Les mémoires à changement de phase sont l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs pour la prochaine génération de mémoires non-volatiles. Un intense effort de recherche est requis pour optimiser les matériaux à changement de phase (PC) utilisés dans ces mémoires. En particulier, il a été démontré que le dopage améliore les propriétés de rétention des dispositifs. Par ailleurs, l'étude des effets de réduction de taille et des effets des matériaux d'interface sur les propriétés des matériaux à changement de phase est encore un sujet de recherche ouvert. Dans ce contexte, la première partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'investigation de la structure locale de GeTe amorphe dopé avec C ou N. L'effet du dopage sur la structure a été observé expérimentalement via l'apparition d'un nouveau pic dans la fonction de distribution de paires de GeTe dopé, ce qui montre la formation d'une nouvelle liaison interatomique absente dans le matériau non dopé. La présence de nouvelles configurations incluant le carbone et l'azote a été confirmée par des simulations ab initio. L'objet de la deuxième partie de la thèse est l'influence de la réduction de taille sur la cristallisation de Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). Des agrégats nanométriques de GST ont été fabriqués par pulvérisation puis déposés et étudiés par diffraction des rayons X en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron. Dans l'état cristallisé une très forte déformation positive des agrégats est observée et attribuée à la matrice d'Al2O3 qui entoure les agrégats. La température de cristallisation des agrégats est de 25°C plus élevée que celle d'un film de GST de 10 nm déposé dans les mêmes conditions. Ce résultat est encourageant pour les futurs développements des mémoires à changement de phase car il montre que l'effet de réduction de taille sur la température de cristallisation peut-être faible. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'investigation des effets des matériaux d'interface sur la température de cristallisation de films minces de GeTe et GST par des mesures de réflectivité et de diffraction des rayons X. Pour les deux matériaux, la température de cristallisation de films de 100 nm est plus grande pour une interface avec du Ta que pour une interface avec du TiN ou du SiO2. Une différence aussi marquée n'était jamais montré auparavant. Les résultats suggèrent que l'interface SiO2/GeTe est énergétiquement favorable pour la nucléation et la croissance de grains avec une orientation préférentielle et que les mécanismes de nucléation et croissance sont différents pour différents matériaux d'interface. / Phase Change Memories (PCM) are one of the best candidates for the next generation of non volatile memories. A great research effort is still needed in order to optimize the properties of phase change (PC) materials which are used in PCM devices. In particular, doping has been demonstrated to improve retention in devices. Moreover, a study of the effect of scaling and interface material on PC materials properties is still an open research field. In this context, the first part of the thesis is dedicated to investigate the local structure of C or N doped amorphous GeTe. The impact of doping is observed experimentally with the appearance of a new peak in the pair distribution function of doped GeTe, indicating the formation of a bond at a new distance that is absent in the undoped amorphous material. The presence of new environments involving carbon and nitrogen is confirmed through ab initio simulations. The subject of the second part of this thesis is the impact of confinement on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) crystallization mechanism. Nano-sized clusters of GST have been made by sputtering, deposited and then studied through X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The crystalline clusters experience a tensile strain that can be ascribed to the effect of the embedding Al2O3 matrix. Their crystallization temperature has been found to be only 25°C higher than the one observed for a thin film of GST of 10 nm deposited under the same conditions. This result is positive for the future development PCM because it indicates that the scaling effect on the crystallization temperature in phase change material can be small. The third and last part of the thesis is dedicated to the investigation of the interface material effect on the crystallization temperature of GeTe and GST thin films through reflectivity and X-ray diffraction measurements. In both GeTe and GST film 100 nm thick interfaced with Ta the crystallization temperature is higher than in the case of TiN or SiO2 interface. Such an interface effect on relatively thick films was never reported before. The results suggest that the SiO2/GeTe interface is energetically favourable for the nucleation and growth of grains with a preferred orientation and that nucleation and growth mechanisms are different for different interface materials.

