A eletroforese capilar é uma técnica largamente empregada em Química Analítica e em Bioquímica. Ela tem provado ser rápida e versátil; suas principais vantagens, em relação a outras técnicas analíticas, são a grande resolução e o pequeno volume de amostra necessário. Nosso principal objetivo, neste trabalho,é incluir efeitos físicos que nos permitam influenciar a migração em eletroforese capilar de maneira que atinjamos compressão da banda da amostra injetada. Em particular, consideraremos as mudanças globais nas mobilidades e na forma da banda causadas ou por efeitos de temperatura, ou por efeitos fotoquímicos específicos induzidos por luz laser. Após uma breve revisão sobre a técnica convencional, apresentaremos um estudo dos seus aspectos físicos e desenvolveremos sua formulação matemática usando propagadores. Prediremos compressão térmica, ou seja, estreitamento da banda do analito após sua passagem por uma região com um gradiente de temperatura, e apresentaremos soluções numéricas. Discutiremos, também, a compressão óptica de bandas e apresentaremos resultados experimentais obtidos, pela primeira vez, por nosso grupo, os quais corroboram a teoria. Por fim, listaremos algumas perspectivas de continuidade do trabalho. / Capillary electrophoresis is a widely employed technique in Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry. It has proved to be fast and versatile; its main advantadges, with respect to other analytical techniques, are the high resolution and small volume of sample required. Our main goal in this work is including physical effects which allow us to influence migration in capillary electrophoresis in such a way that we achieve band compression of the injected sample. In particular, we shall consider the overall changes on mobilities and on band shape caused either by temperature effects or by specific photochemical effects induced by laser light. After a brief review of the conventional technique, we shall present a study of its physical aspects and develop its mathematical formulation using propagators. We shall predict thermal compression, i.e., sharpening of the analyte band after its passage through a region with a temperature gradient, and present numerical solutions. We shall also discuss the optical compression of bands and present experimental results obtained, for the first time, by our group, which corroborate the theory. Concluding, we shall present some perspectives for the continuation of this work.

A eletroforese capilar é uma técnica largamente empregada em Química Analítica e em Bioquímica. Ela tem provado ser rápida e versátil; suas principais vantagens, em relação a outras técnicas analíticas, são a grande resolução e o pequeno volume de amostra necessário. Nosso principal objetivo, neste trabalho,é incluir efeitos físicos que nos permitam influenciar a migração em eletroforese capilar de maneira que atinjamos compressão da banda da amostra injetada. Em particular, consideraremos as mudanças globais nas mobilidades e na forma da banda causadas ou por efeitos de temperatura, ou por efeitos fotoquímicos específicos induzidos por luz laser. Após uma breve revisão sobre a técnica convencional, apresentaremos um estudo dos seus aspectos físicos e desenvolveremos sua formulação matemática usando propagadores. Prediremos compressão térmica, ou seja, estreitamento da banda do analito após sua passagem por uma região com um gradiente de temperatura, e apresentaremos soluções numéricas. Discutiremos, também, a compressão óptica de bandas e apresentaremos resultados experimentais obtidos, pela primeira vez, por nosso grupo, os quais corroboram a teoria. Por fim, listaremos algumas perspectivas de continuidade do trabalho. / Capillary electrophoresis is a widely employed technique in Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry. It has proved to be fast and versatile; its main advantadges, with respect to other analytical techniques, are the high resolution and small volume of sample required. Our main goal in this work is including physical effects which allow us to influence migration in capillary electrophoresis in such a way that we achieve band compression of the injected sample. In particular, we shall consider the overall changes on mobilities and on band shape caused either by temperature effects or by specific photochemical effects induced by laser light. After a brief review of the conventional technique, we shall present a study of its physical aspects and develop its mathematical formulation using propagators. We shall predict thermal compression, i.e., sharpening of the analyte band after its passage through a region with a temperature gradient, and present numerical solutions. We shall also discuss the optical compression of bands and present experimental results obtained, for the first time, by our group, which corroborate the theory. Concluding, we shall present some perspectives for the continuation of this work.

