Soft power is a significant aspect of India’s identity in the international community. Moreover, India has committed itself in being a cooperative, active member of the international community. In an alternative theory of power within the field of international relations, I argue that while soft power reasons that states are not only shaped by threats, bribes, persuasion, and co-optation, but also by norms. Strikingly, India was pushed by the United States and the Soviet Union to join the Security Council in 1950 and 1955 respectively as a permanent seat member. However, India refused these offers and instead, supported the People’s Republic China for the position. Since the early 1990s, India has actively pursued permanent membership to the Security Council and various reforms by convincing other countries to support its bid. Thus, in the case of India and its quest for permanent membership in the Security Council, an alternative way of thinking about soft power is the ability to serve as an effective player in international politics and influencing other countries’ long-standing positions and preferences on this matter.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-12T19:03:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Dunda.pdf: 1731182 bytes, checksum: cd1a60df193f4d114de4f05ca05098ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T19:03:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Dunda.pdf: 1731182 bytes, checksum: cd1a60df193f4d114de4f05ca05098ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-13 / Most Brazilian cities, either big or medium seized, live together with informal and precarious human settlements which are located in environmentally sensitive and legally protected areas and whose solution represents one of the greatest challenges of public managers. It is estimated that more than twelve million urban homes in Brazil which are occupied by low income people are irregular. This is a real fact to be faced by the public administration, always taking into consideration that there was not a legal alternative of dwelling to the families who live illegally in the settlements. The need to regularize these informal settlements located in environmentally protected areas and, therefore, with restricted occupation to exceptional cases, places ordinary legislators and public administrators between two constitutionally sacred values: the social right to housing and the right to a balanced environment. The Legislative or administrative option for one of these two constitutional values, does not provide a satisfactory solution to face the problem of the informal and precarious settlements. By choosing only the regularization of the land ownership and ensuring legal security for residents of the informal settlements located in environmentally sensitive areas, the legislator and the public administrator would ignore people¿s diffuse right to an ecologically balanced environment which is essential to the healthy life for actual and future generations. On the other hand, a strict application of the environmental standards by vacating the area and its subsequent rebuilding would respect the obligation of preserving the environment, but would also empty the contents of the social right to housing. In this context, the regularization of settlements in permanent preservation areas, as conceived by the Brazilian law, represents the achievement of technical proportionality or the balance, in the face of the collision of two constitutionally sacred values and not as an environmental backlash. This ensures, at the same time, the consecration and the compatibility of the constitutional values which are considered here, namely, the social right to housing and the right to an ecologically balanced environment. / A grande maioria dos municípios brasileiros de médio e de grande porte convive com assentamentos humanos informais e precários, muitos dos quais localizados em áreas ambientalmente sensíveis e legalmente protegidas, cuja solução representa um dos maiores desafios do gestor público. Estima-se que mais de doze milhões de domicílios urbanos ocupados por população de baixa renda, no Brasil, são irregulares, realidade esta a ser enfrentada pela Administração Pública, levando-se sempre em consideração que, em regra, não foi reservada uma alternativa legal de moradia às famílias que vivem de forma irregular nos assentamentos precários. A necessidade de se regularizar esses assentamentos informais localizados em áreas ambientalmente protegidas e, por isso mesmo, de ocupação restringida a casos excepcionais, põe o legislador ordinário e o administrador público diante de dois valores constitucionalmente consagrados: o direito social à moradia e o direito ao meio ambiente equilibrado. A opção legislativa ou administrativa por um desses dois valores constitucionais em detrimento do outro não apresenta uma solução satisfatória para o enfrentamento do problema dos assentamentos informais e precários. Ao optarem unicamente pela regularização da posse, garantindo segurança jurídica aos moradores de assentamentos informais localizados em áreas ambientalmente sensíveis, o legislador e o administrador público ignorariam o direito difuso de todos a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e essencial à sadia qualidade de vidas das presentes e das futuras gerações. Por outro lado, a aplicação rígida da norma ambiental mediante a desocupação da área e a sua posterior recomposição atenderia ao dever de preservação do meio ambiente, porém esvaziaria o conteúdo do direito social à moradia. Nesse contexto, a regularização fundiária de assentamentos em áreas de preservação permanente, tal como concebida pela legislação brasileira, representa a concretização da técnica da proporcionalidade ou da ponderação, ante a colisão de dois valores constitucionalmente consagrados, e não como um retrocesso ambiental, garantindo, a um só tempo, a consagração e a compatibilização de ambos os valores constitucionalmente aqui considerados, quais sejam, o direito social à moradia e o direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.