Orientador: Luiz Eduardo de Ângelo Sanchez / Banca: Vicente Luiz Scalon / Banca: Alisson Rocha Machado / Resumo: A crescente produtividade de aumento na produtividade em operações de usinagem toma cada vez mais importante o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de corte e novos métodos de manufatura, os quais devem ter a capacidade de preencher a demanda atual. Deste modo, muitos esforços têm sido direcionados para permitir a utilização de velocidade de corte cada vez maiores. Um grande desafio é controlar a temperatura durante o processo de usinagem, uma vez que a temperatura aumenta com o aumento da velocidade de corte, reduzindo a dureza a quente da ferramenta e alimentando os mecanismos de desgaste. Para minimizar estes efeitos, vários métodos de refrigeração têm sido propostos, cada um com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Os métodos convencionais de refrigeração, que utilizam fluidos de corte, embora possuam eficiência reconhecida, adicionam custos ao processo, além de serem causadores de problemas relacionados com o meio ambiente e com a saúde dos operadores. Neste contexto a usinagem a seco, associada com o emprego de ferramenta com alta dureza a quente, tem sido um bom método para evitar os problemas mencionados. Outra opção é a usinagem criogênica, que utiliza ferramentas de metal duro em temperaturas abaixo de -150ºC, utilizando, para isso, nitrogênio líquido como fluido refrigerante. Entretanto, este método traz alguns problemas, como a necessidade de equipamentos especiais com tamanho significante ao lado da máquina-ferramenta. Neste estudo é proposto o desenvolvimento e a construção de um sistema de refrigeraçã de ferramenta para o processo de tornemaneto, com baixo custo e manutenção simples, composto por um porta-ferramenta, com um fluido refrigerante passando internamente ao seu corpo em um circuito fechado, onde o fluido evapora em uma câmara abaixo do inserto de usinagem, removendo assim calor da ferramenta. O fluido refrigerante passa então através... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The growing need of increase in productivity in machining operations emphasizes the importance of the development of new cutting tools and new manufacturing methods, which have the capacity to fulfill the present demand. In this way, many efforts are directed to enable the utilization of higher cutting speeds. One great challenge is to control the temperature during the machining process, since the temperature rises with the increase of the cutting speed, reducing the hot hardness of the cutting tool and accelerating the tool wear mechanism. To minimize these effects, many cooling methods have been proposed, each one with advantages and disadvantages. The conventional cooling methods, which use cutting fluids, although have recognized efficiency, add costs to the process, besides to cause problems regarding to the environment and operators health. In this context, dry machining, associated with the employment of tools with high hot hardness, has been a good method to avoid these problems. Another option is the cryogenic machinig, which utilizes carbide tools in temperatures lower than - 150ºC, using, for this, liquid nitrogen as cooling fluid. However, this method brings some problems, like the need of special devices with significant size around the machine-tool. In this work, it is proposed the development and the construction of a cooling tool system for turning process, with low cost and simple maintenance, composed by a tool-holder, with a cooling fluid flowing within its body in a loop circuit, where the fluid evaporates just under the insert location, removing heat from it. The cooling fluid passes through a heat exchanger where it condensates and a new cyble is started. As result the development system provides a tool life equal or better than with the cutting fluid application, with clear economic and environmental advantages / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vicentin_gc_me_bauru.pdf: 1398083 bytes, checksum: b02b474f8b8ff324c644909a8dd89c24 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A crescente produtividade de aumento na produtividade em operações de usinagem toma cada vez mais importante o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de corte e novos métodos de manufatura, os quais devem ter a capacidade de preencher a demanda atual. Deste modo, muitos esforços têm sido direcionados para permitir a utilização de velocidade de corte cada vez maiores. Um grande desafio é controlar a temperatura durante o processo de usinagem, uma vez que a temperatura aumenta com o aumento da velocidade de corte, reduzindo a dureza a quente da ferramenta e alimentando os mecanismos de desgaste. Para minimizar estes efeitos, vários métodos de refrigeração têm sido propostos, cada um