This diploma thesis deals with the implementation of standard IEEE 802.11ah into network simulator NS-3. The first part of the diploma thesis describes M2M communication for which the standard IEEE 802.11ah would be suitable. M2M communication is being more and more used in the society, that is why there is an effort to develop a new standard for this type of communication. The thesis contains a description of this standard based on technical specifications brought out by the Task Group ah (TGah). Some changes have been made in NS-3 for the purpose of this thesis in order to support this standard. In the next part there is a created scenario with basic topology in NS-3 with usage of standard IEEE 802.11ah, in which the functionality of the standard is tested. The result of this diploma thesis is a description of the changes which have been made and analysis of the output files from the simulation.

The advancements in wireless communications are the key-enablers of new applications with stringent requirements in low-latency, ultra-reliability, high data rate, high mobility, and massive connectivity. Diverse types of devices, ranging from tiny sensors to vehicles, with different capabilities need to be connected under various channel conditions. Thus, modern connectivity and network techniques at all layers are essential to overcome these challenges. In particular, the physical layer (PHY) transmission is required to achieve certain link reliability, data rate, and latency. In modern digital communications systems, the transmission is performed by means of a digital signal processing module that derives analog hardware. The performance of the analog part is influenced by the quality of the hardware and the baseband signal denoted as waveform. In most of the modern systems such as fifth generation (5G) and WiFi, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is adopted as a favorite waveform due to its low-complexity advantages in terms of signal processing. However, OFDM requires strict requirements on hardware quality. Many devices are equipped with simplified analog hardware to reduce the cost. In this case, OFDM does not work properly as a result of its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and sensitivity to synchronization errors. To tackle these problems, many waveforms design have been recently proposed in the literature. Some of these designs are modified versions of OFDM or based on conventional single subcarrier. Moreover, multicarrier frameworks, such as generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), have been proposed to realize varieties of conventional waveforms. Furthermore, recent studies show the potential of using non-conventional waveforms for increasing the link reliability with affordable complexity. Based on that, flexible waveforms and transmission techniques are necessary to adapt the system for different hardware and channel constraints in order to fulfill the applications requirements while optimizing the resources. The objective of this thesis is to provide a holistic view of waveforms and the related multiple access (MA) techniques to enable efficient study and evaluation of different approaches. First, the wireless communications system is reviewed with specific focus on the impact of hardware impairments and the wireless channel on the waveform design. Then, generalized model of waveforms and MA are presented highlighting various special cases. Finally, this work introduces low-complexity architectures for hardware implementation of flexible waveforms. Integrating such designs with software-defined radio (SDR) contributes to the development of practical real-time flexible PHY.:1 Introduction 1.1 Baseband transmission model 1.2 History of multicarrier systems 1.3 The state-of-the-art waveforms 1.4 Prior works related to GFDM 1.5 Objective and contributions 2 Fundamentals of Wireless Communications 2.1 Wireless communications system 2.2 RF transceiver 2.2.1 Digital-analogue conversion 2.2.2 QAM modulation 2.2.3 Effective channel 2.2.4 Hardware impairments 2.3 Waveform aspects 2.3.1 Single-carrier waveform 2.3.2 Multicarrier waveform 2.3.3 MIMO-Waveforms 2.3.4 Waveform performance metrics 2.4 Wireless Channel 2.4.1 Line-of-sight propagation 2.4.2 Multi path and fading process 2.4.3 General baseband statistical channel model 2.4.4 MIMO channel 2.5 Summary 3 Generic Block-based Waveforms 3.1 Block-based waveform formulation 3.1.1 Variable-rate multicarrier 3.1.2 General block-based multicarrier model 3.2 Waveform processing techniques 3.2.1 Linear and circular filtering 3.2.2 Windowing 3.3 Structured representation 3.3.1 Modulator 3.3.2 Demodulator 3.3.3 MIMO Waveform processing 3.4 Detection 3.4.1 Maximum-likelihood detection 3.4.2 Linear detection 3.4.3 Iterative Detection 3.4.4 Numerical