A recent meta-analysis by Berry, Ones, and Sackett (2007) revealed that perceptions of organizational justice and employee personality were two significant predictors of counterproductive work behaviors. The facets that make up the organizational justice construct are: procedural justice, distributive justice, interpersonal justice, and informational justice (Berry et al., 2007). Employees perceive justice when organizational justice rules are adhered to. However, when these rules are violated, employees may perceive injustice. The effect of perceived injustice on CWB might depend on individual characteristics, such as personality, particularly Dark Tetrad traits. The Dark Tetrad includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism (Buckels, Jones, & Paulhus, 2013). The intent of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Dark Tetrad traits and counterproductive work behaviors, as well as examine the moderating influence of perceived organizational injustice (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, informational, and overall injustice) on the relationship between the Dark Tetrad personality traits and four types of CWB; CWB directed towards supervisors, coworkers, the organization itself, and total CWB. Participants completed a two-part online study through Amazon Mechanical Turk, the first of which assessed perceptions of organizational (in)justice (Full-range justice scale; Colquitt, Long, Rodell, & Halvorsen-Ganepola, 2015) as well as levels of Dark Tetrad personality traits (Short Dark Triad Scale SD-3; Jones and Paulhus, 2014, and the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale SSIS; O'Meara, Davies, & Hammond, 2011). The first part of the survey also assessed participants’ negative affectivity (Negative Affectivity subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), and justice sensitivity (Victim Perspective subscale of the Justice Sensitivity Scale; Schmitt, Gollwitzer, & Arbach, 2005). The second survey was distributed 5 days after the first survey and assessed participants’ frequency of engagement in each type of CWB (Workplace Deviance Scale (WDS); Bennett & Robinson, 2000; modified using items from the Supervisor-Directed Deviance Scale; Mitchell & Ambrose, 2007). It was hypothesized that each DT trait would have a significant positive relationship with each type of CWB. This hypothesis was shown to be supported. It was also hypothesized that low levels of perceived organizational justice would moderate the relationships between the DT traits and CWB. This hypothesis was partially supported. Linear regression analyses were conducted, and the results showed that none of the justice facets significantly moderated the relationship of Machiavellianism with any of type of CWB. However, several justice facets showed significant moderating effects between the other three DT traits (narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism) and types of CWB. These results suggest that when individuals perceive a higher level of perceived organizational justice, those with dark tetrad personality traits are more likely to report engaging in fewer counterproductive work behaviors, relative to those who perceive lower levels of perceived organizational justice. The implications are that by improving perceptions of organizational justice, organizations could potentially reduce counterproductive work behavior in employees with strong dark tetrad personality traits.

The diagnosis of schizophrenia has been associated with increased risk of violence and aggression. However, the extent of this association in relation to displayed personality traits among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have not been fully investigated. The lack of research has resulted in an inability to determine why only some individuals with schizophrenia display violent tendencies when others do not. Guided by Costa and McCrae's five-factor model of personality and Eysenck's theory of personality and crime, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the five personality traits and the display of violence among individuals with schizophrenia, as well as the predictability of violence. A personality assessment was used to explore the personality of the participants (n = 111), individuals obtained by convenience sampling of data originally collected by Ohi, Shimada, and Kawasaki. Each of the participants included had been diagnosed with schizophrenia by at least two clinical physicians. One-way analyses of variance were performed for each of the five personality traits in order to distinguish any relationships. A binary logistic regression model was conducted in order to discover a model of predictability in regards to violent behavior among individuals with schizophrenia. Results confirmed previous research findings of a statistically significant relationship between neuroticism and violence. However, adding to the research was the result of a significant contribution of neuroticism in the prediction of violence among schizophrenics. Positive social changes arising from these findings include practitioners having the future abilities of designing specific treatment options for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia based on personality.

