temporaires sont loin derrière. Quant aux insertions professionnelles, deux indicateurs sont choisis : accès à l’emploi et rémunération. Les temporaires gagnent de 14 à 20% de moins, même si les attributs du capital humain sont contrôlés. Sans discrimination institutionnelle, ils verraient leur proportion dans l’auto-recrutement baisser de 34 %, alors qu’elle augmenterait de 11% pour l’employé et de 50% pour l’ouvrier, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Or, les permanents sont beaucoup mieux insérés. Ils connaissent seulement une légère discrimination salariale, mais une « discrimination positive » pour l’accès à l’emploi par rapport aux natifs.A la fin de la thèse, nous nous intéressons aux rationalités du système du Hukou. D’une part, la ville d’accueil se sert du Hukou, grâce à la migration permanente, pour attirer les facteurs de production dont elle a besoin : capital et travail qualifié. D’autre part, elle peut bénéficier de la main-d’oeuvre de moindre coût, sans assumer les coûts sociaux à travers la migration temporaire. La Chine en a retiré des gains considérables, tels que la sécurité alimentaire, l’industrialisation à faible coût et la diminution du chômage urbain. Mais les coûts du maintien de ce système sont devenus plus préoccupants à l’heure actuelle, dans la mesure où il renforce la disparité économique, restreint la demande intérieure et forme une attention insuffisante sur les droits et l’égalité. C’est pourquoi nous proposons des mesures de réforme en insistant sur le rôle du gouvernement central. / In China, internal migrations are governed by the Hukou system. This system distinguishes between rural and urban residents and gives citizens' right to public service of the place of registration. We distinguish two types of migration depending on whether the individual was able to convert/transfer his/her Hukou during his/her moves: permanent and temporary migrations. This study will adopt a dichotomous and comparatist approach so as to have a more comprehensive view of internal migrations in China.First of all, we will analyze the determining factors of location purposes. The econometric result suggests that, compared to permanent migration, temporary moves are caused by variations in the labour market (wages, unemployment). Furthermore, the FDI inflows, and EVB (village enterprise) development are great incentives for temporary migration unlike permanent migration. Another observation is related to the attractiveness of autonomous minority regions for permanent migrants.Secondly, we wonder if both types of migration generate some differences in the individual profiles and the integration of workers. Permanent migrants are more qualified than urban residents, while temporary migrants are far behind them. As far as vocational integration is concerned, two indicators have been selected: access to employment and wages. The temporary workers earn 14 to 20% less than the others; their ratio in self-recruitment would otherwise be 34% lower but it would be 11% higher for the employee and 50% for the worker, all things being equal. On the other hand, the permanent migrants are only faced with low wage discrimination, and to a “positive discrimination” as far as access to employment is considered.At the end of the thesis, we will focus on the rationale of the Hukou system. The host towns resort to the Hukou system to attract permanent migrants in order to obtain the production factors they need: investment and skilled labour. Through temporary migration, they can take benefit from low-cost manpower without accepting the social costs. It is obvious that China has substantially gained by the contemporary Hukou system: food security, low-cost industrialization, and control over urban unemployment. However, the cost of maintaining it is increasingly worrying since it reinforces economic disparity, reduces domestic demand, and causes the policy to depart from aim of right and equality. In this case, it will be an opportunity to propose reforms while emphasising the role of the central government.

In Canada, the rise of political branding coincided with the adoption of the permanent campaign, creating an environment in which politicking is now normalized and politicization is expected. With Canada Day 2017 as a case study, this thesis adopts Marland’s Branding Lens Thesis (2016) as a conceptual framework to analyze if a national holiday became part of the Liberal Party of Canada’s master brand. The key conclusion of this thesis is that the Liberals integrated their ‘master brand’ into Canada Day 2017 by integrating political branding into their government communications. This thesis also shows that Justin Trudeau played a bigger role during Canada Day than expected by a Prime Minister. Significantly, this thesis shows the Liberal government altered the themes and messaging of Canada 150 to parallel that of their master brand, applying a Liberal tint to Canada Day and Canada 150.