O tema proposto para estudo gravitou em torno da pertinência de introdução de técnica de aperfeiçoamento do método estatal de solução de controvérsias, mediante o aprimoramento da tutela antecipada genericamente prevista em nosso sistema processual em conformidade com o artigo 273 do Código de Processo Civil. Assim, procurou-se demonstrar que, a partir das mesmas bases consolidadas para concessão do provimento antecipatório, pode-se também admitir sua função definidora do litígio entre as partes, dotando-o de características que vão além da esfera processual de produtor de efeitos práticos almejados pelo jurisdicionado em tutela final de mérito. Para o cumprimento desse desiderato, observa-se a necessidade de alterações de seus elementos estruturais instrumentalidade e provisoriendade, a conduzir a tutela antecipada para o rol dos provimentos sumários autônomos, tornando, assim, o contraditório pleno em atividade cognitiva completa apenas eventual, a depender de impulso processual da parte interessada e legitimada a fazê-lo. Por fim, analisou-se a intensidade da estabilidade do provimento antecipatório, com considerações que apontaram para sua capacidade de usufruir da imutabilidade decorrente da coisa julgada material. / The theme proposed for study gravitated toward the appropriateness of introducing technical improvement on the state method for dispute settlement, by improving the summary injunction generally provided in ourprocedural system in accordance with Article 273 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Thus, we sought to demonstrate that, from the sameconsolidated basis for granting anticipatory provision, one can alsoadmit its defining function of the dispute between the parties, giving itfeatures that go beyond the mere procedural practical effects targeted forprotection by the interested party. To fulfill this goal, there is the need for modification of its structural elements of instrumentality and temporariness, leading the summary injunction to the list of autonomous summaries provisions, thus rendering the full contradictory an onlyeventual cognitive activity, depending on a procedural impulse from the legitimized party. Finally, we analyzed the intensity of the stability ofanticipatory provision, with considerations that pointed to their ability tobenefit from the immutability of res judicata.

Este estudo clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar se a escovação anteroposterior com escova de cerdas longas nas pontas (modo teste) foi mais custo-eficaz do que a técnica de escovação transversal com escovas de cerdas retas (modo controle) no controle de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares permanentes em erupção. Cento e quarenta participantes (66 crianças e 74 adolescentes) foram aleatoriamente designados para os grupos teste e controle. Os participantes foram acompanhados por 24 meses. Para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos em termos de eficácia, foram utilizadas as análises por intenção de tratar (ITT) e por protocolo, além de análises de sobrevida. Foram considerados como desfecho: 1) qualquer tipo de progressão e 2) progressão para cavidade. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi determinada através do custo da escova e seu grau de deterioração. Para comparação da relação de custo-eficácia entre os grupos utilizou-se a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. O modo teste mostrou-se superior quando a progressão geral de lesões foi considerada. As análises por protocolo e de sobrevida mostraram tendências semelhantes. A análise por ITT para progressão geral das lesões, bem como todas as análises considerando a progressão ara cavidades, não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. A custo-eficácia incremental entre os modos de escovação foi superior aos valores recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde para tratamentos custo-eficazes. Conclui-se que o modo teste apresenta um impacto reduzido em termos de eficácia na redução da progressão de lesões de cárie em molares em erupção comparado ao modo controle e não é mais custo-eficaz que este último a ponto de ser indicado para substituí-lo na prática clínica. / This single-blinded randomized clinical trial investigated if the anteroposterior toothbrushing using a toothbrush with extra-long bristles in the tip (test mode) was more cost-efficacious than cross-toothbrushing technique using toothbrush with bristles in the same plane (control mode) in controlling caries lesion progression on occlusal surfaces of erupting first permanent molars. One hundred and forty participants (66 children and 74 adolescents) were randomly assigned for test and control modes of toothbrushing (technique + toothbrush). They were followed-up for 24 months. For assessing differences between groups in terms of efficacy, per protocol, intention to treat (ITT) and survival analyses were used. The outcomes set were: 1) overall caries lesions progression; 2) caries lesions progression for cavity threshold. Toothbrush cost and deterioration were considered for economic feasibility. The cost-efficacy between groups was compared using the incremental cost-efficacy ratio. The test mode was superior regarding overall caries lesion progression. Per protocol and survival analyses showed similar trends. ITT analysis for the previously mentioned outcome, as well as all analyses considering progression for cavitation threshold, did not show differences between groups. Incremental cost-efficacy ratio was superior to the thresholds determined by World Health Organization for being cost-efficacious treatments. In conclusion, the test mode has reduced impact on caries lesions progression compared to the control mode and is not most cost-efficacious than that. Therefore, the replacing the control mode for the test mode in clinical practice is not recommended.

