Fixed-term employment has become increasingly common in the Swedish labour market, despite that the stated main rule is permanent employment. The phenomenon affects different groups in society, especially since statistics indicate that it is mainly women, young and foreign-born people who have fixed-term contracts. Sweden was notified from the European Commission for not having lived up to the minimum requirements that the Council Directive 1999/70/EC framework agreement on fixed-term work issued. Several years of correspondence resulted in that Sweden was faced with the risk to stand in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union on charges of infringement if the law was not changed. A new law was presented May 1 2016. Lawmakers had here taken up by the Directive's requirement of maximum total duration of successive fixed-term employment contracts. This resulted in giving 5 § of the employment protection act, a bigger possibility to convert fixed- term contracts into permanent employment contracts than before. The purpose of this paper is to look at the differences between different social groups and job security, and to examine, illuminate and analyze the problem of fixed-term employment for different groups of workers and to set this in relation to the EU Directive on fixed-term. To answer the purpose of the essay and research questions the doctrinal method has been used to interpret, investigate and determine the applicable law. The new legislation has made it much more difficult for employers to misuse of fixed-term contracts, but it is very difficult to interpret the provisions of the law. In my opinion, unnecessarily complicated which is an important factor that can make the new legislation ineffective.

Firms' use of external labor arrangements (ELAs), such as temporary, contract and seasonal workers, has become increasingly prevalent over the last two decades. Despite the increasing importance of this phenomenon, little is known about firms' reasons for using ELAs. Most research to date has been exploratory, using qualitative methods or archival data not well suited to the constructs. The result of this research has been a long and often contradictory list of proposed antecedents of ELA use. In this study, I tested the ability of the transaction costs theory to predict when firms will fill a given job using an ELA rather that a permanent employment relationship. According to this theory, three characteristics of the job will determine whether the job will be filled using an ELA: transaction-specific investment, likelihood of repetition, and uncertainty of performance. Firms will be less likely to staff a given job using an ELA when the job requires investment in idiosyncratic skills, when the firm is likely to require a person with that set of skills regularly, and when performance in that job is difficult to measure.

The construction industry is an important player in the economy of South Africa and therefore job satisfaction and existence of job insecurity of employees in this sector needs to be researched (Thwala & Monese 2008:2). This study comprises a literature review and an empirical study on job satisfaction and job insecurity and its prevalence in an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) company in South Africa. This study provides insight on whether employment status, that is, contract versus permanent, has any impact on levels of job satisfaction and job insecurity of construction employees. Quantitative research, using the survey method, was used for the empirical portion of the study. All employees of the EPC company were surveyed and included workers permanently employed as well as employees employed through labour brokers, that is those on contract. The EPC company in this study employs staff in various categories, such as section managers, engineers, project managers and site employees. The total population included 145 employees of whom 41 were permanent employees and 104 were employed through labour brokers. The response rate was 39 per cent. Conclusions emanating from the research questions identified marginal differences in the reported levels of job satisfaction and job insecurity for both permanent and contract employees. Contract employees reported slightly higher job satisfaction and job insecurity levels when compared to permanently employed counterparts. The value of this study lies in the fact that no research has been conducted on job satisfaction and job insecurity and its prevalence in the EPC sector in South Africa. This study provided insight into whether employment status - contract versus permanent - had an impact on the reported levels of job satisfaction and job insecurity of employees at an EPC company.