Resumo: Estudos mostram que os traumatismos na dentição decídua são comuns, podendo trazer também comprometimentos aos dentes permanentes em desenvolvimento. O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar os traumatismos em dentes decíduos e as seqüelas nos dentes permanentes sucessores, em crianças atendidas no Pronto Atendimento da Bebê Clínica, da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, entre os anos de 1992 a 2002. Da análise de 1703 prontuários que apresentavam relato de traumatismos nos dentes decíduos, 864 atenderam os critérios de inclusão propostos para este estudo, sendo que 409 crianças foram localizadas e compareceram ao local de exame. Os prontuários destas crianças foram estudados a fim de se obter informações a respeito do trauma. O exame clínico e radiográfico foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar as seqüelas nos dentes permanentes em decorrência dos traumatismos nos antecessores decíduos. Para a análise destas seqüelas, a amostra foi dividida em 2 grupos, sendo o Grupo I constituindo as crianças com apenas uma ocorrência de traumatismo nos dentes decíduos e o Grupo II, aquelas com mais de uma ocorrência. A freqüência de injúrias traumáticas nos dentes decíduos foi de 31,9% no total dos 1703 prontuários avaliados. Das crianças examinadas, o gênero masculino foi o mais acometido (57%) e a idade da criança no momento do trauma entre 6 e 24 meses, a mais observada (38,4%). As quedas de uma forma geral, e entre estas, aquelas causadas pelo andar e correr foram os fatores etiológicos mais predominantes (37,8%). O tempo decorrido entre o trauma e a procura por atendimento foi mais averiguado no periodo de até 1 dia (43,5%). Dos 679 dentes decíduos avaliados, o incisivo central superior direito foi o mais afetado (42,0%) e a subluxação, o tipo de traumatismo mais prevalente ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies show dental trauma in primary teeth as common happening and the risk of compromising the permanent teeth in developing process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the dental trauma in primary teeth and its sequelae in the successor permanent teeth in children attended at Pronto Atendimento da Bebê Clínica, State University of Londrina, from 1992 to 2002. From the analysis of 1703 children presenting cases of dental trauma in primary teeth, 864 attended the criteria of inclusion proposed to this study. From the total above 409 children were located and came to the examine place. The data of these children were studied in order to obtain precise information regarding trauma. The clinical and radiographic exams were carried out with the objective to verify sequelae in the permanent teeth due to traumas caused on the predecessor deciduous. For the analysis of these sequelae the sample was divided into 2 groups: Group I, consist of children with only one occurrence of trauma in the primary teeth and group II, of those with more occurrences. The frequency of traumatic injuries in the deciduous teeth was 31,9% in total of the 1703 cases evaluated. From the examined children, masculine gender was the most compromised (57%) and the age of the child in the moment of the trauma was between 6 and 24 moths (38,4%). Falls in general, among those caused by walking and runnings were the etiologic predominant factors (37,8%). The time between trauma and seeing the dentist was done in a period of a day (43,5%). From 679 deciduous teeth evaluated, the right maxillary central incisor was the most affected (42,0%) and the subluxation, type of trauma more frequent (32,5%). In regard to the treatment recommended to the primary teeth monitoring was the most used ...( Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Orientador: Robson Frederico Cunha / Coorientador: Antônio Ferelle / Banca: Farli Aparecida Carrilho Boer / Banca: Célio Percinoto / Banca: Robson Frederico Cunha / Mestre

Orientador: Milton Carlos Kuga / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a adaptação interna (AI), resistência de união (RU) e resistência à fratura (RF) da associação entre resinas bulk-fill de alta viscosidade e adesivos simplificados, quando utilizados para restaurar dentes que foram endodonticamente tratados. Foram avaliados 4 sistemas restauradores comerciais, sendo eles Grupo Controle (GC): Scotchbond Multi-Purpose + Filtek Z350XT (3M/ESPE); (SBU/FBF) Single Bond Universal + Filtek Bulk-fill (3M/ESPE); (OBA/SF) OptBond All-in-one + Sonic Fill (Kerr) e (TBU/TBF)Tetric-N- Bond Universal + Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill (Ivoclar/Vivadent). Em 32 pré-molares humanos, a superfície oclusal foi planificada, cavidades classe I padronizadas foram confeccionadas e os dentes foram tratados endodonticamente .A irrigação foi feita com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) 2,5% e EDTA 17%. Após a obturação (AH Plus, Dentsply, De Trey, Konstanz, Germany) e a limpeza da câmara pulpar com álcool 99%, foi aplicada uma fina camada de cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina Ionoseal (VOCO, GmbH, Vuxhaven, Alemanha). Os dentes foram então divididos nos grupos experimentais (n=8), e as restaurações foram realizadas. Após 24 horas, os espécimes receberam um corte centralizado, as metades obtidas foram polidas e réplicas em resina epóxi para a avaliação da AI em microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram confeccionadas. Em 40 terceiros molares humanos, um corte foi feito para exposição da dentina profunda. Após a padronização da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate internal adaptation (IA), bond strength (BS), and fracture resistance (FR) of the combination of high-viscosity bulk-fill resins and simplified adhesives in the restoration of endodontically-treated teeth. Four commercial restoration systems were evaluated, which were the control group (CG) in which Scotchbond Multi-Purpose + Filtek Z350XT (3M/ESPE) was used, (SBU/FBF) Single Bond Universal + Filtek Bulk-fill (3M/ESPE); (OBA/SF) OptBond All-in-one + Sonic Fill (Kerr), and (TBU/TBF)Tetric-N- Bond Universal + Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill (Ivoclar/Vivadent). In 32 human pre-molars, the occlusal surface was flattened, standard class I cavities were created, and the teeth were treated endodontically. Irrigation was performed using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA. After the fillings (AH Plus, Dentsply, De Trey, Konstanz, Germany) and cleaning of the pulp chamber with 99% ethanol, a thin layer of ionoseal resin-modified glass iomer luting cement was applied (Voco, GmbH, Vuxhaven, Germany). The teeth were then divided into the experimental groups (n=8) and the restorations were performed. After 24 hours, the specimens were sectioned in the middle and the halves obtained were polished, and replicas were made in epoxy resin to evaluate IA using scanning electron microscopy. In 40 human molar thirds, a cut was made to expose the deep dentin. After standardization of the smear layer (file # 600), the tissue was treated with 2.5% NaOCl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Com a diminuição da prevalência de lesões de cárie francamente cavitadas na população, o foco atual é mais concentrado no diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões de cárie não evidentes. A inspeção visual, apesar da alta especificidade, tem apresentado baixa sensibilidade e reprodutibilidade na detecção de lesões de cárie. Por isso, o método é frequentemente associado aos métodos complementares, tais como o exame radiográfico e o método de fluorescência a laser. No entanto, devido à diminuição da severidade e da velocidade de progressão da cárie dentária nos últimos anos, não se sabe exatamente se essa estratégia é benéfica ao paciente. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a performance da inspeção visual isolada e associada aos métodos radiográfico e de fluorescência a laser na detecção de lesões de cárie não evidentes nas superfícies proximais e oclusais de pré-molares e molares em adolescentes. Foram selecionados adolescentes, de 12 a 17 anos de idade, que foram submetidos à detecção de cárie pela inspeção visual com o International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), exame radiográfico interproximal e o método de fluorescência a laser (DIAGNOdent pen). Nas superfícies proximais, foram considerados os limiares de lesões não cavitadas e lesões cavitadas, e a separação temporária com o uso de elásticos ortodônticos e posterior visualização direta das faces foi considerado o padrão de referência. Já para superfícies oclusais, o padrão de referência foi a avaliação da presença de lesão em dentina após abertura operatória do sítio suspeito, após este ter sido diagnosticado como positivo por pelo menos um dos métodos. Nessas superfícies, apenas foi utilizado o limiar de lesões em dentina. Dois examinadores realizaram todos os exames, sendo que o primeiro examinador reexaminou cerca de 20% da amostra. Com isso, foram calculados os valores de reprodutibilidade inter e intraexaminador de cada método utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e teste de kappa. Com relação aos parâmetros de acurácia, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia e utilidade de cada método isolado e dos métodos complementares associados à inspeção visual de forma simultânea e sequencial. Foram avaliadas 834 superfícies proximais e 644 oclusais para a verificação de lesões não evidentes em 51 adolescentes. A inspeção visual apresentou os maiores valores de reprodutibilidade inter e intraexaminador, tanto em superfícies proximais, como nas oclusais. No entanto, o método radiográfico também mostrou resultados satisfatórios em todos os limiares e em ambos os tipos de superfície. Com relação à detecção de lesões iniciais em superfícies proximais, o exame visual apresentou maior sensibilidade em comparação aos métodos complementares. Para as lesões avançadas nas superfícies oclusais e proximais, o exame visual revelou uma tendência