<p>Spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ikke-kliniske utvalg</p><p>Hovedmålsetningen med avhandlingen var å studere spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ulike ikke-kliniske utvalg. Det første steget omfattet mulige relasjoner mellom skårer på treningsavhengighet, fysisk aktivitet, og kjønn, mens det andre steget inkluderte screening av spiseforstyrrelser, samt aspekter av forstyrret spiseadferd og deres forhold til fysisk aktivitet, personlighetstrekk, kjønn og alder.</p><p>Studien viste med Artikkel I at kvinner som trener mange timer i uken skilte seg tydelig fra kvinner som trente få timer i uken når det gjaldt skårer på treningsavhengighet. Artikkel II viste kjønnsforskjeller i motivasjon til å drive fysisk aktivitet. Høye skårer på treningsavhengighet var ikke mer vanlig blant menn. I Artikkel III ble det funnet at forstyrret spiseadferd ikke er sterkt relatert til det å trene mange timer i uken. Videre viste resultatene at både kvinner og menn med høye skårer på forstyrret spiseadferd har mange felles personlighetstrekk. Resultatene i Artikkel IV viste generelt relativt høy prevalens av forstyrret spiseadferd blant 14-15-årige gutter. Både blant jenter og gutter ble det funnet høye tall på uspesifikke spiseforstyrrelser. Artikkel V sammenliknet to måleinstrumenters evne til å screene menn med spiseforstyrrelser. De to instrumentene stemte til en viss grad overens, men resultatene indikerte behovet for videre studier med kliniske utvalg for å validere EDI mot SEDs. Målsetningen med Artikkel VI var å studere utløsende faktorer relatert til episoder med overspising blant kvinner, samt konsekvenser av overspising. Resultatene viste at faktorer knyttet til start og stopp av overspising ser ut i stor grad å være av emosjonell og fysiologisk art. Relatert til forebygging og behandling vil Artikkel VI kunne bidra med viktige elementer i forhold til self-management strategier blant pasienter.</p><p>Denne avhandlingen kan være et bidrag til en bedre forståelse av det kompliserte forholdet mellom fysisk aktivitet, forstyrret spiseadferd, personlighetstrekk og kjønn i befolkningen.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between broad and narrow personality traits and life satisfaction for college-aged and adult populations. Hypotheses were several-fold: first, that personality measures would be predictive of life satisfaction; second, that there would be differences in the correlations of Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction for both age groups; and third, that there would be differences between both age groups in the amount of variance in life satisfaction accounted for by three narrow personality traits, i.e., Optimism, Tough-Mindedness, and Work Drive. Archival data were used to compare an undergraduate sample at a Southeastern U.S. university (n=4844), and an adult sample from a database representing working adults (n=7633). Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used for each age group in examining the validity of Big Five and narrow traits and life satisfaction. A Fischer’s z score was used to determine significant differences in the correlations by age. The Big Five and narrow traits were found to be predictive of life satisfaction for both groups, with Emotional Stability and Optimism showing the highest correlation for both age groups. There were significant differences in correlations between the age groups on measures of Extraversion (z=4.64, p<.001), Agreeableness (z=1.92, p=.05), Conscientiousness (z=8.18, p<.001), Openness (z=2.44, p=.01), Work Drive (z=12.82, p<.001), and Tough-Mindedness (z=-2.87, p<.005). Results were discussed in terms of comparing the predictive validity of personality traits and life satisfaction between the two age groups. Study limitations and directions for future research were noted.

Spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ikke-kliniske utvalg Hovedmålsetningen med avhandlingen var å studere spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ulike ikke-kliniske utvalg. Det første steget omfattet mulige relasjoner mellom skårer på treningsavhengighet, fysisk aktivitet, og kjønn, mens det andre steget inkluderte screening av spiseforstyrrelser, samt aspekter av forstyrret spiseadferd og deres forhold til fysisk aktivitet, personlighetstrekk, kjønn og alder. Studien viste med Artikkel I at kvinner som trener mange timer i uken skilte seg tydelig fra kvinner som trente få timer i uken når det gjaldt skårer på treningsavhengighet. Artikkel II viste kjønnsforskjeller i motivasjon til å drive fysisk aktivitet. Høye skårer på treningsavhengighet var ikke mer vanlig blant menn. I Artikkel III ble det funnet at forstyrret spiseadferd ikke er sterkt relatert til det å trene mange timer i uken. Videre viste resultatene at både kvinner og menn med høye skårer på forstyrret spiseadferd har mange felles personlighetstrekk. Resultatene i Artikkel IV viste generelt relativt høy prevalens av forstyrret spiseadferd blant 14-15-årige gutter. Både blant jenter og gutter ble det funnet høye tall på uspesifikke spiseforstyrrelser. Artikkel V sammenliknet to måleinstrumenters evne til å screene menn med spiseforstyrrelser. De to instrumentene stemte til en viss grad overens, men resultatene indikerte behovet for videre studier med kliniske utvalg for å validere EDI mot SEDs. Målsetningen med Artikkel VI var å studere utløsende faktorer relatert til episoder med overspising blant kvinner, samt konsekvenser av overspising. Resultatene viste at faktorer knyttet til start og stopp av overspising ser ut i stor grad å være av emosjonell og fysiologisk art. Relatert til forebygging og behandling vil Artikkel VI kunne bidra med viktige elementer i forhold til self-management strategier blant pasienter. Denne avhandlingen kan være et bidrag til en bedre forståelse av det kompliserte forholdet mellom fysisk aktivitet, forstyrret spiseadferd, personlighetstrekk og kjønn i befolkningen.