example and insights 3.5 Summary 4 Generic Multiple Access Schemes 57 4.1 Basic multiple access and multiplexing schemes 4.1.1 Infrastructure network system model 4.1.2 Duplex schemes 4.1.3 Common multiplexing and multiple access schemes 4.2 General multicarrier-based multiple access 4.2.1 Design with fixed set of pulses 4.2.2 Computational model 4.2.3 Asynchronous multiple access 4.3 Summary 5 Time-Frequency Analyses of Multicarrier 5.1 General time-frequency representation 5.1.1 Block representation 5.1.2 Relation to Zak transform 5.2 Time-frequency spreading 5.3 Time-frequency block in LTV channel 5.3.1 Subcarrier and subsymbol numerology 5.3.2 Processing based on the time-domain signal 5.3.3 Processing based on the frequency-domain signal 5.3.4 Unified signal model 5.4 summary 6 Generalized waveforms based on time-frequency shifts 6.1 General time-frequency shift 6.1.1 Time-frequency shift design 6.1.2 Relation between the shifted pulses 6.2 Time-frequency shift in Gabor frame 6.2.1 Conventional GFDM 6.3 GFDM modulation 6.3.1 Filter bank representation 6.3.2 Block representation 6.3.3 GFDM matrix structure 6.3.4 GFDM demodulator 6.3.5 Alternative interpretation of GFDM 6.3.6 Orthogonal modulation and GFDM spreading 6.4 Summary 7 Modulation Framework: Architectures and Applications 7.1 Modem architectures 7.1.1 General modulation matrix structure 7.1.2 Run-time flexibility 7.1.3 Generic GFDM-based architecture 7.1.4 Flexible parallel multiplications architecture 7.1.5 MIMO waveform architecture 7.2 Extended GFDM framework 7.2.1 Architectures complexity and flexibility analysis 7.2.2 Number of multiplications 7.2.3 Hardware analysis 7.3 Applications of the extended GFDM framework 7.3.1 Generalized FDMA 7.3.2 Enchantment of OFDM system 7.4 Summary 7 Conclusions and Future works

Mobile Netzwerke der fünften Generation zeichen sich aus durch vielfältigen Anforderungen und Einsatzszenarien. Drei unterschiedliche Anwendungsfälle sind hierbei besonders relevant: 1) Industrie-Applikationen fordern Echtzeitfunkübertragungen mit besonders niedrigen Ausfallraten. 2) Internet-of-things-Anwendungen erfordern die Anbindung einer Vielzahl von verteilten Sensoren. 3) Die Datenraten für Anwendung wie z.B. der Übermittlung von Videoinhalten sind massiv gestiegen. Diese zum Teil gegensätzlichen Erwartungen veranlassen Forscher und Ingenieure dazu, neue Konzepte und Technologien für zukünftige drahtlose Kommunikationssysteme in Betracht zu ziehen. Ziel ist es, aus einer Vielzahl neuer Ideen vielversprechende Kandidatentechnologien zu identifizieren und zu entscheiden, welche für die Umsetzung in zukünftige Produkte geeignet sind. Die Herausforderungen, diese Anforderungen zu erreichen, liegen jedoch jenseits der Möglichkeiten, die eine einzelne Verarbeitungsschicht in einem drahtlosen Netzwerk bieten kann. Daher müssen mehrere Forschungsbereiche Forschungsideen gemeinsam nutzen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt daher eine Plattform als Basis für zukünftige experimentelle Erforschung von drahtlosen Netzwerken unter reellen Bedingungen. Es werden folgende drei Aspekte näher vorgestellt: Zunächst erfolgt ein Überblick über moderne Prototypen und Testbed-Lösungen, die auf großes Interesse, Nachfrage, aber auch Förderungsmöglichkeiten stoßen. Allerdings ist der Entwicklungsaufwand nicht unerheblich und richtet sich stark nach den gewählten Eigenschaften der Plattform. Der Auswahlprozess ist jedoch aufgrund der Menge der verfügbaren Optionen und ihrer jeweiligen (versteckten) Implikationen komplex. Daher wird ein Leitfaden anhand verschiedener Beispiele vorgestellt, mit dem Ziel Erwartungen im Vergleich zu den für den Prototyp erforderlichen Aufwänden zu bewerten. Zweitens wird ein flexibler, aber echtzeitfähiger Signalprozessor eingeführt, der auf einer software-programmierbaren Funkplattform läuft. Der Prozessor ermöglicht die Rekonfiguration wichtiger Parameter der physikalischen Schicht während der Laufzeit, um eine Vielzahl moderner Wellenformen zu erzeugen. Es werden vier Parametereinstellungen 'LLC', 'WiFi', 'eMBB' und 'IoT' vorgestellt, um die Anforderungen der verschiedenen drahtlosen Anwendungen widerzuspiegeln. Diese werden dann zur Evaluierung der die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Implementierung herangezogen. Drittens wird durch die Einführung einer generischen Testinfrastruktur die Einbeziehung externer Partner aus der Ferne ermöglicht. Das Testfeld kann hier für verschiedenste Experimente flexibel auf die Anforderungen drahtloser Technologien zugeschnitten werden. Mit Hilfe der Testinfrastruktur wird die Leistung des vorgestellten Transceivers hinsichtlich Latenz, erreichbarem Durchsatz und Paketfehlerraten bewertet. Die öffentliche Demonstration eines taktilen Internet-Prototypen, unter Verwendung von Roboterarmen