We have fabricated nanofuses from thin-film, arc-evaporation carbon for use in permanent data storage. Thin film carbon fuses have fewer fabrication barriers and retain the required resistivity and structural stability to work as a data storage medium. Carbon thin films were characterized for their electrical, microstructural, and chemical bonding properties. Annealing the thin-film carbon in an argon environment at 400°C reduced the resistivity from about 4*10-2 Ω cm as deposited down to about 5*10-4 Ω cm, allowing a lower blowing voltage. Nanofuses with widths ranging from 200 nm down to 60 nm were fabricated and tested. They blow with voltages between 2 V and 5.5 V, and the nanofuses remain stable in both a "1" and a "0" state under a constantly applied read voltage of 1 volt for over 90 hours, corresponding to a cumulative time of >1012 reads.

This dissertation addresses the design, simulation, prototype, and test of a new energy generation system, which transforms rotational motion into electricity by the use of an innovative turbine-generator. The system is divided in two assembled subsystems that interact to finally transform kinetic energy into electricity. The first subsystem is a miniaturized notched impulse turbine system, and the second one is a millimeter permanent magnet generator (PMG) assembled into the turbine. The conversion of biomechanical energy to electric energy, using clean and free energy produced by a living organism, is being increasingly researched [1]-[11]. These are all viable options, but advantages and disadvantages of each type of energy conversions should be evaluated individually to determine key factors such as efficiency as an energy harvesting method, the implementation cost, size, and the final applications where they will be used. Through this dissertation, a new option of green energy conversion is made available; focusing on the use of turbines to extract energy from microfluidics, with diverse application in biomedical, military/aerospace, and home areas. These systems have the potential of converting mechanical movement energy, and hydraulic energy into electric energy that may be sufficient for self-powering nano/micro devices and nano/micro systems. A flow, with constant pressure, a magnetic generator, and a novel impulse turbine design are combined to form a self-contained miniaturized generator system. The turbine consists of two main parts: a bearingless rotor and the enclosure or casing; while the miniaturized magnetic generator is a permanent magnet brushless machine, consisting of permanent magnets in a ring configuration and radial coils. A permanent pressure, from microfluidic pressure system, is the force used to move the blades. This rotational motion of the turbine is transformed into electricity using magnetic induction, formed by permanent magnets on the rotor and nine coils fixed in the holder of the turbine. The electricity is generated when the magnetic field rotates and moves past the conductor, which induces a current according to Faraday's Law [1-3]. The system has potential uses not only in medical equipment, but in automotive applications, home appliances, and aquatic and ventilation systems.