com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Os métodos convencionais de refrigeração, que utilizam fluidos de corte, embora possuam eficiência reconhecida, adicionam custos ao processo, além de serem causadores de problemas relacionados com o meio ambiente e com a saúde dos operadores. Neste contexto a usinagem a seco, associada com o emprego de ferramenta com alta dureza a quente, tem sido um bom método para evitar os problemas mencionados. Outra opção é a usinagem criogênica, que utiliza ferramentas de metal duro em temperaturas abaixo de -150ºC, utilizando, para isso, nitrogênio líquido como fluido refrigerante. Entretanto, este método traz alguns problemas, como a necessidade de equipamentos especiais com tamanho significante ao lado da máquina-ferramenta. Neste estudo é proposto o desenvolvimento e a construção de um sistema de refrigeraçã de ferramenta para o processo de tornemaneto, com baixo custo e manutenção simples, composto por um porta-ferramenta, com um fluido refrigerante passando internamente ao seu corpo em um circuito fechado, onde o fluido evapora em uma câmara abaixo do inserto de usinagem, removendo assim calor da ferramenta. O fluido refrigerante passa então através... / The growing need of increase in productivity in machining operations emphasizes the importance of the development of new cutting tools and new manufacturing methods, which have the capacity to fulfill the present demand. In this way, many efforts are directed to enable the utilization of higher cutting speeds. One great challenge is to control the temperature during the machining process, since the temperature rises with the increase of the cutting speed, reducing the hot hardness of the cutting tool and accelerating the tool wear mechanism. To minimize these effects, many cooling methods have been proposed, each one with advantages and disadvantages. The conventional cooling methods, which use cutting fluids, although have recognized efficiency, add costs to the process, besides to cause problems regarding to the environment and operators health. In this context, dry machining, associated with the employment of tools with high hot hardness, has been a good method to avoid these problems. Another option is the cryogenic machinig, which utilizes carbide tools in temperatures lower than - 150ºC, using, for this, liquid nitrogen as cooling fluid. However, this method brings some problems, like the need of special devices with significant size around the machine-tool. In this work, it is proposed the development and the construction of a cooling tool system for turning process, with low cost and simple maintenance, composed by a tool-holder, with a cooling fluid flowing within its body in a loop circuit, where the fluid evaporates just under the insert location, removing heat from it. The cooling fluid passes through a heat exchanger where it condensates and a new cyble is started. As result the development system provides a tool life equal or better than with the cutting fluid application, with clear economic and environmental advantages

Compared to current single-standard radio solutions, multi-standard radio transceivers enable higher integration, backward compatibility and save power, area and cost. The primary bottleneck in their realization is the development of high-performance frequency-reconfigurable RF circuits. To that end, this research introduces several CMOS-integrated, transformer-based reconfigurable circuit techniques whose effectiveness is validated through measurements of designed transceiver front-end low-noise (LNA) and power amplifier (PA) prototypes. In the first part, the use of high figure-of-merit phase-change (PC) based RF switches in the reconfiguration of CMOS LNAs in the receiver front-end is proposed. The first reported demonstration of an integrated, PC-switch based, dual-band (3/5 GHz) reconfigurable CMOS LNA with transformer source degeneration and designed in a 0.13 μm process is presented. In the second part, a frequency-reconfigurable CMOS transformer combiner is introduced that can be reconfigured to have similar efficiencies at widely separated frequency bands. A 65-nm CMOS triple-band (2.5/3/3.5 GHz) PA employing the reconfigurable combiner was designed. In the final part of this work, the use of transformer coupled-resonators in mm-wave LNA designs for 28 GHz bands was investigated. To cover contiguous and/or widely-separated narrowband channels of the emerging 5G standards, a 65-nm CMOS 24.9-32.7 GHz wideband multi-mode LNA using one-port transformer coupled-resonators was designed. Finally, a 25.1-27.6 GHz tunable-narrowband digitally-calibrated merged LNA-vector modulator design employing transformer coupled-resonators is presented that proposes a compact, differential quadrature generation scheme for phased-array architectures.