in einer Mehrbenutzerumgebung, konnte erfolgreich durchgeführt und bei mehreren Gelegenheiten präsentiert werden.:List of figures List of tables Abbreviations Notations 1 Introduction 1.1 Wireless applications 1.2 Motivation 1.3 Software-Defined Radio 1.4 State of the art 1.5 Testbed 1.6 Summary 2 Background 2.1 System Model 2.2 PHY Layer Structure 2.3 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing 2.4 Wireless Standards 2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4 2.4.2 802.11 WLAN 2.4.3 LTE 2.4.4 Low Latency Industrial Wireless Communications 2.4.5 Summary 3 Wireless Prototyping 3.1 Testbed Examples 3.1.1 PHY - focused Testbeds 3.1.2 MAC - focused Testbeds 3.1.3 Network - focused testbeds 3.1.4 Generic testbeds 3.2 Considerations 3.3 Use cases and Scenarios 3.4 Requirements 3.5 Methodology 3.6 Hardware Platform 3.6.1 Host 3.6.2 FPGA 3.6.3 Hybrid 3.6.4 ASIC 3.7 Software Platform 3.7.1 Testbed Management Frameworks 3.7.2 Development Frameworks 3.7.3 Software Implementations 3.8 Deployment 3.9 Discussion 3.10 Conclusion 4 Flexible Transceiver 4.1 Signal Processing Modules 4.1.1 MAC interface 4.1.2 Encoding and Mapping 4.1.3 Modem 4.1.4 Post modem processing 4.1.5 Synchronization 4.1.6 Channel Estimation and Equalization 4.1.7 Demapping 4.1.8 Flexible Configuration 4.2 Analysis 4.2.1 Numerical Precision 4.2.2 Spectral analysis 4.2.3 Latency 4.2.4 Resource Consumption 4.3 Discussion 4.3.1 Extension to MIMO 4.4 Summary 5 Testbed 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Automation 5.3 Software Defined Radio Platform 5.4 Radio Frequency Front-end 5.4.1 Sub 6 GHz front-end 5.4.2 26 GHz mmWave front-end 5.5 Performance evaluation 5.6 Summary 6 Experiments 6.1 Single Link 6.1.1 Infrastructure 6.1.2 Single Link Experiments 6.1.3 End-to-End 6.2 Multi-User 6.3 26 GHz mmWave experimentation 6.4 Summary 7 Key lessons 7.1 Limitations Experienced During Development 7.2 Prototyping Future 7.3 Open points 7.4 Workflow 7.5 Summary 8 Conclusions 8.1 Future Work 8.1.1 Prototyping Workflow 8.1.2 Flexible Transceiver Core 8.1.3 Experimental Data-sets 8.1.4 Evolved Access Point Prototype For Industrial Networks 8.1.5 Testbed Standardization A Additional Resources A.1 Fourier Transform Blocks A.2 Resource Consumption A.3 Channel Sounding using Chirp sequences A.3.1 SNR Estimation A.3.2 Channel Estimation A.4 Hardware part list / The demand to achieve higher data rates for the Enhanced Mobile Broadband scenario and novel fifth generation use cases like Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency and Massive Machine-type Communications drive researchers and engineers to consider new concepts and technologies for future wireless communication systems. The goal is to identify promising candidate technologies among a vast number of new ideas and to decide, which are suitable for implementation in future products. However, the challenges to achieve those demands are beyond the capabilities a single processing layer in a wireless network can offer. Therefore, several research domains have to collaboratively exploit research ideas. This thesis presents a platform to provide a base for future applied research on wireless networks. Firstly, by giving an overview of state-of-the-art prototypes and testbed solutions. Secondly by introducing a flexible, yet real-time physical layer signal processor running on a software defined radio platform. The processor enables reconfiguring important parameters of the physical layer during run-time in order to create a multitude of modern waveforms. Thirdly, by introducing a generic test infrastructure, which can be tailored to prototype diverse wireless technology and which is remotely accessible in order to invite new ideas by third parties. Using the test infrastructure, the performance of the flexible transceiver is evaluated regarding latency, achievable throughput and packet error rates.:List of figures List of tables Abbreviations Notations 1 Introduction 1.1 Wireless applications 1.2 Motivation 1.3 Software-Defined Radio 1.4 State of the art 1.5 Testbed 1.6 Summary 2 Background 2.1 System Model 2.2 PHY Layer Structure 2.3 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing 2.4 Wireless Standards 2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4 2.4.2 802.11 WLAN 2.4.3 LTE 2.4.4 Low Latency Industrial Wireless Communications 2.4.5 Summary 3 Wireless Prototyping 3.1 Testbed Examples 3.1.1 PHY - focused Testbeds 3.1.2 MAC - focused Testbeds 3.1.3 Network - focused testbeds 3.1.4 Generic testbeds 3.2 Considerations 3.3 Use cases and Scenarios 3.4 Requirements 3.5 Methodology 3.6 Hardware Platform 3.6.1 Host 3.6.2 FPGA 3.6.3 Hybrid 3.6.4 ASIC 3.7 Software Platform 3.7.1 Testbed Management Frameworks 3.7.2 Development Frameworks 3.7.3 Software Implementations 3.8 Deployment 3.9 Discussion 