The emergence of organic semiconductors is exciting since it promises to open up for straightforward and low-cost fabrication of a wide range of efficient and novel electronic devices. However, in order for this promise to become reality it is critical that new and functional fabrication techniques are developed. This thesis demonstrates the conceptualization, development, realization and implementation of a particularly straightforward and scalable fabrication process: the photo-induced and resist-free imprint patterning technique.Initial experiments revealed that some members of a group of carbon-cage molecular semiconductors – termed fullerenes – can be photochemically modified into dimeric or polymeric structures during exposure to laser light, and, importantly, that the exposed fullerene material retains its good electron-transport property while its solubility in common organic solvents is drastically lowered. With this information at hand, it was possible to design and create well-defined patterns in a solution-deposited fullerene film by exposing selected film areas to laser light and then developing the entire film in a tuned developer solution. An electronically active fullerene pattern emerges at the locations defined by the incident laser beam, and the patterning technique was successfully utilized for the fabrication of arrays of efficient field-effect transistors.In a later stage, the capacity of the photo-induced and resist-free imprint technique was demonstrated to encompass the fabrication of ubiquitous and useful CMOS circuits. These are based on a combination of p-type and n-type transistors, and a blend between a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type fullerene compound was designed so that the latter dominated. By solution-depositing the blend film on an array of transistor structures, exposing selected transistors to laser light, and then developing the entire transistor array in a developer solution, it was possible to establish a desired combination of (non-exposed) p-type transistors and (exposed) n-type transistors. We finally utilized this combination of transistors for the fabrication of a CMOS circuit in the form of well a-functional organic inverter stage.

L’utilisation des adhésifs dans le domaine médical prend de plus en plus de place jusqu’à leur utilisation par le grand public pour refermer certaines plaies superficielles. Les adhésifs les plus courants pour applications médicales sont formulés à partir d’hydrogel voire de silicone, prêts à l’emploi, très peu étant associés à une préparation particulière avant application comme c’est le cas dans le domaine dentaire avec l’utilisation de la photo-polymérisation. Notre travail de recherche a consisté à formuler des adhésifs photo-polymérisables permettant un collage résistant sur les tissus biologiques internes et à comprendre les mécanismes permettant d’aboutir à un collage de bonne qualité en tenant compte des contraintes fortes liées à l’application visée : (i) milieu humide dans lequel sera disposé l’adhésif, (ii) nature viscoélastique des tissus biologiques et (iii) facilité de mise en œuvre. L’ensemble des expériences a été mené sur un substrat considéré comme « modèle », le péricarde bovin, dont il a été montré que les propriétés mécaniques sont similaires à celles du péricarde humain. Ce travail a démontré que l’adhésion sur un tissu interne est dépendante de plusieurs paramètres. Pour assurer un bon collage, il est nécessaire que l’adhésif mouille le tissu biologique et pénètre suffisamment pour assurer un bon ancrage mécanique. De ce fait, des formulations adhésives à base d’acrylates de faible viscosité ont été réalisées. Nous avons montré que l’énergie d’adhésion développée diminue linéairement avec la viscosité de l’adhésif avant photo-polymérisation. Ce résultat a mené à l’hypothèse de la pénétration de l’adhésif dans le péricarde, validée par plusieurs techniques. Nous avons ainsi démontré le lien entre une adhésion forte sur un tissu biologique, la viscosité initiale de la solution adhésive et sa capacité à pénétrer le substrat. L’ensemble de ce travail a mené à la compréhension des mécanismes induits par le dépôt d’un monomère sur un substrat vivant et à des hypothèses sur la polymérisation de la couche adhésive et son interaction avec le substrat. Des expériences in-vivo sur différents organes de souris et de lapins ont permis de montrer des résultats prometteurs qui ne demandent qu’à être confirmés par une étude systématique à plus grande échelle. Enfin, une description phénoménologique est proposée au travers d’une équation simplifiée tenant compte de différents paramètres essentiels pour décrire les mécanismes en jeu. / Adhesives are more and more used by the public to seal superficial wounds. The current adhesives for medical use are formulated on the basis of hydrogels, silicon and are ready to use. Only a few of them are associated to a particular preparation before application as the dental adhesives. The main goals of this research were to formulate some photo-polymerizable adhesives which induce a permanent strong anchorage into the internal biological tissues and to understand the mechanisms leading to a good quality adhesion and respecting the high constraints of the application: (i) the wetness of the media in which the adhesive is deposited, (ii) the viscoelasticity of the biological tissues and (iii) the easiness of the set up. The whole experiments were done onto a substrate considered as a “model”, the bovine pericardium, which was demonstrated to have the same mechanical properties as the human pericardium. This study showed that the adhesion onto internal tissue depends on several parameters. To create the adhesion, the adhesive has to wet and penetrate deep enough the tissue to get a strong mechanical anchorage. Thus, some low viscous acrylate-based adhesive formulations were realized. A linear correlation was found between the viscosity of the formulation before photo-polymerization and the adhesion energy: as the viscosity increases, the adhesion energy decreases. This result led to the hypothesis of the penetration of the adhesive into the tissue, which was proven by different techniques. Finally, it was proven that a strong adhesion onto a biological tissue depends on the viscosity and its capability to penetrate the substrate. This whole work led to the understanding of the mechanisms induced by the deposit of a monomer onto a living substrate and to some hypotheses about the polymerization of the adhesive layer and its interaction with the substrate. Some in-vivo experiments onto internal organs of mice or rabbits have shown promising results which are to be confirmed by multiple other experiments. Finally, a phenomenological description is proposed through a simplified equation takin into account different essential parameters to describe the mechanisms taking part into this phenomenon.