de apresentar maior especificidade em relação aos métodos adjuntos associados em simultâneo, acompanhado, no entanto, de sensibilidade inferior. A estratégia de associação simultânea da inspeção visual e exame radiográfico apresentou aumento nos valores de sensibilidade, mas com a diminuição da especificidade. Com relação aos valores de acurácia e utilidade na detecção de lesões mais avançadas em superfícies proximais ou oclusais, os valores das estratégias combinadas foram semelhantes ou menores que a inspeção visual isolada. Nas lesões cavitadas proximais, a associação simultânea não apresentou um benefício devido à baixa prevalência desse tipo de lesão na amostra (3,1%). Caso a prevalência fosse maior, essa estratégia poderia ter sido mais adequada. Observou-se também uma possibilidade de que lesões sombreadas em dentina nas superfícies oclusais pudessem ser confirmadas pelo exame radiográfico, ou seja, uma estratégia sequencial somente nesses casos. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que, de um modo geral, a inspeção visual isolada é a melhor estratégia de diagnóstico na detecção de lesões de cárie em superfícies proximais e oclusais de pré-molares e molares de adolescentes. A associação da inspeção visual com os métodos radiográfico e de fluorescência a laser não parecem trazer grandes benefícios na maioria das situações. / With the decrease of prevalence of frankly cavitated caries lesions in the population, the current focus is related to diagnosis and treatment of non-evident caries lesions. Visual inspection, despite high specificity, has presented low sensitivity and reproducibility in detecting caries lesions. For this reason, the method is frequently associated to adjunct methods, such as radiographic and laser fluorescence methods. However, due to the decrease of severity and progression of dental caries during the last years, there are doubts if this diagnostic strategy is really beneficial for the patient. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of visual inspection performed alone and associated to the radiographic and laser fluorescence methods in detecting non-evident caries lesions at approximal and occlusal surfaces in adolescents. Adolescents aged from 12 to 17 years were selected, and they were assessed regarding caries lesions detection through visual inspection using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), radiographic examination and laser fluorescence method (DIAGNOdent pen). At approximal surfaces, we considered two thresholds: non-cavitated and cavitated lesions, and temporary separation with orthodontic rubbers and direct visual inspection was considered the reference standard method. On the other hand, for occlusal surfaces, the reference standard method was the evaluation for the presence of dentine caries lesions after operative opening of the suspected site, after a positive result with at least one method. In these surfaces, we considered only the dentine lesions threshold. Two examiners carried out the examinations, and the first examiner reassessed around 20% of the sample. Then, we calculated intra- and interexaminer of each method through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa test. With regard to the accuracy parameters, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and utility values of each method alone and of methods combined with visual inspection using two different strategies: simultaneous and sequential. We evaluated 834 approximal and 644 occlusal surfaces in 51 adolescents. Visual inspection presented higher inter- and intraexaminer reproducibility values in both approximal and occlusal surfaces. Nevertheless, radiographic method also showed good results considering all thresholds in both types of surfaces. Regarding the initial caries lesions detection at approximal surfaces, visual inspection presented higher sensitivity than those obtained with other methods. Considering more advanced caries lesions, visual inspection presented a tendency of higher specificity compared to the sequential association with adjunct methods, but with lower sensitivity. With regard to the accuracy and utility values at more advanced thresholds in both approximal and occlusal surfaces, values obtained with the combined strategies were similar or lower than those achieved with visual inspection performed alone. Considering approximal cavitated caries lesions, simultaneous combination did not present any benefit due to the low prevalence of these lesions in the sample (3.1%). There was a possibility of undelying dark shadow lesions could be confirmed through radiographic examination, that is, a sequential strategy in these cases. Thus, we can conclude that, in general, visual inspection performed alone is the best diagnostic strategy for the detection of caries lesions in premolars and molars of adolescents. Association of visual inspection with radiographic and laser fluorescence methods does not seem to bring great benefits in the majority of occasions.

