A geração de energia em larga escala a partir da combustão de carvões minerais impõe pesados ônus ao meio ambiente devido às emissões de poluentes. O processo de combustão em leito fluidizado destaca-se neste contexto, permitindo reduções de emissões de gases \'SO IND.X\' e \'NO IND.X\' acima de de 90%. O projeto, otimização e escalonamento de reatores de leito fluidizado são realizados de forma quase completamente empírica, através de desenvolvimentos em plantas de demonstração de escalas reduzidas. Os custos e tempos de implementação envolvidos são elevadíssimos, tornando ferramentas teóricas de apoio altamente desejáveis. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se a modelagem e simulação da combustão em leito fluidizado atmosférico borbulhante de carvão mineral com altos teores de cinzas e enxofre com dessulfuração por calcário, através de uma abordagem fenomenológica. Comparações das predições do modelo são realizadas com dados experimentais gerados na planta piloto do NETeF, e estudos paramétricos são realizados para avaliação das performances do reator. As comparações mostram concordâncias e discrepâncias qualitativas e quantitativas entre perfis simulados e medidos das concentrações de gases e distribuições granulométricas do particulado. Isso indica a necessidade de aperfeiçoamentos na modelagem fenomenológica, notadamente com relação às correlações e dados empíricos utilizados. Apesar das discrepâncias, o modelo apresenta bons resultados quantitativos de eficiência de absorção de enxofre em comparação com os dados experimentais. / Energy generation through coal combustion imposes heavy environmental impacts due to pollutant emissions. The process of fluidized bed combustion distinguishes in this context allowing for emission reductions of \'SO IND.X\' and \'NO IND.X\' above 90%. The design, scaling-up, and optimization of fluidized bed reactors are mostly empirical, through small-scale demonstration plant developments. The costs and times of implementation involved in those developments are huge, making theoretical tools of analysis highly desirable. In this work modeling and simulation are performed for atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustion of high ash high sulfur coals, including desulfurization by limestone. A phenomenological approach to modeling is applied. Comparison of predictions are made against empirical measurements performed in the NETF pilot plant, and parametric studies are developed to evaluate reactor performances. The comparisons show both agreements and disagreements, qualitative as well as quantitative, between predictions and measured gas concentrations and particulate size distributions. This points to the necessity for improvements on the phenomenological modeling procedure that was applied, notably regarding the empirical correlations and data that were considered. Despite the discrepancies, the model produces good quantitative results of sulfur absorption efficiency in comparison to the empirical data.

A geração de energia em larga escala a partir da combustão de carvões minerais impõe pesados ônus ao meio ambiente devido às emissões de poluentes. O processo de combustão em leito fluidizado destaca-se neste contexto, permitindo reduções de emissões de gases \'SO IND.X\' e \'NO IND.X\' acima de de 90%. O projeto, otimização e escalonamento de reatores de leito fluidizado são realizados de forma quase completamente empírica, através de desenvolvimentos em plantas de demonstração de escalas reduzidas. Os custos e tempos de implementação envolvidos são elevadíssimos, tornando ferramentas teóricas de apoio altamente desejáveis. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se a modelagem e simulação da combustão em leito fluidizado atmosférico borbulhante de carvão mineral com altos teores de cinzas e enxofre com dessulfuração por calcário, através de uma abordagem fenomenológica. Comparações das predições do modelo são realizadas com dados experimentais gerados na planta piloto do NETeF, e estudos paramétricos são realizados para avaliação das performances do reator. As comparações mostram concordâncias e discrepâncias qualitativas e quantitativas entre perfis simulados e medidos das concentrações de gases e distribuições granulométricas do particulado. Isso indica a necessidade de aperfeiçoamentos na modelagem fenomenológica, notadamente com relação às correlações e dados empíricos utilizados. Apesar das discrepâncias, o modelo apresenta bons resultados quantitativos de eficiência de absorção de enxofre em comparação com os dados experimentais. / Energy generation through coal combustion imposes heavy environmental impacts due to pollutant emissions. The process of fluidized bed combustion distinguishes in this context allowing for emission reductions of \'SO IND.X\' and \'NO IND.X\' above 90%. The design, scaling-up, and optimization of fluidized bed reactors are mostly empirical, through small-scale demonstration plant developments. The costs and times of implementation involved in those developments are huge, making theoretical tools of analysis highly desirable. In this work modeling and simulation are performed for atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustion of high ash high sulfur coals, including desulfurization by limestone. A phenomenological approach to modeling is applied. Comparison of predictions are made against empirical measurements performed in the NETF pilot plant, and parametric studies are developed to evaluate reactor performances. The comparisons show both agreements and disagreements, qualitative as well as quantitative, between predictions and measured gas concentrations and particulate size distributions. This points to the necessity for improvements on the phenomenological modeling procedure that was applied, notably regarding the empirical correlations and data that were considered. Despite the discrepancies, the model produces good quantitative results of sulfur absorption efficiency in comparison to the empirical data.

