Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-200). Also available via the Internet.

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The problem of petrified wood theft was examined in the Petrified Forest National Park. This study accomplished the following 2 objectives: 1. Perform a complete inventory throughout five high use areas at the Petrified Forest National Park 2. Quantify the petrified wood loss within the five high use areas at the Petrified Forest National Park over a one year time period. Line intersect sampling was used to sample three size classes of petrified wood along with fixed area quadrat samples which sampled two size classes. Line intersect sampling units were established in August 1993 and revisited during August 1994. Line Intersect sampling results suggest that petrified wood displacement within the park does occur but not to the extent that Scher (1990) reports. Quadrat sampling results are not conclusive with regard to petrified wood displacement due to constraints on the sample design. / Master of Science

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Fossil plants in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation are preserved in fluvial channel, overbank, and lacustrine deposits. Plant-bearing units in these deposits are classified into seven types based on these depositional environments or subenvironments. Taphonomic characteristics of these assemblages, and of individual plant fossils within them, indicate that most plant fossils have either not been transported far from their growth sites or are preserved in situ. One particular deposit in the central part of Petrified Forest National Park preserves fossil plants in three associations: (1) allochthonous logs in basal lags in a channel-fill/lateral accretion deposits; (2) autochthonous horsetail trunks and parautochthonous horsetail leaves in a crevasse-splay deposits; and (3) parautochthonous and autochthonous cycadaceous, fern and other types of leaves, and erect and prostrate trunks in a paludal/distal splay deposits. Exposures of contemporaneous high-sinuosity channel and overbank deposits in this area enabled the reconstruction of the local paleogeography, paleohydrology, and paleoecology at a high resolution. Fossil plant assemblages of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation are concentrated in the lower members of the formation. The lower part of the Chinle Formation was deposited in an incised valley system. Depositional, hydrological, and near-surface geochemical conditions in the incised valley system were conducive to preservation of terrestrial organic material, even though regional conditions were characterized by seasonal/monsoonal precipitation and groundwater conditions. Fossil plant assemblages preserved in these types of fully terrestrial incised valley-fills are taphonomically biased towards riparian wetland environments.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-02T15:10:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação final.pdf: 8181941 bytes, checksum: 644c77808b1a817d56598a81727f0da5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T15:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação final.pdf: 8181941 bytes, checksum: 644c77808b1a817d56598a81727f0da5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / CAPEs / Os afloramentos fitofossilíferos da margem nordeste da Bacia Sedimentar do Parnaíba, em estratos do Permiano (Cisuraliano) da Formação Pedra de Fogo, ainda estão pouco estudados. Este trabalho visou o reconhecimento e análise de alguns dos afloramentos da margem supracitada, tendo se concentrado no estudo de áreas nos municípios de Altos, no Piauí, e de Duque Bacelar e Coelho Neto, no Maranhão. Em Altos, detectou-se em um único afloramento, uma associação autóctone?/parautóctone, dominada por grandes lenhos gimnospérmicos (com até 1,80 m de diâmetro). A área de Duque Bacelar e Coelho Neto apresentou mais de cinco afloramentos contendo associações formadas, especialmente, por lenhos gimnospérmicos de grande porte (de até 1,15 m de diâmetro), alguns em posição de vida, e, secundariamente, por caules de pteridófitas horizontalizados, e.g. Psaronius sp. (com até 5 m de comprimento). Análises espectroscópicas em amostras de fósseis do Maranhão apresentaram um elevado nível de sílica e a permanência residual de carbono amorfo, evidenciando nestes troncos um processo de permineralização por sílica. Foram confeccionadas lâminas petrográficas de troncos fósseis com o intuito de verificar o grau de preservação de tecidos e determinar o seu potencial para futuras análises taxonômicas. Finalmente, foi possível corroborar que as associações encontram-se inseridas em rochas lacustres da base da Formação Pedra de Fogo (Membro Sílex Basal), próximas ao contato com a infrajacente Formação Piauí (Carbonífero, Pensilvaniano). Esta observação contrasta com estudos anteriores, realizados na margem sudoeste da bacia, que referem o posicionamento dos fitofósseis na parte superior da Formação Pedra de Fogo (Membro Trisidela) ou, ainda, na sobrejacente Formação Motuca. / Petrified plant-bearing outcrops of lower Permian (Cisuralian) strata of the Pedra de Fogo Formation located in the northeastern margin of the Parnaíba Sedimentary Basin, are still poorly studied, and dominated mostly by gymnosperm trunks and, rarely, pteridophyte stems (Psaronius sp.). This work aimed prospection and analysis of some of the outcrops in the aforementioned margin of the basin, being focused on two new areas in the municipalities of Altos, Piauí state, and Duque Bacelar-Coelho Neto, Maranhão state. In Altos, an autochthonous?/parautochthonous assemblage dominated by huge gymnosperm trunks (reaching 1,8 m in diameter) was recorded in a single outcrop. The Duque Bacelar-Coelho Neto area evinced more than five exposures formed mostly by large gymnosperm trunks, some of them in life position (reaching 1,15 in diameter) and, less often, by pteridophyte stems in horizontal position, e.g. Psaronius sp. (reaching 5 m long). Invertebrate traces and stromatolites are exposed here too. Spectroscopic analyses in fossil samples from Maranhão showed a high concentration of silica and the residual presence of amorphous carbon, evincing a process of silica-permineralization. Petrographic thin-sections of fossil trunks were produced in order to verify the degree of tissue preservation and determinate its potential for future taxonomic analyses. Finally, it was possible to assess that these assemblages are placed within lacustrine rocks at the base of the Pedra de Fogo Formation (Sílex Basal Member), close to the contact with the underlying Piauí Formation (Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian). This observation contrasts with former studies made at the southwestern margin of the basin that refer the placement of fossil-plant horizons of the Pedra de Fogo Formation to the uppermost Trisidela Member or even to the overlying Motuca Formation.