¡@¡@Owing to the entry into WTO, which requires an open insurance market, and the legislation of the six ¡§Financial Holding Company Acts¡¨ that allows cross deals across different financial sections and multi-channeled selling, Taiwan¡¦s insurance market, of which the ratio of life insurance arrived at 182% in 2006, is squeezing the marketing space of the local life insurance agents, frustrating and driving them away. ¡@¡@This research aims primarily to investigate the relationships of the specific personality traits of a life insurance agent, his/her attributional style of rejection and selling performance, and hopefully to offer tools in selecting potential life insurance agents. At the same time, this research hopes to render stimulating, training and helpful devices for the practicing agents of various types of personality. ¡@¡@The measurement scales in this research paper consist of five questionnaires about personality traits and attributional style of rejection, and the voluntary participants are agents working for a life insurance company of which annual performance is among the top five, according to the database of the Taiwan Insurance Institute, while collecting their annual performance data as the dependent variable. Three hundred copies of the questionnaires are distributed and there are 125 effective copies returned, at a ratio of 42%. The statistical approaches applied are correlation analysis and regression analysis in support of the hypothesis. ¡@¡@By correlation analysis and regression analysis, the conclusions reached are: 1, The extroversion construction in the ¡§Five-Factor of Personality Traits¡¨ interacts positively with the policy sale and the first-year premium collection, which reaches the level of significance. It shows that the better an agent¡¦s extroversion construction is, the better performance of his/her policy sale and first-year premium collection will be. 2, The stability of an agent¡¦s attributional style of rejection interacts negatively with his/her policy sale and first-year premium collection, which reaches the level of significance. It shows that the more stable an agent¡¦s attributional style of rejection is, which means he/she takes the rejection of the client as something normal, the worse performance of his/her policy sale and first-year premium collection will be. ¡@¡@The managerial implications and the following researching suggestions are also discussed in this research paper. Key words: The Five-Factor of Personality Traits, the Attributional Style of Rejection,Performance

This research links the relationship among entrepreneurial traits, business strategies and the success of the firm. Such relationship presents that the person who stands behind the success of SME is entrepreneur. Entrepreneur plays an important role in SME as a key player to control the direction of the SME. Also, the business strategies used by the entrepreneur can build competitive advantage for the firm. This research focuses on network and innovation strategies as the main strategies and presents the entrepreneurial characters that are important for utilizing these two strategies effectively. Network strategy will be efficiently used by the person who possesses the extraversion trait with social and team characters while innovation strategy will be efficiently used by the person who possesses the openness to experience trait with creativity and advantage characters.

The aim with this study was to further understand the art of character design, in order to get a better understanding of how visual attributes - especially shape - can be purposely used in order to communicate aspects of a character's personality. The first step was to investigate the subject of character design through relevant material and literature. From this investigation, a total of four character designs have been developed - two"good" and two "evil" - within two different game titles of different graphical styles: One that is more cartoony/stylized and one that is more realistic. Prior to the production a number of work processes - production pipelines - used by artists in the game and movie industry were investigated. From this, the pipeline for the study was compiled. To end the study a survey was conducted, in order to obtain outside feedback for the character designs regarding their style and what personality traits they were associated with. The results show that the majority of the participants perceived the characters in the way that was intended, while the perception of graphical style was a lot more varied.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the Kaohsiung junior high school teachers¡¦ Personality Traits, Professional Identity and Self-Efficacy and to understand the predictability of Self-Efficacy by Personality Traits and Professional Identity. The research method this study adopted was survey research. Questionnaires were mailed to 560 junior high school teachers of Kaohsiung city in Taiwan. There were 529 valid responses, and the success rate was 94.45%. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical methods of reliability analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Product-moment correlation, canonical correlation and multiple regression (step-wise-regression procedure). The conclusions of this study were as follows: 1.Junior high school teachers¡¦ Personality Traits did not differ significantly in age, education background, years of teaching experience, and working position, but differed significantly in gender, marriage and school size. 2.Junior high school teachers¡¦ teaching style did not differ significantly in gender, age and years of teaching experience, but differed significantly in marriage, education background, working position and scales of school size. 3.Junior high school teachers¡¦ Self-Efficacy did not differ significantly in age, marriage, education background, years of teaching experience, and working position, but differed significantly in gender, scales of school size. 4.There were significant correlations found between junior high school teachers¡¦ Personality Traits and Professional Identity, Personality Traits and Self-Efficacy, Professional Identity and Self-Efficacy. 5.The performance of junior high school teachers¡¦ Personality Traits, and Professional Identity effectively predicted the performance of Self-Efficacy, especially the ¡§Professional attitude¡¨ aspect. Based on the conclusion above, this study provided suggestions respectively on the institute of educational administration, junior high school and future studies.

As the structure of society has changed, there has been a gradual increase in non-profit organizations. People no longer work to only satisfy biological needs, but have started pursuing higher levels of self-actualization by participating in various volunteer activities. This research aimed to investigate the relationships among the big five personality traits, participation motivation, and involvement of the Pingtung County Ligang Squadron Volunteer Firefighters. The main purposes of this study were: (1) To explore the relation of demographic features to the big five personality traits of volunteer firefighters; (2) To explore the relation of the big five personality traits to participation motivation of volunteer firefighters; and (3) To explore whether participation motivation would be associated with involvement. We distributed 185 questionnaires via purposive sampling and received 145 valid questionnaires. The response rate was 80.5%. Reliability, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis were employed for data analysis. The results showed that volunteer firefighters' personality traits were correlated with age, education level, and occupation. Among the big five personality traits, conscientiousness and emotional stability were significantly associated with participation motivation. Volunteer firefighters with the firefighting or nursing profession showed greater willingness for continued participation. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.