Denne studien handler om fenomenet øvingsstrategier i sang. Hensikten med studien er ut fra en empirisk psykologisk fenomenologi, å utforske hva noen lærere i sang retter sin bevissthet mot når det gjelder øvingsstrategier. Studiens forskningsspørsmål er: ”Hvilke strategier erfares som betydningsfulle for sangøving?” og ”Hvilken rolle anser sangpedagoger å ha i forhold til sine elevers øvingsstrategier?”. Tidligere forskning om øvingsstrategier viser at det finnes stor variasjon i hva øving kan innebære, og at det ikke finnes én strategi som fungerer, men en variasjon av flere gir best resultat. Oppgaven har sitt teoretiske utgangspunkt i Empirisk Fenomenologisk Psykologi, der forskeren er ute etter respondentenes subjektive opplevelser og erfaringer i forhold til studiens tema. Undersøkelsen har blitt gjennomført med halvstrukturerte kvalitative intervjuer av etablerte og nyutdannede sanglærere fra både Norge og Sverige. Resultatet er delt inn i meningsmønstre, og de tre store psykologiske temaene selvstendighet, struktur og bevissthet rammer inn respondentenes uttalelser. Respondentene mener ut fra subjektive erfaringer at gode øvingsstrategier bygger på sangerens selvstendighet (jeg velger å øve), struktur (hvordan øvingen ser ut) og bevissthet (jeg gjør det jeg har planlagt å gjøre). I diskusjonen viser det seg at respondentenes uttalelser bekrefter mye av resultatene i den tidligere forskningen som presenteres i bakgrunnskapittelet. / This study is about practice strategies in singing. The purpose of this study is, from a empiric phenomenologic psychology, to investigate what some singing teachers direct their awareness toward when it comes to practice strategies in singing. The studys research questions are: ”Witch strategies are experienced as meaningful in singing practicing?” and ”What role consider singing teachers they have in relation to their students practice strategies?”. Prior research in practice strategies shows a great variation in what practice involves, and there is not only one functioning strategy, but a variation of several strategies provides the best outcome. The study has its theoretical basis in empiric phenomenologic psychology, where the researcher search for the respondents subejctive experiences to the subject of the study. The survey has been conducted with semi structured qualitative interviews of established and newly educated singing teachers from Norway and Sweden. The result is divided into meaning patterns, and the three psychological topics independence, structure and awareness frames the respondents statements. The respondents thinks from subjective experiences that good practice strategies are built on the singers independence (i choose to practice), structure (how the practice situation looks like) and awareness (I do what I planned to do). In the discussion it appears that the respondents statements confirms much of the result from the prior research presented in the background chapter.

This work deals with the issue of dual diagnosis, namely patients with schizophrenic disease who are addicted to drugs and their view of the anxiety process. Theoretical background research is devoted to schizophrenic disease, addictive disorders and specifics in the treatment of patients with dual diagnosis. The aim of this research was to find out how users of addictive substances with a schizophrenic circuit disorder evaluate and experience the process of their anxiety. To create the above goal, I set the main research question, concretized by three sub- questions: (1) How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders assess and experience the process of their anxiety? (1.1.) "How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders have insight into their difficulties in treatment?" (1.2.) "How the level of these difficulties changed before the end of treatment"? (1.3.) "What aspects of recovery do these patients consider important?" The research set was selected by methods of improbable purpose. The research group finally consisted of four patients, i.e. hospitalized in the Psychiatric Hospital X. Sources of data for the case study in this case are medical documentation of patients (anamnestic data, records of group and individual therapies) and semi-structured interviews. The obtained data fixed by audio...

The purpose with this study is to increase the understanding of how the youngest pre-school children communicate during play. The research method chosen is observation since it is the most suitable for this study.  The result shows that the youngest pre-school children communicate in different ways during play. For example, they might use various bodily gestures only or speak single words while using their body language. / Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen angående de yngsta förskolebarnens kommunikation med andra i leken. Jag har i denna studie valt att använda mig av observation som metod för att undersöka min forskningsfråga, denna metod har jag valt för att den passar sig väl när man vill undersöka barn i deras förskola.  Resultatet visar att de yngsta förskolebarnen kommunicerar på olika sätt i sin lek på förskolan. Detta gör de bland annat genom olika kroppsliga gester, men också genom enstaka ord i kombination med det kroppsliga.