3.10 Conclusion 4 Flexible Transceiver 4.1 Signal Processing Modules 4.1.1 MAC interface 4.1.2 Encoding and Mapping 4.1.3 Modem 4.1.4 Post modem processing 4.1.5 Synchronization 4.1.6 Channel Estimation and Equalization 4.1.7 Demapping 4.1.8 Flexible Configuration 4.2 Analysis 4.2.1 Numerical Precision 4.2.2 Spectral analysis 4.2.3 Latency 4.2.4 Resource Consumption 4.3 Discussion 4.3.1 Extension to MIMO 4.4 Summary 5 Testbed 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Automation 5.3 Software Defined Radio Platform 5.4 Radio Frequency Front-end 5.4.1 Sub 6 GHz front-end 5.4.2 26 GHz mmWave front-end 5.5 Performance evaluation 5.6 Summary 6 Experiments 6.1 Single Link 6.1.1 Infrastructure 6.1.2 Single Link Experiments 6.1.3 End-to-End 6.2 Multi-User 6.3 26 GHz mmWave experimentation 6.4 Summary 7 Key lessons 7.1 Limitations Experienced During Development 7.2 Prototyping Future 7.3 Open points 7.4 Workflow 7.5 Summary 8 Conclusions 8.1 Future Work 8.1.1 Prototyping Workflow 8.1.2 Flexible Transceiver Core 8.1.3 Experimental Data-sets 8.1.4 Evolved Access Point Prototype For Industrial Networks 8.1.5 Testbed Standardization A Additional Resources A.1 Fourier Transform Blocks A.2 Resource Consumption A.3 Channel Sounding using Chirp sequences A.3.1 SNR Estimation A.3.2 Channel Estimation A.4 Hardware part list

Companies developing integrated circuits are expected to enhance their products’ performance at every new release, while reducing size and power consumption. The demand for more elaborate and diverse functionality, together with a reduced time-to-market, irremediably raises costs and increases the probability of bugs. Even high-performance ASICs are not immune: the complexity of the design flow implies significant non-recurring engineering and production costs. Similar challenges affect the FPGA design flow, where the allocation of programmable logic requires considerable engineering effort. Moreover, due to the limited visibility of internal operations, isolating and back-tracing malfunctions are open challenges. Ericsson AB is exploring novel approaches to deal with this complex ecosystem.This thesis investigates the feasibility and the benefits of a flexible design approach, by developing and characterizing a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) transceiver handler for highspeed link applications. The flexibility lies in the software-based controller, exploited to handle the reset and dynamic reconfiguration of a transceiver physical layer (PHY). The objective of the software implementation is to simplify error detection and on-the-fly modification compared to a traditional HW-based controller. The firmware, running on a Nios II soft-core processor, drives the control signals while monitoring the transceiver’s status. Unexpected synchronization losses are handled by a dedicated Interrupt Service Routine.The correct HW/SW interaction has been tested through simulation, whereas the software profiling proves that the timing requirements are met (only 167µs are spent on the reset sequence). Finally, the PoC has been benchmarked against an analogous system with a traditional HW-based controller, to evaluate the drawbacks of the introduction of a soft-core processor (in terms of logic utilization and power consumption).Despite the promising engineering effort reduction, further research is required to scale up the system and move from the PoC stage towards product release. / Företag som utvecklar integrerade kretsar förväntas öka prestandan i nya produkter, och samtidigt reducera storlek samt effektförbrukning. Efterfrågan på mer komplicerad funktionalitet, tillsammans med förkortad time-to-market, orsakar oundvikligen högre kostnader och ökad sannolikhet för buggar. Även högprestererande ASICs drabbas av detta: det komplicerade designflödet resulterar i signifikanta engångskostnader för teknisk utveckling samt tillverkning. Liknande utmaningar påverkar designflödet hos FPGA:er, där allokeringen av programmerbar logik kräver påtagligt utvecklingsarbete. Eftersom insynen i interna operationer är begränsad är isolation och spårning av fel aktuella utmaningar. Ericsson AB utforskar nya tillvägagångssätt för att hantera sådana komplexa ekosystem.Det här examensarbetet undersöker genomförbarheten och fördelarna med ett flexibelt tillvägagångssätt för design, genom utveckling och karaktärisering av ett konceptbevis för en transceiver-hanterare för höghastighetslänkar. Flexibiliteten realiseras med en mjukvarubaserad kontroller som används för att hantera återställningssignaler och dynamisk rekonfigurering av en transceiver (PHY). Målet med mjukvaruimplementationen är att förenkla feldetektion samt modifikation i realtid, jämfört med en traditionell hårdvarubaserad kontroller. Mjukvaran, som körs på en Nios II soft-coreprocessor, driver