<p>For many non-native speakers of English it can be difficult to distinguish semantic differences between near-synonyms. In order to create idiomatically correct sentences in a language it is important to know which word to use in a specific context. This study deals with the emotion adjectives <em>terrified, petrified </em>and <em>horrified, </em>which all refer to an emotion of fear of something that can or will happen. The present research aims at exploring the meanings of these adjectives, in American English and British English, and to discover which words these adjectives tend to collocate with. To obtain data a British Corpus and an American corpus were used with fiction and newspaper as subcorpora. A quantitative method was used where the frequencies of <em>terrified, petrified</em> and <em>horrified</em> were counted. Secondly, the most frequent left- and right-hand collocates were studied. Due to the variety of collocations found, it was discovered that the meanings between the adjectives differ somewhat. The literal meaning of <em>petrified</em> is to be hard as a stone while the non-literal meaning is to be extremely afraid. The literal meanings of <em>terrified</em> and <em>horrified </em>are to be very afraid, but unlike <em>terrified,</em> <em>horrified</em> also seems to refer to being shocked. It can be stated that in accordance with how vague the adjective is in its meaning the more frequently it is used, i.e. <em>terrified</em> is the most frequent adjective in all subcorpora and in both varieties of English most frequently used while <em>petrified</em> is least frequently used.</p>

