In 1992, the Americans completed its withdrawal from the Philippines, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence. However, it was soon discovered that the U.S. left behind several contaminated sites at its former military bases in the Philippines due to inadequate hazardous waste management. It appears that the U.S. Department of Defense failed to implement clear and consistent environmental policies at Clark and Subic. The U.S. maintains that it is under no obligation to undertake further cleanup at its former installations inasmuch as the Philippines has waived its right to do so under the basing agreement. It will be argued that the Philippines made no such waiver under the Manglapus-Schultz Agreement. Thus, the U.S. remains responsible under international law for the resulting environmental damage at its former bases. States have the responsibility under customary international law to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states. A state will be responsible if it breaches this international obligation. It will be argued that the U.S. breached its obligation under international law when activities within its effective control caused significant environmental damage to areas forming part of Philippine territory. Such a breach may also result in the violation of the emerging right to a healthy environment. Existing human rights, such as the right to life and health, right to food and water, right to a safe and healthy working environment and right to information, will be applied from an environmental perspective to determine whether the Filipinos' right to a healthy environment was violated. While a legal claim can be made for the remediation of the environment and compensation of the victims, it will be argued that existing mechanisms for the settlement and adjudication of international claims are inadequate. States are generally reluctant to submit to the jurisdiction of international tribunals and most of these fora do not allow non-state entities to appear before them. Thus, it would be argued that the most promising approach may well be through political and diplomatic means.

Umfassende und konsistente Darstellung der Syntax des Filipino (Tagalog) mit mehr als 1000 Sätzen und Phrasen, die authentisch Umgangs- und Schriftsprache des modernen Filipino widerspiegeln. Unter maßgeblicher Beteiligung vieler Muttersprachler "vor Ort" wurde die sprachliche Wirklichkeit erfasst, und darauf basierend konnte die grammatische Analyse erarbeitet werden, ohne sich an von anderen Sprachen übernommene syntaktische Modelle anzulehnen. Als wesentliche Eigenschaft der Sprache wird gesehen, dass durch vorangestellte Bestimmungswörter die syntaktische Funktion der Satzglieder (Phrasen) festgelegt wird. Die filipinische Sprache besitzt sechs dieser Funktionsphrasen, zwei davon sind Prädikat und Subjekt. Die inhaltliche Aussage der Phrasen wird durch Inhaltswörter realisiert, deren Klassen den Wortarten wie Verb oder Nomen vergleichbar sind. Entscheidend wird die Syntax durch die häufig verwendeten enklitischen Konstruktionen beeinflusst. Die Analyse zusammengesetzter Sätze wird dadurch geprägt, dass der syntaktische Aufbau der unterschiedlichen Teilsätze (wie Haupt- und Nebensatz) nahezu gleich ist. Zusätzlich zur Syntax werden die zum Verständnis notwendigen Elemente von Phonologie und Morphologie dargestellt. Ausführlich und kritisch wird die hier vorgestellte grammatische Analyse mit Arbeiten der verschiedenen linguistischen Schulen über Filipino (Tagalog) verglichen. / Comprehensive and consistent presentation of the syntax of the Filipino (Tagalog) language supported by more than 1000 sentences and phrases authentically reflecting up-to-date written and colloquial Filipino. With decisive participation of many native speakers "on the spot", the true language reality was captured and became the foundation of the grammatical analysis avoiding the need to rely on syntactical models appropriate to other languages. In Filipino, the syntactical function of the phrases of the sentence is marked by a class of determiners. This is considered as essential feature of the language. There are six of those function phrases, two of them predicate and subject. The semantic message of the phrases is realized by content words which can be categorized into classes comparable to conventional parts of speech (e.g. verb or noun). Decisively, the syntax is influenced by the frequent use of enclitic constructions. Crucial for the build-up of compound sentences is the fact that, in principle, all kinds of clauses have the same syntactical structure. Additionally, some basic elements of Filipino phonoloyg and morphology are presented. Comprehensively, works of the different linguistic schools about Filipino (Tagalog) are critically reviewed.

This thesis explores the role of media in the lives of live-in caregivers in Montréal by looking at two Filipino newspapers and mainstream news coverage on Filipinas and the Philippines. While Filipino newspapers elaborate Filipino identity and speak back to stereotypes in mainstream news, their impact is curtailed by limited distribution and content range. Live-in caregivers in Montréal were selected as a special audience group through which to examine media representations of Filipinos because they are ‘othered’ through interlocking processes of gender and race. The live-in caregiver program (LCP), through which they migrate to Canada, lays bare the price that third world women immigrants are asked to pay for citizenship rights in Canada. LCP work is often underpaid, demeaning, and exploitative. Examining the lives and media habits of LCP workers ethnographically breaks new ground in studies of both domestic work and minorities and media in Canada.