Temporary employment has become more common on the labor market. In 1990, time-limited employments corresponded to 9 percent of all employments in Sweden. Today, time-limited employments account for 17.9 percent of the entire labor market. In this context, it is interesting to investigate how the occupational categories that employs temporary employees most, to investigate the employees' experiences of cohesion and community within these professions. The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how cohesion is affected by the widespread use of temporary employment in these workplaces and to gain a deeper insight into the employees' perceived job security. Previous research talks about the importance of social relations between different groups and the importance of community in the workplace, and also highlights the difficulty of establishing contact and equal cohesion of employment. The theoretical starting points we have used are Guy Standing Precariat (2013) and Elias and Scotson The Established and the Outsiders (1999). The result of this study shows that the experience of occupational safety depends largely on our respondents' type of employment, however the result does not clearly indicate a difference between permanent and temporary employees in terms of cohesion and community experiences depends on the form of employment. Though, we have found several other explanations, such as work experience, for these differences. / Tillfälliga anställningar har blivit allt vanligare på arbetsmarknaden. Från att tidsbegränsade anställningar har motsvarat 9 procent av alla anställda 1990, motsvarar tidsbegränsat anställda idag 17,9 procent av hela arbetsmarknaden i Sverige. Det är med denna bakgrund intressant att undersöka hur de yrkeskategorier som utnyttjar tillfälligt anställda mest, för att undersöka de anställdas upplevelser kring sammanhållning och gemenskap inom dessa yrken. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur sammanhållningen påverkas genom utbredd användning av tillfälliga anställningar på arbetsplatser och få en djupare inblick i de anställdas upplevda arbetstrygghet. Den tidigare forskningen talar om vikten av de sociala relationerna mellan olika grupper och hur betydelsefullt det är med gemenskap på arbetsplatsen, och belyser också svårigheter att skapa kontakt och lika sammanhållning över anställningsformerna. De teoretiska utgångspunkter vi har använt oss av är Guy Standings Prekariatet (2013) och Elias och Scotson Etablerade och outsiders (1999). Resultatet av denna studie visar att upplevelsen av arbetstrygghet till stor del beror på respondenternas arbetsform, men skillnaden mellan fast och tillfälligt anställda visar inte tydlig att skillnaden i upplevelser om sammanhållning och gemenskap, beror på anställningsformen. Utan att vi istället funnit flera förklaringar till skillnaderna, så som arbetserfarenhet.

Denna studie undersöker hur individer påverkas av att arbeta under osäkra anställningsförhållanden. Genom att genomföra sju kvalitativa intervjuer med personer anställda på olika osäkra eller tidsbegränsade anställningar, samt med en tillsvidareanställd och en chef på ett företag med visstidsanställda, syftar studien till att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur osäkra arbetsförhållanden påverkar människors välbefinnande och vardag. Resultaten visar att respondenterna upplevde både positiva och negativa effekter av de osäkra anställningsformerna. Å ena sidan uttrycker många hur de känner en oro för sin arbetssituation, men upplever samtidigt en viss trygghet på respektive arbetsplats. Dock är drömmen om en fast anställning gemensam för alla respondenter. Osäkerheten och oron bidrar bland annat till stress, ekonomisk otrygghet och svårigheter att upprätthålla en balans mellan arbete och fritid för respondenterna. Å andra sidan uppskattar vissa av respondenterna flexibiliteten, trivs med sina kollegor och den gemenskap som finns på arbetsplatsen. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att osäkra anställningsförhållanden påverkar individen på olika sätt, både positivt och negativt, vilket skapar en djupare förståelse för konsekvenserna av dessa arbetsförhållanden. / This study examines how individuals are affected by working under precarious employment conditions. By conducting seven qualitative interviews with individuals employed in various insecure or temporary positions, as well as with a permanent employee and a manager at a company employing fixed-term workers, the study aims to gain a deeper understanding of how insecure working conditions impact people's well-being and everyday lives. The results reveal that respondents experienced both positive and negative effects of insecure employment arrangements. On one hand, many express concerns about their work situation but also find a certain sense of security within their respective workplaces. However, the desire for permanent employment is a common thread among all respondents. The uncertainty and anxiety contribute to stress, financial insecurity, and difficulties in maintaining a work-life balance for the participants. On the other hand, some respondents appreciate the flexibility, enjoy their colleagues' company, and value the sense of community in their workplace. In summary, the study demonstrates that insecure employment conditions affect individuals in different ways, both positively and negatively, providing a deeper understanding of the consequences of such employment arrangements.