abstract: Dwindling energy resources and associated environmental costs have resulted in a serious need to design and construct energy efficient buildings. One of the strategies to develop energy efficient structural materials is through the incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) in the host matrix. This research work presents details of a finite element-based framework that is used to study the thermal performance of structural precast concrete wall elements with and without a layer of phase change material. The simulation platform developed can be implemented for a wide variety of input parameters. In this study, two different locations in the continental United States, representing different ambient temperature conditions (corresponding to hot, cold and typical days of the year) are studied. Two different types of concrete - normal weight and lightweight, different PCM types, gypsum wallboard's with varying PCM percentages and different PCM layer thicknesses are also considered with an aim of understanding the energy flow across the wall member. Effect of changing PCM location and prolonged thermal loading are also studied. The temperature of the inside face of the wall and energy flow through the inside face of the wall, which determines the indoor HVAC energy consumption are used as the defining parameters. An ad-hoc optimization scheme is also implemented where the PCM thickness is fixed but its location and properties are varied. Numerical results show that energy savings are possible with small changes in baseline values, facilitating appropriate material design for desired characteristics. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil Engineering 2012

abstract: As one of the most promising materials for high capacity electrode in next generation of lithium ion batteries, silicon has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Advanced characterization techniques and atomic simulations helped to depict that the lithiation/delithiation of silicon electrode involves processes including large volume change (anisotropic for the initial lithiation of crystal silicon), plastic flow or softening of material dependent on composition, electrochemically driven phase transformation between solid states, anisotropic or isotropic migration of atomic sharp interface, and mass diffusion of lithium atoms. Motivated by the promising prospect of the application and underlying interesting physics, mechanics coupled with multi-physics of silicon electrodes in lithium ion batteries is studied in this dissertation. For silicon electrodes with large size, diffusion controlled kinetics is assumed, and the coupled large deformation and mass transportation is studied. For crystal silicon with small size, interface controlled kinetics is assumed, and anisotropic interface reaction is studied, with a geometry design principle proposed. As a preliminary experimental validation, enhanced lithiation and fracture behavior of silicon pillars via atomic layer coatings and geometry design is studied, with results supporting the geometry design principle we proposed based on our simulations. Through the work documented here, a consistent description and understanding of the behavior of silicon electrode is given at continuum level and some insights for the future development of the silicon electrode are provided. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2014

Deployment of high temperature (>500 °C) thermal energy storage in solar power plants will make solar power more cost competitive and pave the way towards a sustainable future. In this research, a unique metallic encapsulation has been presented for thermal energy storage at high temperatures, capable of operation in aerobic conditions. This goal was achieved by employing low cost materials like carbon steel. The research work presents the unique encapsulation procedure adopted, as well as various coatings evaluated and optimized for corrosion protection. Experimental testing favored the use of 150 μm of nickel on carbon steel for corrosion protection in these conditions. These metallic encapsulations survived several thermal cycles at temperatures from 580 °C to 680 °C with one encapsulation surviving for 1700 thermal cycles.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da enxertia seriada e micropropagação no rejuvenescimento de matrizes adultas de Tectona grandis. A experimentação foi realizada nas empresas Floresteca S.A e Bioteca Ltda, Mato Grosso, utilizando três materiais genéticos diferente, sendo dois clones, com 35 anos idade e mudas de semente. Como técnica de macropropagação optou-se pela enxertia seriada com delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado com três tratamentos representados pelos materiais genéticos com sete repetições. Para micropropagação, utilizou-se meio MS modificado. O experimento in vitro foi dividido em etapas: resgate do meristema com delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, com os tratamentos sendo três materiais genéticos com trinta repetições; estabelecimento da cultura com os tratamentos arranjados em fatorial 3x5 sendo três materiais genéticos com cinco concentrações de BAP, totalizando