This thesis explores the participation of children within legal discourse by looking at how laws and policies engage or disengage children. The basic premise is that to understand children’s participation is to confront the discourse of children and childhood where we uncover underlying assumptions, interests and agendas that inform our conception of who the child is and what the experience of childhood entails. Specifically, the thesis examines child participation within the Philippine legal framework by looking at the status, conditions and circumstances of children in four contexts: family, educational system, work environment and youth justice system. It argues that our conceptions of children and childhood are not only produced from a particular discourse but in turn are productive of a particular construction and practices reflected in the legal system. In its examination, the thesis reveals a complex Philippine legal framework shaped by competing paradigms of children and childhood that both give meaning to and respond to children’s engagements. On the one hand, there is a dominant discourse based on universal patterns of development and socialization that views children as objects of adult control and influence. But at the same time, there is some concrete attraction to an emerging paradigm influenced by childhood studies and the child rights movement that opens up opportunities for children’s participation. In advocating for broader acceptance of the emerging paradigm, the thesis identifies distinctive understandings of this paradigm in the Philippine context. A central argument is that in reconstructing the legal discourse of children and childhood, children’s participation grounded on the emerging paradigm does not necessarily introduce “new” understandings of children and childhood in the Philippines but, in fact, confirms existing beliefs and practices that articulate deeply held indigenous relational values. Within this contextualized understanding of the emerging paradigm, the thesis articulates children’s participation as: recognition of children as rights-bearers; acknowledgment of children’s realities as lived and experienced by them; and respect for the meaningful and constitutive relationships that children establish. Consequently, the intrinsic quality and meaning of actions of the child and towards the child take on a significant legal, social and moral value.

No description available.

<p>This dissertation is a preliminary attempt to define and theorize Spanish literature of the late nineteenth century from the perspective of the colonized. I take as my starting point the novels of the Filipino writer José Rizal: Noli me tángere and El filibusterismo. Although these novels are considered to be the foundational texts of the Philippine nation, I will instead focus on their relationship to Spain and the literature produced there around the same period. This analysis will be contrasted with a reading of Benito Pérez Galdós's novel Doña Perfecta, which, as many critics have claimed, bears a resemblance to Rizal's first novel. I will show how Galdós's novel demonstrates a colonizing mentality despite being nominally about an internal Spanish conflict. In conclusion, I will argue for the necessity of an understanding of Rizal's novels in order to better grasp the total context in which peninsular Spanish novels were produced.</p> / Dissertation

Problem of the Study: Non-traditional, value-added coconut products, such as Virgin Coconut Oil, Coco Water and Coco Sugar, have increased tremendously the last few years and the end-consumer pay a high price in retail for these considered luxury products. However, there is no abundance or indulgence in the life of the farmers and small producers in the Philippines at the other end of this global billion-dollar industry. Purpose of the Thesis: The purpose of this study is to describe, analyse and define the export network, and the roles of the actors, of the value-added coconut products in the Philippines as well as locate the origin of the single or combined problems that have led to struggling industry suppliers, and through that identify possible solutions which can increase the economic viability of the suppliers. Methodology: This study has been conducted as a case study, where the empirical findings was collected during an 8 weeks long field trip to the Philippines. A qualitative approach was adapted in order to create a deeper understanding of the problem and abduction made this possible. Six semi-structured interviews and one in-depth interview were executed. The majority of the data was collected through these interviews, although participating observation was also an important source of information along with secondary data. The validity and reliability has been secured by carefully explaining the methodology of the study, interviewing several different actors, following a interview guide and by separately interpreting the the primary data before comparing them with each other. Conclusions: The study showed that the Philippine coconut industry network is far from centreless. The government and MNCs play the biggest roles in the network, meanwhile the farmers and small producers have a very small part in the export activities of value-added coconut products. In order for the existing inequalities within the network, in both influence and profit shares, to be resolved farmers and small producers need increased support to be able to engage in value-added production, reach collaborative advantage and get access to direct export channels.

This study looks at the masculinity of teenage boys living in an impoverished community in Bacolod City, Republic of the Philippines. Through the use of ethnographic methods of participant observation, interviewing, and photographic techniques, this study assesses what it means for a group of teenage boys to become men. This study finds that the boys negotiate a complex set of demands and constraints on their becoming men resulting from influences of poverty and unemployment, dynamics of hegemony and subordination, and intergenerational relations of power. This study concludes that the inability of the boys to fulfill hegemonic notions of masculinity based on economic attainment may contribute to the boys' feelings of emasculation and problems of substance abuse, may widen the gap between hegemonic masculinity practised in the Philippines and forms of manhood available in this community, and may be instrumental in more firmly entrenching these males as an underclass in Philippine society.

Globalization and the advancement of technology have made the world smaller. Boundaries that define nations and nationalities have blurred and the resulting sense of displacement has undermined assumptions of identity and conversely made the search for identity more urgent. This thesis investigates the dialogue between the contemporary arts and architecture through the lens of the Filipino culture as a way to recapture and bring to the surface the contemporary identity of Filipinos and the Philippines. It proposes an understanding of history, geography and culture as a complex floating archipelago out of which our identity as individuals and nations emerge. It suggests that the events of history and the characteristics of geography are the grounds out of which art, myths and legends continue to be formed and sustain their relevance. Today, these compelling narratives emerge through the works of contemporary artists. They help us view and understand our flaws, struggles, triumphs, and future as a society in a way that speaks of our culture and time. Architecture, as a container and stage for culture must be sensitive to this artistic contemporaneity if it is to be indexical to our time. The Philippines, as a culture of hybrid and regional identities, has long struggled to make sense of the Contemporary in a largely Traditional society. The thesis proposes a new Centre for Contemporary Arts in Manila to bring the diverse artistic activities of the country into focus. It intervenes at interface between the Traditional and the Contemporary, which bridges the gap between the two, thus heralding a Cultural Renaissance and help generate a sense of contemporary nationalism.

Photocopy of typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves [295]-303. / Microfiche. / xiii, 303 leaves ill. (some col.), map. 28 cm