As with other areas in healthcare, the public mental health body is regulated by governing documents and regulations. As with clinical care ”Socialstyrelsen” has developed national guidelines for how the mental health care should be managed. One of these documents focuses on the treatment of anxiety and depression. From the experience of working as a psychotherapist who meets referred patients for psychological support, the aim is to investigate if and how the national guidelines affect physical patient contact as well as how they influence the overall experience. Whilst trying to answer these questions I refer to hermeneutic and phenomenological theories. I will also use clinical psychology and psychotherapy literature. Through describing a session with a patient in need of support för experiences of anxiety and depression I will show how the recommendations as part of the national guidelines might affect our contact.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Cristina Goncalves Gallego Lima.pdf: 1855540 bytes, checksum: 8d2c1bcfd52f182a58a34809656d9f4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-18 / The objective of this study is to describe and interpret the phenomenon the experience of attending pedagogical meetings for coordinators in presential and virtual environments, as an effort to understand how the participant coordinators have built that experience. The theoretical foundations of this research were grounded on some studies which investigate the role of the pedagogical coordinator in language schools, such as Liberali (1994), Gervai (1996), Romero (1998), Polifemi (1998, 2007) and Ortale (2003), followed by some other studies such as Gonçalves (1999) and Fogaça (2010), which deal with the pedagogical meeting itself. This research lies in the concepts of learning according to the sociointeractionist theory by Vygostsky (1984/2007, 1987/2008), undersanding that learning happens through and in interaction, that is why the creation of learning opportunities (Allwright, 2005) are discussed and so are the concepts of community of practice (Lave and Wenger, 1991). In addition, understanding that, besides the presential moment, the meeting takes place in the virtual environment, I discuss what virtual is, according to Levy and the role of the teacher in the modern society, considering Ramal (2000, 2002) and Sacristán (2000)´s view point. This research, therefore, tries to understand better how the coordinators experience their attendance to the pedagogical meetings in both contexts and for this reason, reflexive issues based on Schon (1983) and the relationship experience and learning proposed by Dewey (1938/1963) are also part of this study. The texts were registered throughout the pedagogical meeting with the coordinators, which took place in both presential and virtual environments. This process has made possible the investigation about the phenomenon the experience of attending pedagogical meeting for coordinator in presential and virtual environments, considering that, in order to develop this study, I have chosen the Hermeneutic-Phenomenological Approach as the methodology, based on the systematization process proposed by Freire (2010), having its starting point from van Manen (1990). This study has shown throughout the investigation process, that the experience of taking part of the pedagogical meeting goes through a break of paradigm, in the sense that it is no longer considered by the coordinators as a participation of a formal and obligatory event, to become a relevant moment in which the participants built knowledge together, having as component elements of this participation: the meeting among them, the learning built together, the relevance of the subjects discussed, the opening to participation, the group interaction and ultimately the reflective process / O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e interpretar o fenômeno a experiência de participar de reuniões pedagógicas para coordenadores nos ambientes presenciais e digitais, buscando compreender como se constituiu essa vivência para os coordenadores participantes do estudo. A fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa parte de estudos que investigaram o papel do coordenador pedagógico no contexto de escolas de idiomas, como Liberali (1994), Gervai (1996), Romero (1998), Polifemi (1998, 2007) e Ortale (2003), seguidos por outros estudos que abordam a reunião pedagógica em si, como Gonçalves (2007) e Fogaça (2010), e está respaldada nos conceitos de aprendizagem da teoria sociointeracionista de Vygostsky (1984/2007, 1987/2008), entendendo que esta acontece pela e na interação. Por essa razão, a criação de oportunidades de aprendizagem (Allwright, 2005) são aqui exploradas, bem como os conceitos de comunidade de prática (Lave e Wenger, 1991). Na sequência, entendendo que além do momento presencial as reuniões se realizam no ambiente digital, discuto o que é o virtual com base em Levy (1996, 1999) e o papel do professor na sociedade moderna conforme Ramal (2000) e Sacristán (2002, 2007). Em síntese, esta pesquisa busca entender melhor como se constituiu a experiência vivenciada pelos coordenadores de participar das reuniões pedagógicas nos dois ambientes e, por essa razão as questões reflexivas apoiadas em Schön (1983) e a relação experiência e aprendizagem, propostas por Dewey (1938/1963), também são contempladas neste trabalho. Os registros textuais foram produzidos durante as reuniões pedagógicas com os coordenadores, as quais aconteceram nos ambientes presenciais e digitais. Esse processo possibilitou a investigação do fenômeno a experiência de participar de reuniões pedagógicas para coordenadores nos ambientes presenciais e digitais, sendo que para o desenvolvimento do trabalho adotei a Abordagem Hermenêutico-Fenomenológica como linha metodológica, apoiando-me no processo de sistematização proposto por Freire (2010), a partir de van Manen (1990). Este estudo revelou, ao longo do processo de investigação que a experiência de participar das reuniões pedagógicas passa por uma ruptura de paradigmas, na medida em que elas deixam de ser caracterizadas como momentos formais e obrigatórios, para assumirem-se como momentos nos quais os participantes promovem a construção conjunta do conhecimento, tendo como aspectos constituintes desta experiência: o encontro entre os participantes, a aprendizagem construída, a pertinência dos assuntos, a abertura para participação, a interação do grupo, e por fim, a reflexão