styrsignaler och övervakar transceiverns status. Oväntade synkroniseringsförluster hanteras av en dedikerad avbrottshanteringsrutin. Simulationer har gjorts för att testa korrekt interaktion mellan hårdvara och mjukbara. Profilering av mjukvara visar att timingkraven uppfylls (återställningssekvensen tar endast 167 µs). Avslutningsvis har konceptbeviset jämförts med ett likvärdigt hårdvarubaserat system för att utvärdera nackdelarna med introduktionen av Nios II (vad gäller resursanvändningen och effektförbrukningen).Trots lovande resultat är den begränsade detaljnivån i konceptbeviset en tydlig begränsning. Vidare arbete måste göras för att skala upp systemet och generalisera det här nya tillvägagångssättet.

Arsenic (As) appears in the environment as various As species, which may vary in plant uptake and toxicity. Moreover, As exposure may vary between habitat due to availability and speciation, both of which are influenced by redox potential. To decrease As uptake, addition of silicate may be a tool. The aim of the study was to investigate how the external factors As availability, plant habitats, silicon and oxygen level, influenced the accumulation and speciation of As in plants for food and phytoremediation in a temperate region. The external factors were chosen due to their previously showed influence on As in plants. The risks with dietary As was investigated by plant As accumulation and speciation in carrot, lettuce and spinach grown in alum shale and glassworks soils, and by the influence of silicon on As accumulation in lettuce in hydroponics. Suitable plants for As phytoremediation was investigated by analysing plants from various habitats, and by the O2 influence on phytofiltration. The results showed that vegetables accumulated more As in soils with higher As extractability, and the As extractability in the rhizosphere was higher than in bulk soil. Also, the As concentration in lettuce was higher in hydroponics than in soil, but silicon reduced the accumulation of As in lettuce in hydroponics. Also, the more toxic inorganic As were the main As species detected in vegetables, compared with the less toxic organic As. For phytoremediation, the results showed a low As accumulation in emergent and terrestrial plants. Submerged plants had had a higher shoot As concentration. In general, the habitat had a major influence on the As accumulation in plants. The results also showed that the As accumulation properties in Elodea canadensis was reduced at higher O2. In conclusion, consumption of vegetables cultivated in As polluted soils can result in an elevated intake of inorganic As, and E. canadensis is a promising candidate for As phytofiltration in a temperate region. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript; Paper 4: Manuscript; Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

Submitted by Gisele Nagai (giselenagai@gmail.com) on 2015-10-15T20:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 EDVALDO PEREIRA MOTA.pdf: 35390779 bytes, checksum: 1eb9ae7e1bbaa359b29ae577a19ada44 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-15T20:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 EDVALDO PEREIRA MOTA.pdf: 35390779 bytes, checksum: 1eb9ae7e1bbaa359b29ae577a19ada44 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The species Phyllomedusa bicolor has biotechnological potential, since its secretion is rich in epidermal bioactive substance. This species, popularly known as the Indians Kambô cloth linguistic group, is used in healing rituais in preparation for hunting. It is a widely distributed species in the Amazon that lacks studies that focus on their evolutionary history and population structure. This study employed the use of mtDNA as a molecular tool to study 117 individuais of P. bicolor from eleven different locations in five states in the Brazilian Amazon. The database for the analysis population was composed of 117 nucleotide sequences, each with a total of 1037 base pairs (bp) which resulted in a database for the concatenated mtDNA (a fragment of 520 bp of 16S and a Control Region fragment of 517 bp). The sequences were aligned and edited in the BioEdit programo From these, we generated a data matrix that was used in the analysis population statistics implemented in the program ARLEQUIN. Analyses of Samovar and BAPS were used to determine the groupings of the populations later. Haplotype network, the data generated by the program GEODIS and interpretation of key Templeton were generated using the program ANECA. Verified the existence of 31 haplotypes for the mtDNA, and 21 are unique within the sample. The gene diversity (h) total was estimated at 0.884, and this value is high compared to the values of sites. The AMOVA test revealed that there is a strong genetic structure, which is