quinze tratamentos com cinco repetições; multiplicação/rejuvenescimento com delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, com os tratamentos arranjados em fatorial 3x5 sendo três materiais genéticos com cinco subcultivos, totalizando quinze tratamentos com três repetições e enraizamento das microestacas. Para macroprogação, o parâmetro avaliado foi a percentagem de pega dos enxertos. Para micropropagação, na fase de resgate, avaliou-se o número de meristemas viáveis; na fase de estabelecimento da cultura, avaliou-se o tamanho, número de nós e número de folhas dos explantes; e na fase de multiplicação/rejuvenescimento, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento de brotos nos sucessivos subcultivos. Os enxertos das mudas obtidas por semente apresentaram brotação aos sete dias de enxertados comparados aos clones que iniciaram as brotações aos quinze dias de enxertados. A sobrevivência dos meristemas apicais introduzidos que não apresentaram oxidação ou contaminação foi superior a 84%. A concentração de 1,5 mg.L-1 de BAP foi a mais significativa na fase de estabelecimento da cultura. O número de brotação e o rejuvenescimento do material adulto aumentaram à medida que aumentou o número de subcultivos, bem como a percentagem de enraizamento. O estabelecimento de minijardim clonal de Tectona grandis é possível mediante uso de brotações rejuvenescidas in vitro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of serial grafting and micropropagation in rejuvenation of Tectona grandis. The experiments were carried out in Floresteca SA and Bioteca Ltda. companies, Mato Grosso, using two clones and seedlings. The clones were 35 years old and the seedlings were six months old. Serial grafting was chosen for macropropagation technique on a completely randomized statistical design, with three treatments corresponding to genetic material with seven replications. For micropropagation, solid modified MS medium was used. The in vitro experiment was divided into stages: meristem rescue on a completely randomized design with the treatments corresponding to three genetic material with seven replications; establishment in vitro culture on completely randomized design arranged in 3x5 factorial scheme, corresponding to three genetic material with five concentrations of BAP resulting in fifteen treatments with five replications; multiplication/rejuvenation on completely randomized design arranged in 3x5 factorial scheme, corresponding to three genetic material with five subcultures concentrations of resulting in fifteen treatments with three replications on a completely randomized 3x5 and microcuttings rooting. For macropropagation, the parameter evaluated was the percentage of grafting takes. For micropropagation, in the rescue phase, it was evaluated the number of viable meristems. In the establishment phase of culture, the parameters evaluated were the size, number of nodes and number of leaves of the explants; and in the phase of multiplication/rejuvenation it was evaluated the development of the shoots in successive subcultures. The shoots sprouting from seedlings grafts at seventh day compared with grafted clones that started sprouting on the fifteenth day after grafting. The survival of apical meristems without oxidation or contamination was above 84%. The concentration of BAP (1.5 mg.L-1) that was the most significant in the establishment phase of culture. The number of shoots produced and the rejuvenation process increases with increasing number of subcultures, as well as the percentage of rooting. The establishment of clonal minigarden of Tectona grandis coud be possible through rejuvenation of trees in vitro.

Le perçage par laser est le procédé majoritairement utilisé pour la fabrication des trous de refroidissement des chambres à combustion des moteurs d'avion. La maîtrise de ce procédé, afin de limiter les écarts de géométrie des trous ainsi que les défauts microstructuraux induits, est une problématique qui a un fort enjeu industriel.L'interaction entre un faisceau laser et une matière métallique absorbante dans les régimes de perçage laser implique des phénomènes thermiques et hydrodynamiques dont le rôle sur le perçage n'est pas encore complétement expliqué. Ces travaux de thèse apportent des éléments de réponse par une approche de simulation numérique.Une investigation expérimentale couvrant une large gamme de paramètres opératoires a permis de quantifier la vitesse d'éjection liquide, la pression de recul et la température de surface en cours de procédé et d'analyser l'influence de la puissance crête du faisceau laser et de propriétés physiques matériau sur le perçage. Plusieurs méthodes expérimentales originales d'observations in situ et post-procédé ont été mises en œuvre dans cette investigation.Le modèle physique du perçage laser qui a été retenu pour la simulation intègre les changements de phase solide/liquide et liquide/vapeur, la mobilité des interfaces, l'éjection de la phase liquide et les échanges de chaleur par conduction et convection. Il est résolu en 2D axisymétrique via un code de calcul développé entièrement durant la thèse. Ce développement se base sur une méthode numérique récente, appelée