Introdução: A região da face corresponde a parte do corpo mais atingida em casos de traumas. Isso ocorre por ser uma área sem proteção e de localização favorável. Traumas nessa região tem como principais causas acidente de trânsito, quedas ou agressões. A consequência mais prevalente é a fratura na região mandibular. Em decorrência disso, é possível perceber diversos prejuízos, dentre eles a limitação na abertura bucal. No entanto, para que seja definido um dano é necessário que se conheça o padrão de normalidade. O Código Civil brasileiro aponta que todo o dano causado por ato ilícito deve ser reparado proporcionalmente ao prejuízo criado na vítima. A utilização de tabelas na quantificação do dano corporal tem sido um elemento importante para a unificação da linguagem e dos critérios, permitindo que uma mesma situação seja avaliada e entendida de forma semelhante. Objetivo: a) Obter a média de abertura bucal de uma população brasileira associando com sexo, idade, estatura e perfil facial; b) Correlacionar a média de abertura bucal de pacientes considerados dentro do padrão de normalidade e pacientes com fratura mandibular; c) Correlacionar os valores de abertura bucal obtidos na pesquisa com a Tabela Nacional de Avaliação de Incapacidades Permanentes em Direito Civil da legislação portuguesa, a tabela brasileira SUSEP e a tabela DPVAT; d) Elaborar uma fórmula para a determinação da redução de abertura bucal. Metodologia: Um questionário relacionado a percepção de dor foi aplicado em pacientes do grupo controle e pacientes analisados em um hospital de São Paulo com fratura de mandíbula. Na sequência, foi verificada a abertura bucal máxima com um paquímetro e tomadas as medidas do terço médio e inferior para determinação do tipo de perfil facial. Além disso, através de um estadiômetro, foi medida a estatura. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente e relacionados com as três tabelas citadas. Resultados: A média de abertura bucal no sexo masculino foi de 51,71 mm enquanto no sexo feminino foi de 47,94 mm onde foi encontrada correlação positiva entre sexo e abertura bucal. Entretanto não foi possível estabelecer significância com as demais variáveis. Quanto aos pacientes com fratura de mandíbula, a média de abertura bucal para homens foi de 38,91 mm e em mulheres de 41 mm, a etiologia mais prevalente foi acidentes automobilísticos e o local mais acometido foi na região condilar. Conclusão: Foi possível encontrar associação positiva com o sexo, onde homens tendem a ter uma abertura bucal maior que mulheres; Não foi encontrada relação significativa com idade, estatura e perfil facial; Pacientes com fratura mandibular possuem uma amplitude de abertura menor que pacientes considerados dentro dos padrões de normalidade; As tabelas brasileiras, DPVAT e SUSEP são insuficientes para valorar danos odontológicos e a tabela da legislação portuguesa necessita de adaptações e com base nas médias de abertura bucal obtidas, foram elaborada as seguintes fórmulas para o cálculo de redução de abertura bucal, onde para pacientes do sexo masculino usa-se RA=[100-(A.1,93) ] .0,3 e para o sexo feminino RA=[100-(A.2,08) ] .0,3 . / Background: The face is the body part most commonly affected in cases of trauma, since it is an unprotected and vulnerable area. Facial traumas are caused mainly by traffic accidents, falls, or physical assault. Mandibular fracture is the most prevalent consequence of these events. This type of fracture causes some damage, including limited mouth opening. However, in order to define this damage, it is necessary to know what the normal pattern is. The Brazilian Civil Code establishes that any harm caused by the practice of an illicit act must be repaired proportionately to the injury inflicted on the victim. The use of rating charts for quantification of bodily harm has played an important role in standardizing both the language and criteria, thus allowing one to assess and understand the same situation in a similar fashion. Objective: a) To estimate the mean jaw range of motion of the Brazilian population by associating it with sex, age, height, and facial profile; b) to correlate patients with a normal jaw range of motion with those with mandibular fracture; c) to correlate jaw range of motion in the Portuguese National Rating Chart for Permanent Disability Assessment with that in the Brazilian SUSEP and DPVAT charts; d) to develop a formula for limited mouth opening estimation. Method: A pain perception questionnaire was applied to patients from the control group and to those with mandibular fracture assessed at a hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Maximum mouth opening was measured with a caliper, whereas middle and lower third measurements were made to determine the type of facial profile. Height was measured using a stadiometer. The data were analyzed statistically and compared with those described in the three rating charts. Results: The mean jaw range of motion was 51.71 mm in male patients and 47.94 mm in female patients, and there was a positive correlation between sex and mouth opening. It was not possible to determine the significance of mouth opening relative to the other variables. In patients with mandibular fracture, the mean jaw range of motion was 38.91 mm for men and 41 mm for women; vehicle motor accidents were the major cause of the trauma; and the mandibular condyle was the most frequently affected site. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation with sex, as men tend to have a greater jaw range of motion than women. There was no significant correlation with age, height, and facial profile. Patients with mandibular fracture have a smaller jaw range of motion than those who fall into normal standards. Brazilian charts, DPVAT and SUSEP, are inefficient in rating dental damage, whereas the Portuguese chart requires some adaptations. The following formulas were developed based on the mean jaw range of motion measurements, and they allow estimating limited mouth opening: LMO=[100-(MO x 1.93)] x 0.3 for men and LMO=[100-(MO x 2.08)] x 0.3 for women.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações dento-alveolares decorrentes da perda do 1 o molar permanente inferior, foi selecionada uma amostra de 111 radiografias panorâmicas, pertencentes a 27 homens e 84 mulheres, que haviam perdido, unilateralmente, o 1 o molar permanente inferior. A presença de todos os demais dentes inferiores, inclusive dos 3 os molares de ambos os lados, e a ausência de tratamento ortodôntico prévio eram critérios básicos para a inclusão da radiografia na amostra. A média de idade no momento da obtenção da radiografia foi de 19 anos e 8 meses (12 anos – 30 anos 11 meses). Indivíduos que relataram a perda recente do 1 o molar, ou seja,menos de 5 anos do tempo decorrido da perda, foram previamente removidos da amostra. Após as radiografias serem traçadas manualmente em papel "utraphan", foram obtidas, bilateralmente, medidas que definiam: as angulações dos dentes inferiores, o posicionamento ântero-posterior da dos 2 o e 3 o molares e do 2 o pré-molar, a altura do 3 o molar e do osso alveolar na área da perda. O lado com perda foi comparado ao lado sem perda (controle) através do teste “t" pareado ao nível de 5 % de confiabilidade. No intuito de obter informações sobre a influência do nível de formação do terceiro molar sobre as características morfológicas examinadas, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo era constituído por 51 indivíduos (média de idade de 24 anos e 5 meses) que apresentavam o terceiro molar completamente formado (CF). O segundo grupo foi formado por 60 indivíduos (média de idade de 15 anos e 7 meses) que apresentavam o terceiro molar ainda em formação. Os grupos foram comparados através do teste “t" para dados não pareados, ao nível de 5 % de confiabilidade. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a perda unilateral do 1 o molar permanente inferior causou mudanças significativas na angulação e posicionamento de todos os dentes no lado com perda, quando comparados ao lado controle. Enquanto os 2 os molares inclinavam-se e deslocavam-se mesialmente, os incisivos, canino e os pré-molares inclinavam-se distalmente para a área da perda. A inclinação era maior, quanto mais próximo estivesse o dente do 1 o molar extraído. A inclinação mesial do 3 o molar só ocorreu, de forma significativa, quando eram isolados os indivíduos nos quais esses dentes já haviam sido completamente formados (CF). A análise da altura do osso alveolar revelou que ocorre uma reabsorção vertical significativa da área da perda, sendo essa reabsorção maior no grupo de indivíduos mais velhos (CF). Em síntese, pode-se concluir que a perda unilateral do primeiro molar permanente inferior provoca a movimentação de todos os dentes em direção à área do dente extraído, assim como uma progressiva reabsorção vertical do osso alveolar no espaço remanescente. / SUMMARY A sample of 111 panoramic radiographs (27 males and e 84 females), that had been submitted to unilateral extraction of lower 1 st permanent molar, was selected with the aim of evaluating dento-alveolar changes produced by the loss. No previous orthodontic treatment and the presence of all other lower teeth, including both 3 rd molars, were basic criteria to include patients in the sample. Mean age at panoramic examination was 19 years and 8 months (12 y – 30 y 11 m). Individuals that have reported recent 1 st molar loss (less than 5 years from the x-ray examination) were previously removed. After x-ray manual tracing, it was obtained bilateral