significantly supported by the fixation index (<1>ST= 0.8166, P <0.001), where the bulk of ali genetic variation (81.66%) is distributed among the populations. Pairwise comparisons of gene flow show that populations of RF Adolpho Ducke, UFAM Rebio Uatumã and showed high values in the effective number of female migrants per generation (Nemf), which indicates that there is gene flow. The NCPA analysis defined six hierarchicallevels corresponding to c1ades, 1-7, 2-2, 2-7, 3-1, 3-2 and 4-1, where there is a rejection of the null hypothesis of no association between geographic distance and genetic divergence, most often indicating restricted gene flow. The value of K greater significance (K = 4) explains the formation of groups with the following configuration: group 1) UFAM, Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve and Rebio Uatumã, group 2) Barcelos, PARNA Viruá and TNF Amapá, group 3 ) Altamira, group 4) Cruzeiro do Sul, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Tabatinga and Atalaia do Norte. On Bayesian analysis of population structure found that the best value of posterior probability for the formation of groups is a number equal to five. Four localities with high levels of genetic variability for mtDNA: RF Adolpho Ducke, Rebio Uatumã, UFAM and Acre. The segments of the 16S and Control Region (central part) were slightly conserved, which affect the number of segregating sites and reduced numbers of haplotypes found in populations of P. bicolor. By means of genetic distances, we find that there is a greater differentiation between pairs of localities in the Central Amazon, the Guyana Shield and the Brazilian Shield in relation to the western Amazonian localities. Therefore, our results indicate that possibly the populations of P. bicolor show a pattern of differentiation mediated by isolation by distance in view of the large geographic distances between locations found. However, additional sampling should be undertaken to provide more precise information on this pattern of differentiation. / epidérmica é rica em substância bioativas. Esta espécie, conhecida popularmente como kambô pelos índios do grupo linguistico pano, é usada em rituais de cura e na preparação para a caça. É uma espécie de ampla distribuição na Amazônia que carece de estudos que visem a sua história evolutiva bem como estrutura populacional. Neste estudo empregamos o uso do DNAmt como ferramenta molecular para estudar 117 indivíduos de P. bico/ar de onze diferentes localidades em 5 estados na Amazônia brasileira. O banco de dados para as análises populacionais foi composto de 117 sequéncias nucleotídicas, cada uma com um total de 1037 pares de bases (pb) que resultaram em um banco de dados concatenados para o DNAmt (sendo um fragmento de 16S de 520 pb e um fragmento da Região Controle de 517 pb). As sequências foram alinhadas e editadas no programa BIOEDIT. A partir destas, foi gerada uma matriz de dados que foi usada nas análises estatísticas populacionais implementadas no programa ARLEQUIN. As análises de SAMOVA e BAPS foram usadas para determinar os agrupamentos de populações a posteriore. A rede de haplótipos, os dados gerados pelo programa GEODIS e a interpretação da chave de Templeton foram gerados com o uso do programa ANECA. Verificou-se a existência de 31 haplótipos para o DNAmt, sendo que 21 são únicos dentro da amostragem. A diversidade gênica (h) total foi estimada em 0,884, sendo que este valor é elevado quando comparado aos valores das localidades amostradas. O teste de AMaVA revelou que há uma forte estruturação genética, a qual é apoiada significativamente pelo índice de fixação (<1>ST = 0.8166; P < 0,001), onde a maior parte de toda a variação genética (81,66%) está distribuída entre as populações. As comparações par a par do fluxo gênico mostram que as populações da R.F. Adolpho Ducke, UFAM e Rebio Uatumã apresentaram altos valores no número efetivo de fêmeas migrantes por geração (Nemf) , o que indica que existe fluxo gênico. As análises de NCPA definiram seis níveis hierárquicos correspondentes aos clados, 1-7, 2-2, 2-7, 3-1, 3-2 e 4-1, nos quais há a rejeição da hipótese nula da não associação entre distância geográfica e divergência genética, na maioria das vezes indicando fluxo gênico restrito. O valor de K com maior significância (K=4) explica a formação dos grupos com a seguinte configuração: grupo 1) UFAM, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke e Rebio Uatumã; grupo 2) Barcelos, PARNA do Viruá e FLONA do Amapá; grupo 3) Altamira; grupo 4) Cruzeiro do Sul, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Tabatinga e Atalaia do Norte. Na análise bayesiana de estrutura de população verificamos que o melhor valor da probabilidade posterior para a formação de grupos corresponde a um número igual a cinco. Quatro localidades