méthode des éléments naturels contraints (CNEM en anglais), qui permet une description lagrangienne des interfaces mobiles et de l'écoulement du liquide. Cette description facilite l'application des conditions aux frontières. Les paramètres et données d'entrée du modèle sont tous issus de la littérature et/ou de mesures expérimentales.Les simulations réalisées ont permis de prédire la plupart des mesures sans aucun ajustement de paramètres. Les écarts observés ont donné des informations inédites sur la contribution de la répartition spatiale du faisceau laser et de la phase vapeur sur la géométrie des trous. L'étude des cycles thermiques a permis de mieux comprendre les transformations métallurgiques induites au cours du perçage laser. / The laser drilling process is the main process used in machining procedures on aeronautic engines, especially in the cooling parts of the engine. The industrial stake is to reduce geometrical deviations of the holes and defects during production.The interaction between a laser beam and an absorbent metallic matter in the laser drilling regime involve thermal and hydrodynamical phenomenon. Their role on the drilling is not yet completely understood. This thesis work is attached to give some responses to these questions with a simulation approach.An experimental investigation was first set up in order to estimate the velocity of the liquid, the vapor pressure and the temperature of the surface and to characterize the influence of the laser power and some material properties on the drilling.The physical model of the laser drilling used for simulations include solid/liquid and liquid/vapor phase transformations, the liquid ejection and the convective and conductive thermal exchanges. It is solved using a homemade calculation code and 2D axisymmetric formulation, developed during the thesis. The development is based on a recent numerical method called CNEM (Constrained Natural Element Method). This method allows us to use a lagrangian representation of the moving boundaries and the liquid flow and so facilitates the application of the boundary conditions. The model parameters were taken from literature or from measures.Simulations results predicted most of measurements without identifying any parameters. The deviations between experiments and simulations gave new discussions on the influence of the laser beam space repartition and on the contribution of the metallic vapor phase on the hole geometry. The thermal cycles were studied clarifying the metallurgical transformations induced by laser drilling.

[pt] Uma análise experimental é desenvolvida para avaliação da transferência de calor durante a fusão ao redor de um cilindro isotérmico vertical imerso em um meio de mudança de fase. A posição e forma da interface sólido-líquido é determinada como função do tempo, para diferentes temperaturas do cilindro. A relação altura/diâmetro é de cinco, para comparação com resultados já existentes. A faixa de Número de Stefan investigado foi de 0,017 a 0,33 o que equivale a uma faixa de Número Rayleigh de 7x10 elevado a quarta potência a 2x10 elevado a sexta potência. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para a determinação dos números de Nusselt locais na interface e médios para a superfície do cilindro. A dependência da massa fundida com o tempo foi também determinada, parametrizada por Rayleigh. Soluções do problema de fusão sem os efeitos de convecção natural (Problema tipo STEFAN) foram obtidos via método de elementos finitos e estes resultados foram comparados com os dados experimentais obtidos. Isto permitiu a determinação do tempo quando os efeitos de convecção natural tornam-se importantes. Comparações com resultados numéricos publicados, para a mesma condição física, foram desenvolvidas obtendo excelentes concordâncias. / [en] An experimental investigation was performed to determine heat transfer coefficients during the outward melting of a phase-change material (PCM),maintained at its fusion temperature, around an isothermal cylinder positioned vertically. The position and shape of the Solid-liquid interface were determined as a function of time, for diferent temperatures of the cylinder. The ratio height-to-diameter of the cylinder was chosen to be five, in order to allow comparisons with available results. The Stefan number range investigated was 0,017 - 0,33 corresponding to a Rayleigh number variation from 7x10 to the fourth power to 2x10 to the sixth power. The data obtained was used in the determination of local Nusselt numbers for the interface and average Nusselt numbers for cylinder surface. The dependence of the molten mass on time was also determined, for several combinations of the relevant parameters. Solutions of the axisymmetric melting problem without natural convection effects (Stefan-like problem) were obtained via finite-element analysis. These numerical results were compared with the experimental data, which permitted the determination of times when the natural convection effects in the liquid region become of importance. The experimental data were compared with the results of an available numerical analysis of the same physical situation, and excellent agreement was obtained.