This research was developed through the Research Line in Education and Arts of the Education Post-Graduation Program, in the Education Center at the Federal University of Santa Maria/RS/Brazil. This research investigated the non-formal education practice through the regional historical patrimony. This patrimony was located into a paleontological area called Chácara das Flores, in Santa Maria/RS, and the research used as basis the petrified tree fossils in the development of creative processes. These creative processes intended to create an alternative space where education and fashion design interacted and socially contributed to preservation and valorization of historical and practical-educative patrimony in design. The review of theoretical ideas was based on non-formal education theories (Freire 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993, 1996; Gadotti 1991, 1997, 2000, 2001; Gohn 1999, 2004), emphasizing the social inclusion, income generation and performance places. It also used the theories of Malfatti and Agostini (2006), Sommer and Scherer (1999), that are related to petrified tree fossils, Environmental Protection Laws and possible cultural, scientific and social contributions. In the same way, this research was based on the ideas of the following authors: Munari (1987, 1990), Redig (1983), Löbach (2001), Lipovetsky (2006) the concepts, visual languages, creative processes and applications. The research methodology was organized from qualitative approach and outlined through a case study with the collaborators of the research, women that live at Chácara das Flores District, in Santa Maria/RS/BRAZIL. This investigative process involved the comprehension and description of the context where they live, as well as the collective arrangement of the knowledge-making of fashion design, creating their engagement with possible changes in a shared and cooperative action. The instrumental used to collect data was composed by documental analysis, semistructured interviews, social-anthropological interviews, real observations, diary notes and portfolio. Through these qualitative-interpretative analysis it was intended to show that these acquirements can improve the society with the return of new possibilities of income generation, consciousness and patrimony preservation, reflecting the new view of fashion design built by the research collaborators in the constitution of their cultural identities. / Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Linha de Pesquisa em Educação e Artes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, do Centro de Educação, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria /RS. A presente pesquisa buscou investigar a prática educativa não-formal através do patrimônio histórico regional, situado no sítio paleontológico Chácara das Flores em Santa Maria (RS), tendo como referência os fósseis de árvores petrificadas no desenvolvimento de processos criativos, buscando-se um espaço alternativo onde educação e design de moda interajam e contribuam socialmente na preservação e valorização do patrimônio histórico e prático educativo em design. No referencial teórico pesquisado buscaram-se pressupostos referentes à educação não-formal, Freire (1981, 1983, 1992, 1993, 1996), Gadotti (1991, 1997, 2000, 2001), Gohn (1999, 2004) destacando-se os espaços de atuação, inclusão social e geração de renda. Também os fósseis de árvores petrificadas, Malfatti e Agostini (2006), Sommer e Scherer (1999), leis de proteção ambiental e possíveis contribuições sociais, científicas e culturais. Do mesmo modo, o design com base teórica em Munari (1987, 1990), Redig (1983), Löbach (2001), Lipovetsky (2006), subsidiada nos conceitos, linguagens visuais, aplicações e processos criativos. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, através de um estudo de caso, onde se buscou a participação das colaboradoras da pesquisa, mulheres moradoras do Bairro Chácara das Flores, localizado em Santa Maria (RS), num processo investigativo envolvendo instrumentos pertinentes a compreensão e descrição do contexto em que vivem, assim como a organização coletiva do saber/fazer do design de moda, gerando um compromisso das mesmas com possíveis mudanças numa ação compartilhada e cooperativa, como também visando os processos criativos produzidos. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram a análise documental, entrevista semi-estruturada, entrevista sócio-antropológica, observação participante, diário de campo e portfólio. Por meio de análises qualitativas interpretativas pretendeu-se que estes saberes além de beneficiarem a sociedade através dos conhecimentos construídos retornassem à mesma em forma de novas possibilidades na geração de renda, conscientização e preservação patrimonial, refletindo num novo olhar no design de moda construído pelas colaboradoras da pesquisa na constituição de suas identidades culturais.

For many non-native speakers of English it can be difficult to distinguish semantic differences between near-synonyms. In order to create idiomatically correct sentences in a language it is important to know which word to use in a specific context. This study deals with the emotion adjectives terrified, petrified and horrified, which all refer to an emotion of fear of something that can or will happen. The present research aims at exploring the meanings of these adjectives, in American English and British English, and to discover which words these adjectives tend to collocate with. To obtain data a British Corpus and an American corpus were used with fiction and newspaper as subcorpora. A quantitative method was used where the frequencies of terrified, petrified and horrified were counted. Secondly, the most frequent left- and right-hand collocates were studied. Due to the variety of collocations found, it was discovered that the meanings between the adjectives differ somewhat. The literal meaning of petrified is to be hard as a stone while the non-literal meaning is to be extremely afraid. The literal meanings of terrified and horrified are to be very afraid, but unlike terrified, horrified also seems to refer to being shocked. It can be stated that in accordance with how vague the adjective is in its meaning the more frequently it is used, i.e. terrified is the most frequent adjective in all subcorpora and in both varieties of English most frequently used while petrified is least frequently used.

In my dissertation Theory of Petrified Worlds on the Example of Anti-Utopian and Dystopian Literature, I deal with anti-utopian and dystopian literature, which has been largely neglected by Czech scholarship. After the introduction to the issue I deal with the detailed analysis of the novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin, after which I devote my attention to the theoretical definition of terms, including the historical mapping of previous research. I focus on the historical context of the emergence of the genres, including a deeper analysis of its beginnings, i.e. the development of utopian literature from Plato to William Morris and Herbert George Wells, and in detail describe the emergence of anti-utopian literature primarily as an opposition to utopian tendencies and its evolution into dystopia. A major part of the work deals with a specific semiotic analysis of the characteristic and constitutive features of the genres of anti-utopian and dystopian literature of the 20th and 21st centuries. This includes, among other things, the closed and petrified world of the novels, which gave the name to the presented theory, the strict division of society, the existence of newspeak, the characteristics of the main and secondary characters, as well as the social and political context of the analysed works. In...