apresentaram altos níveis de variabilidade genética para o DNAmt: R.F. Adolpho Ducke, Rebio Uatumã, UFAM e Acre. Os segmentos do gene 16S e da Região Controle (parte central) mostraram-se ligeiramente conservados, o que influenciou na quantidade reduzida de sítios polimórficos e números de haplótipos encontrados nas populações de P. bico/ar. Por meio das distâncias genéticas, verificamos que há uma maior diferenciação entre pares de localidades da Amazônia Central, Escudo das Guianas e Escudo Brasileiro em relação às localidades do Oeste Amazônico. Portanto, nossos resultados indicam que possivelmente as populações de P. bico/ar apresentam um padrão de diferenciação mediado por isolamento por distância tendo em vista as grandes distâncias geográficas encontradas entre as localidades. Entretanto, coletas adicionais deverão ser realizadas para fornecer informações mais precisas sobre este padrão de diferenciação.

Este trabalho apresenta uma visão geral do modo de transmissão OFDM do padrão IEEE 802.16. O controle de acesso ao meio (MAC) e da camada física (PHY) são descritos em detalhes. Especialmente a estrutura do frame na camada (PHY). Além disso, as diferentes configurações da camada PHY com diferentes níveis de robustez são analisadas. Em seguida a simulação de um frame de dados com ADS (Advanced Design System) com todas as especificações da camada PHY são incluídas: Randomização, FEC, modulação adaptativa e IFFT/FFT. Um canal com multipercursos Rayleigh fading é implementada também. Finalmente são analisadas as curvas de espectro em freqüência e tempo, e a constelação no transmissor e receptor Downlink e Uplink, respectivamente. / This works presents a general overview of the mode of transmission OFDM standard IEEE 802.16. The medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) are described in detail, especially the structure of frame layer (PHY). Moreover, the different configurations PHY layers with different level strengths are analyzed. Then the simulation of a frame data with ADS (Advanced Design System) with all the specifications of PHY layer are included: Randomização, FEC, adaptive modulation and IFFT / FFT. A breaking multipath Rayleigh fading is implemented as well. In analyzes the curves of spectrum in frequency and time, and constellation in the transmitter and receiver Uplink and Downlink, respectively.

Este trabalho apresenta uma visão geral do modo de transmissão OFDM do padrão IEEE 802.16. O controle de acesso ao meio (MAC) e da camada física (PHY) são descritos em detalhes. Especialmente a estrutura do frame na camada (PHY). Além disso, as diferentes configurações da camada PHY com diferentes níveis de robustez são analisadas. Em seguida a simulação de um frame de dados com ADS (Advanced Design System) com todas as especificações da camada PHY são incluídas: Randomização, FEC, modulação adaptativa e IFFT/FFT. Um canal com multipercursos Rayleigh fading é implementada também. Finalmente são analisadas as curvas de espectro em freqüência e tempo, e a constelação no transmissor e receptor Downlink e Uplink, respectivamente. / This works presents a general overview of the mode of transmission OFDM standard IEEE 802.16. The medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) are described in detail, especially the structure of frame layer (PHY). Moreover, the different configurations PHY layers with different level strengths are analyzed. Then the simulation of a frame data with ADS (Advanced Design System) with all the specifications of PHY layer are included: Randomização, FEC, adaptive modulation and IFFT / FFT. A breaking multipath Rayleigh fading is implemented as well. In analyzes the curves of spectrum in frequency and time, and constellation in the transmitter and receiver Uplink and Downlink, respectively.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer et de comparer le comportement environnemental du glyphosate, utilisé dans un contexte d'introduction de plantes génétiquement modifiées (GM), par rapport aux comportements d'autres herbicides classiquement utilisés pour le désherbage des mêmes cultures non résistantes au glyphosate: trifluraline et métazachlore pour le colza, métamitrone pour la betterave, sulcotrione pour le maïs. En effet, les conséquences sur l'environnement de ces modifications des pratiques de désherbage ont été jusqu'à présent peu étudiées. Trois sites représentatifs des principales situations où sont cultivées ces plantes, aux points de vue climatique et pédologique, ont été choisis pour cette étude (localisés près de Châlons-en-Champagne, Dijon et Toulouse). Dans la première partie de ce travail, les comportements des herbicides dans les trois sols ont été comparés au laboratoire dans les mêmes conditions (sol, température, humidité, dose). Leur rétention, dégradation dans