measurements that provide tooth angulation of all lower teeth, antero-posterior displacement of 3 rd molars, 2 nd molars and 2 nd premolars, 3 rd molar height, and alveolar height at 1 st molar area. Measurements obtained at the extraction side were compared by paired student’s t test to the control side (no molar loss). In order to obtain information regarding the influence of the 3 rd molar development stage on the morphologic variables examined, sample was divided in two groups, according to 3 rd molar developmental stage at the control side. 60 individuals (mean age 15 y 7 m) that had 3 rd molar not completed developed (EF)composed the first group. The second group was constituted by 51 individuals (mean age 24 y 5 m) that had the 3 rd molar completed developed (CF). These groups were compared by student’s t test. Findings obtained showed that unilateral 1 st molar loss produced significant changes in mesio-distal angulation and antero-posterior positioning of all teeth located at the loss side compared to control side. While lower 2 nd molars inclined and displaced mesialy, premolar, canine and incisors inclined and displaced distally to extraction space. The major tooth movimentation were observed close to the extracted 1 st molar area. Mesial inclination of the 3 rd molar occurred significantly only when subjects that had 3 rd molars completely developed (CF) were examined. Alveolar height examination revealed that a vertical alveolar resorption had occurred significantly at the extraction site. This resorption was larger in individuals that had 3 rd molars completely developed (CF). In resume, it may be concluded that unilateral extraction of the lower 1 st permanent molar produces a significant movimentation of all lower teeth through the site extraction, as well as a progressive vertical resorption at the 1 st molar space remaining.

Árvores emergentes e de dossel da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Sub-montana de uma Parcela Permanente (10,24ha) no Parque Estadual &quotCarlos Botelho&quot, SP, foram estudadas e descritas morfologicamente considerando padrões de tronco, raízes e casca externa com a finalidade de auxiliar na identificação de campo. O critério de inclusão (DAP igual ou superior a 48cm) abrangeu 324 indivíduos de 64 espécies pertencentes a 36 famílias. São fornecidas descrições, ilustrações e chave de identificação para as espécies estudadas baseadas em características do tronco à altura do peito e da base; das raízes aparentes e rentes ao tronco; das raízes superficiais; e das texturas da casca externa nas regiões da árvore mencionadas. Considerando que não há uma terminologia padrão para descrição dos caracteres estudados, é proposta aqui uma nomenclatura, além de serem utilizados termos propostos por Torres et al. (1994) e Ribeiro et al. (1999), com adaptações para as variações observadas no local de estudo. O tronco foi diferenciado em cilíndrico ou acanalado, com base reta ou dilatada. As raízes variaram entre digitadas e sapopemas. Foram categorizados 13 padrões básicos de textura da casca externa: liso, áspero, sujo, rugoso, fissurado, fendido, lenticelado, reticulado, com placas, escamoso, laminado, variegado e com depressões. O uso de terminologia padronizada na descrição de características de tronco, raízes e casca permite sua aplicação e comparação com dados de estudos desenvolvidos em diferentes regiões, sendo importante ressaltar sua utilização aliada a outros caracteres da planta para uma identificação mais eficiente. / Emergent and canopy trees of lowmontane dense ombrophyllous forest in a permanent plot (10,24ha) in &quotCarlos Botelho&quot State Park, SP, were studied and morphologically described. Trunk, roots and outer bark patterns were considered in order to make field identification easier. A total of 324 trees, 64 species and 36 families were included (DAP &#8805 48cm) and analyzed. We provide descriptions, figures and an identification key based on the following features: trunk at breast high; trunk base; apparent roots; superficial roots; and texture of outer bark. Since there is not a standard morphological nomenclature for these patterns, we propose a nomenclature here, besides using those terms proposed by Torres et al. (1994) and Ribeiro et al. (1999) with some adaptations. Trunk are named terete or angular, straight or with an expanded base. Roots are named digitated or buttressed. Thirteen basic patterns of outer bark texture were named: entire, rough, messy, rugose, fissured, cracked, lenticellate, reticulate, flaky, scaly, laminate, variegated and dippled. Using this terminology allows its application and comparison with data from different areas. They should be used with other features, reproductive and vegetative ones, in order to allow a correct identification.