U.S. Child Protective Services Agencies (CPSA) have had mixed success in achieving stable, permanent placements for foster care children. To address the adverse effects of unstable placements on foster care children's emotional well-being and physical development, the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 was enacted to better ensure permanency, safety, and well-being of children in foster care. Using Stone's policy paradox as the framework, the purpose of this qualitative document analysis was to explore whether policy constructs contributed to the success or failure of promoting permanency for foster care children. Data was used from 2 states, representing those most and least successful in terms of decreasing foster care populations during federal fiscal years 2011 to 2014. Data for this study consisted of publicly available documents, including statues, policies, and official publications. These data were analyzed using an inductive coding approach and then subjected to a content analysis procedure. Key findings indicated the states differed in 3 critical policy areas: incentives to achieve progress towards reunification; facts used to change behaviors among policy actors to achieve the goal of recruiting adoptive and foster care parents; power in terms of how authority was delegated to service providers. The findings of this research may enhance policymakers' and advocates' knowledge of policy issues critical to achieving permanency for children. It is recommended that future policy changes focus on the needs of the children and the alignment of statutes, policies, and publications so they promote adequate incentives, utilization of factual information, and consistent policy interpretation at the federal and local levels.

Sustainable energy solutions are aimed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels by using renewable energy sources and energy efficiency techniques. This thesis presents two new sustainable energy applications in the field of electrical machines.Polyphase induction motors dominate the energy usage spectrum for industrial and commercial applications. The conventional winding structure used in both synchronous and induction machines has a basic unit of the winding with a 60 degree phase belt and a three phase connection either in star or delta. A new winding structure using an innovative Star-Delta Series Connection (SDSC) which has a high winding coefficient and low harmonic content is presented in this thesis. The principle of the SDSC winding is described. The Electro-Magnetic Belt and Electro-Magnetic Space diagram are two important means to be used for optimization of the new winding. Experimental results from two prototypes confirm the theoretical analysis. The efficiency of the new machine at rated load increased by about 3.8% as compared to the standard machine with a conventional winding structure.Wind energy is one of the most attractive renewable energy options. Wind turbines are designed to couple either synchronous or asynchronous generators with various forms of direct or indirect connection with grid or diesel generators. Permanent magnet (PM) generators using high energy Neodymium- Iron-Boron magnets offer advantages such as direct coupling without gear box, absence of excitation winding and slip rings, light weight and smaller size. This thesis presents the design and development of an outer-rotor PM generator suitable for wind energy conversion. The initial electromagnetic design followed by a Finite Element Analysis is presented in detail. A 20 kW prototype machine was built and extensively tested. It was found that the machine could maintain an ++ / efficiency of about 85% for a wide operating range. Equivalent circuit models were developed. The results of the Finite Element analysis matches closely with the experimental and the designed values.

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.

Ce travail a pour but l'étude de la dynamique de structures non-linéaires soumises à des passages de véhicules. Le cas d'un demi-espace multi-couche visco-élastique soumis à une charge mobile est premièrement résolu par une méthode semi-analytique. Il permet de comprendre les phénomènes physiques et peut servir à valider des approches plus complexes élaborées dans la suite. Plusieurs études sur ce problème ont été réalisées mais il en existe encore peu qui tiennent compte de la non-linéarité des matériaux. Ces nonlinéarités, qui peuvent être très forte dans certains matériaux (par exemple le ballast), causent des surcharges dynamiques plus importantes. On considère ici deux types de non-linéarité : l'élasticité non-linéaire et l'unilatéralité. La structure est étudiée avec des modèles très simples en unidimensionnel ou plus complexes en tridimensionnel. La méthode des éléments finis est choisie pour les calculs. Le cas 1D consiste en un problème uniaxial d'une barre et un problème de flexion d'une poutre posée sur un système de ressortsamortisseurs. Le cas 3D utilise un modèle de matériau ballast qui est élastique (non-linéaire) en compression et unilatéral dans les directions principales. Comme on s'intéresse au régime permanent, on écrit les équations des éléments finis et on les résout dans le repère mobile en utilisant un changement de variable. Dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge devient supersonique, la méthode des éléments finis dans le repère mobile n'est plus valable et on doit utiliser une autre approche dans laquelle le changement de variable est réalisé à partir de l'équation discrétisée. On montre aussi pour le modèle uniaxial, dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge se situe entre la vitesse de l'onde de compression et la vitesse de l'onde de tension, qu'il peut exister des ondes de chocs dans le régime permanent. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés et sont comparés avec ceux des cas linéaires. Ils montrent les influences importantes de la non-linéarité sur la réponse dynamique des structures.