les sols après application directe ou après absorption dans les tissus végétaux dans les cas particuliers du glyphosate et de la sulcotrione (herbicides foliaires) ont été déterminées. Dans la seconde partie, les résultats obtenus au laboratoire ont été utilisés pour estimer les impacts environnementaux des herbicides à partir de trois méthodes de précision croissante: indice de lixiviation GUS (risque de contamination des eaux souterraines), indicateur I-Phy (risque de contamination de l'air, de l'eau de surface et de l'eau souterraine), et modèle numérique de devenir des pesticides, PRZM. Les stocks et flux des herbicides et de leurs métabolites obtenus par modélisation ont ensuite été agrégés avec le modèle USES (analyse de cycle de vie et d'impacts) pour estimer les impacts finaux des différents systèmes de culture existants sur les trois sites (rotations avec colza et betterave GM ou non-GM, monoculture de maïs GM ou non-GM) sur plusieurs cibles de l'environnement (eau, sédiments, écosystèmes, population humaine). Le glyphosate est généralement l'herbicide pour lequel les risques de dispersion dans l'environnement sont les plus faibles (rétention élevée, dégradation rapide), mais ils dépendent cependant du type de sol. Les vitesses et taux de minéralisation des herbicides diminuent fortement avec la température, de même que la formation de résidus non extractibles, avec une préservation des molécules sous forme extractible donc potentiellement disponible. La formation d'un métabolite majeur plus persistant a été observée dans les cas du glyphosate (acide aminométhylphosphonique, AMPA), du métazachlore (non identifié) et de la sulcotrione (acide 2-chloro-4-méthylsulfonylbenzoïque, CMBA). En conséquence, ces métabolites présentent des risques pour l'environnement plus importants que les molécules herbicides. Enfin, l'absorption du glyphosate dans les tissus végétaux diminue sa dégradation. L'accumulation de glyphosate non dégradé dans les tissus végétaux pourrait augmenter les quantités de glyphosate dans le sol après restitution des résidus de récolte ou lors de la chute des feuilles traitées. Ce résultat a été pris en compte dans la modélisation. Le calcul de l'indice GUS a montré que les herbicides présentent peu de risque de contamination des eaux souterraines, le calcul de l'indicateur I-Phy a conduit à des résultats similaires pour les eaux souterraines, ainsi que pour les eaux de surface et l'air. Le modèle PRZM a été préalablement testé à partir d'une expérimentation en conditions de plein champ: il permet des simulations correctes du devenir des herbicides à partir des données obtenues au laboratoire, mais a néanmoins été calé dans les cas du glyphosate et de la trifluraline. Les résultats des simulations des différentes pratiques de désherbage ont montré que plus la fréquence de retour des cultures GM est élevée et plus l'impact sur l'environnement du glyphosate pourrait être important comparé aux herbicides sélectifs. En particulier, les stocks d'AMPA dans le sol après douze ans d'application annuelle de glyphosate dans une monoculture de maïs pourraient être particulièrement élevés. Du point de vue de la contamination de l'environnement par les herbicides, les bénéfices des cultures GM dépendent donc des types de sol, des cultures et des herbicides remplacés. La persistance de l'AMPA dans les sols soulève néanmoins un problème général de durabilité de cette innovation, et impose d'étudier plus en détail le comportement de cette molécule à long terme.

<p>We are very thirsty in terms of everything to fulfil our needs in a sophisticated way, and this leads me choose the so called master thesis titled “Multihop Concept in Cellular Systems”.</p><p>This thesis introduces an approach towards the integration of relaying or multihop scheme in the next generation of cellular networks. In a multihop cellular architecture, the users send their data to the base station via relay station or with direct communication to the base station. These relay stations can either be the nomadic, fixed at specific location or users’ mobile station (i.e. mobile relay station). The main objective of this paper is to compare the difference between the relaying network architecture with different channel bandwidth as well as their performance gain. For this we integrate the relay station into conventional cellular networks using IEEE 802.16j (One of the standard introduced relay station concept in WiMAX) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is a transmission technique that is based on many orthogonal subchannels (set of carriers) that transmits simultaneously). The results show that under certain conditions the throughput and coverage of the system has been increased with the introduction of the relay station in to cellular base station zone.</p>