No description available.

No presente trabalho produzimos microestruturas, através da técnica de fotopolimerização via absorção de dois fótons, dopadas com nanofios de ZnO, um material que vem sendo amplamente explorado devido as suas interessantes propriedades ópticas e elétricas. Para a fabricação das microestruturas, utilizamos um oscilador laser de Ti:safira que produz pulsos de aproximadamente 100 fs em 800 nm. A intensidade dos pulsos de femtossegundos é alta o suficiente para induzir a absorção¬ de dois fótons em torno do volume focal, localizando a polimerização a esta região. Portanto, através da varredura do feixe na resina polimérica fabrica-se a estrutura desejada. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma metodologia para introduzir nanofios de ZnO às microestruturas fabricadas, a partir da mistura do pó de nanofios de ZnO à resina acrílica. A resina utilizada é uma combinação de duas resinas, o etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) e tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). Como fotoiniciador utilizamos o Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide). As microestruturas produzidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, difração de Raios X e espectroscopia de espalhamento micro-Raman. Através destas técnicas, foi possível observar a presença dos nanofios nas microestruturas, bem como caracterizar suas propriedades morfológicas que se mostram adequadas para o desenvolvimento de microdispositivos. Observamos também a emissão de fluorescência das microestruturas excitadas por um e dois fótons. Sendo assim, a metodologia de fabricação descrita aqui pode ser usada como mais uma opção na concepção de novos dispositivos tecnológicos. / In this study we fabricated microstructures, using the two-photon polymerization technique, containing ZnO nanowires, a material that has been widely exploited due to their interesting optical and electrical properties. For the microstructures fabrication, we used Ti:Sapphire laser oscillator operating at 800 nm with 100 fs pulses. The intensity of the fs-pulses is high enough to induce two-photon absorption, confining the excitation and thus the polymerization to the focal volume. By scanning the beam across the resin the desired microstructure is fabricated. In this work, we developed a method to introduce ZnO nanowires in the fabricated microstructure by mixing the ZnO nanowires powder to the acrylic resin. The used resin is a combination of two compounds, etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) and tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). As a photoinitiator we have used Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide).The produced samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and micro-Raman scattering. From these techniques it was possible to observe the presence of nanowires in the microstructures, as well as to characterize the morphological properties, which has been shown to be interesting for developing microdevices. We have also observed fluorescent emission of the microstructures excites by one and two-photons absorption. Therefore, the methodology described here can be used as an alternative in the design of new optical devices.

No presente trabalho produzimos microestruturas, através da técnica de fotopolimerização via absorção de dois fótons, dopadas com nanofios de ZnO, um material que vem sendo amplamente explorado devido as suas interessantes propriedades ópticas e elétricas. Para a fabricação das microestruturas, utilizamos um oscilador laser de Ti:safira que produz pulsos de aproximadamente 100 fs em 800 nm. A intensidade dos pulsos de femtossegundos é alta o suficiente para induzir a absorção¬ de dois fótons em torno do volume focal, localizando a polimerização a esta região. Portanto, através da varredura do feixe na resina polimérica fabrica-se a estrutura desejada. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma metodologia para introduzir nanofios de ZnO às microestruturas fabricadas, a partir da mistura do pó de nanofios de ZnO à resina acrílica. A resina utilizada é uma combinação de duas resinas, o etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) e tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). Como fotoiniciador utilizamos o Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide). As microestruturas produzidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, difração de Raios X e espectroscopia de espalhamento micro-Raman. Através destas técnicas, foi possível observar a presença dos nanofios nas microestruturas, bem como caracterizar suas propriedades morfológicas que se mostram adequadas para o desenvolvimento de microdispositivos. Observamos também a emissão de fluorescência das microestruturas excitadas por um e dois fótons. Sendo assim, a metodologia de fabricação descrita aqui pode ser usada como mais uma opção na concepção de novos dispositivos tecnológicos. / In this study we fabricated microstructures, using the two-photon polymerization technique, containing ZnO nanowires, a material that has been widely exploited due to their interesting optical and electrical properties. For the microstructures fabrication, we used Ti:Sapphire laser oscillator operating at 800 nm with 100 fs pulses. The intensity of the fs-pulses is high enough to induce two-photon absorption, confining the excitation and thus the polymerization to the focal volume. By scanning the beam across the resin the desired microstructure is fabricated. In this work, we developed a method to introduce ZnO nanowires in the fabricated microstructure by mixing the ZnO nanowires powder to the acrylic resin. The used resin is a combination of two compounds, etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) and tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). As a photoinitiator we have used Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide).The produced samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and micro-Raman scattering. From these techniques it was possible to observe the presence of nanowires in the microstructures, as well as to characterize the morphological properties, which has been shown to be interesting for developing microdevices. We have also observed fluorescent emission of the microstructures excites by one and two-photons absorption. Therefore, the methodology described here can be used as an alternative in the design of new optical devices.

No description available.