Wind energy has been the fastest emerging renewable energy source over the last decade. The overriding provisos to minimise greenhouse emissions and increasing concerns regarding energy security have been the major inducements for many countries to make a resolute transition to new and non-conventional power sources. Direct-drive systems for wind turbines are potentially a more reliable alternative to gearbox driven systems. Gearboxes are liable to significant accumulated fatigue torque loading with relatively high maintenance costs. It is with this in mind that the primary focus of this research is on direct-drive wind turbines. Generators in direct-drive wind turbines tend to be of large diameter and heavier due to the support structure required to maintain as small air-gap as possible between the stationary and rotating parts of the generator. Permanent magnet generators (PMGs) are the most common type to be used within direct-drive wind turbines nowadays. Generators and other drive-train components in wind turbines experience significant varying loads, which may lead to a bearing failure. These varying loads can lead to misalignment within the drivetrain producing eccentricity between the generator rotor and stator. Rotor eccentricity generates a magnetic force referred to as Unbalanced Magnetic Pull (UMP). The induced UMP for the same rotor eccentricity is much higher in PMGs than induction generators because of the higher permanent magnet magnetic field. UMP is an important issue requiring further research. A part of this study provides a more detailed treatment of UMP under varying rotor eccentricity regimes for various permanent magnet machine topologies. The effect of UMP in direct-drive PMGs on the lifetime of the main bearing is a topic that requires more research aimed at proposing design improvements and solutions. The hope being that the availability of such solutions can be applied to practical reductions in operating costs. In brief, identification of the root causes of failure and impacts on component lifetime remain a subject of research. Establishing analytical tools for studying the impact of UMP on component lifetime in direct drive wind turbines and identifying the prospects for air gap winding machines using single bearing configuration are the two key areas for further research. Firstly, this research aims to establish the relationship between bearing forces and different types of eccentricities and UMP in direct drive machines. It is intended to use such models for predicting bearing wear and fatigue. Secondly, this research aims to establish the analytical tools for studying static, dynamic and tilting eccentricity in air-gap winding direct drive generators. Such tools are used to increase the understanding of the dynamics of direct drive PM generators. The final step of this study is using a multi-body simulation software (SIMPACK) to initiate investigations and comparison by providing assessments of electromagnetic interaction and internal drive-train loading for four possible designs for a proposed 5MW direct-drive wind turbine in response to the loads normally seen by a wind turbine. The four designs include: (a) iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings, (b) airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings, (c) iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing, (d) airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing. An aero-elastic simulation code (HAWC2) is used to extract the hub loads for different wind speeds corresponding to the normal operation of the wind turbine. The dynamic eccentricity and its influence on the electromagnetic interaction and consequential effects on bearing loading for all four designs is examined to determine the most optimal support structural configuration for a direct-drive system. In summary, the main aim of this thesis is studying the effect of different types of rotor eccentricities in different types of direct drive PMGs on the main bearing arrangements. The results show that static rotor eccentricity has the maximum impact compared to the other types of eccentricities. The main result of an eccentricity is the induced UMP which applies directly as an extra force on the bearings. The influence of UMP on bearing wear is studied. This influence is found to be significant in PM machines and should be considered when designing the bearing stiffness. A 20% static rotor eccentricity in a PM machine is found to induce an UMP that roughly equals third the total weight of the machine. A single bearing design for a direct-drive wind turbine is proposed and compared with a conventional two-bearing design. The results show that the Iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings design and airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing design have advantages over the other two designs in this study.