A eletroforese capilar é uma técnica largamente empregada em Química Analítica e em Bioquímica. Ela tem provado ser rápida e versátil; suas principais vantagens, em relação a outras técnicas analíticas, são a grande resolução e o pequeno volume de amostra necessário. Nosso principal objetivo, neste trabalho,é incluir efeitos físicos que nos permitam influenciar a migração em eletroforese capilar de maneira que atinjamos compressão da banda da amostra injetada. Em particular, consideraremos as mudanças globais nas mobilidades e na forma da banda causadas ou por efeitos de temperatura, ou por efeitos fotoquímicos específicos induzidos por luz laser. Após uma breve revisão sobre a técnica convencional, apresentaremos um estudo dos seus aspectos físicos e desenvolveremos sua formulação matemática usando propagadores. Prediremos compressão térmica, ou seja, estreitamento da banda do analito após sua passagem por uma região com um gradiente de temperatura, e apresentaremos soluções numéricas. Discutiremos, também, a compressão óptica de bandas e apresentaremos resultados experimentais obtidos, pela primeira vez, por nosso grupo, os quais corroboram a teoria. Por fim, listaremos algumas perspectivas de continuidade do trabalho. / Capillary electrophoresis is a widely employed technique in Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry. It has proved to be fast and versatile; its main advantadges, with respect to other analytical techniques, are the high resolution and small volume of sample required. Our main goal in this work is including physical effects which allow us to influence migration in capillary electrophoresis in such a way that we achieve band compression of the injected sample. In particular, we shall consider the overall changes on mobilities and on band shape caused either by temperature effects or by specific photochemical effects induced by laser light. After a brief review of the conventional technique, we shall present a study of its physical aspects and develop its mathematical formulation using propagators. We shall predict thermal compression, i.e., sharpening of the analyte band after its passage through a region with a temperature gradient, and present numerical solutions. We shall also discuss the optical compression of bands and present experimental results obtained, for the first time, by our group, which corroborate the theory. Concluding, we shall present some perspectives for the continuation of this work.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Counselling Psychology) in the Department of Psychology, University of Zululand, 2010. / The present study examined the experiences of sexual harassment from those who were survivors of sexual harassment. The study consisted of two main objectives. The first objective was to ascertain the type of psychological and physical effects of sexual harassment. The second objective was to examine the possible causes or/and perpetuating factors of sexual harassment. The study revealed that all the respondents experienced stress related symptoms as the main effect of sexual harassment. It was found that: 40% of the respondents experienced discomfort, confusion, and feeling unsafe; 60% experienced disorientation and were obsessive; 60% experienced nervousness; 55% experienced depression or some symptoms of depression; 30% responded with avoidance behavior and 40% became introverted. In summary, respondents experienced emotional consequences, such as anger, self blame, low self esteem, and lack of trust. Cognitive consequences included lack of concentration while behavioral consequences included impulsive behavior. Lastly, the study revealed that power (55%), disrespect for human dignity (10%), and poverty (25%) are the main causes or perpetuating factors of sexual harassment at the University of Zululand. The general consensus in literature is that sexual harassment has been recognized as a serious problem in the literature over the 30 years (Pina, Gannon and Saunders, 2009; Hill and Silva, 2005; Nethling, 2005; Karjane, Fisher and Cullen, 2002). In this study, the researcher review the existing research surrounding the phenomenon of sexual harassment, paying particular attention to factors of relevance for understanding the effects of sexual harassment and the causes/perpetuating factors. The different theoretical perspectives and models of sexual harassment (sociocultural, organization, sex-role spillover, natural/biological, socio-cognitive, and four-factor) are also considered. Finally, several suggestions are made for future research and treatment avenues relating to the sexual harassment in institutions of higher learning.

Bakgrund: KMC (kangaroo mother care) är en metod där det prematura barnet ligger hud- mot-hud med en förälder. Metoden har tidigare visats vara bra för både barnet och modern. Syfte: Syftet är att, i jämförelse med traditionell vård, beskriva effekten av känguruvård på det prematurt födda barnet både gällande fysiska effekter och barnets anknytning till föräldrarna. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvantitativa studier. I studien ingick 12 artiklar varav 10 hade RCT (Randomiserad kontrollerad studie) som metod. En kvasiexperimentell artikel och en överkorsningsstudie analyserades också till resultatet. Resultat: Resultaten visade att KMC kan reducera smärta hos prematura barn vid provtagning, vilket visas genom att barnet gråter mindre och grimaserar mindre i jämförelse med barn som enbart fått traditionell vård. Vid brukandet av KMC sjunker kortisolnivåerna hos barnet, speciellt över tid. Detta betyder att barnet blir mindre stressat. KMC bidrar också till en snabbare tillväxt och stabilare parametrar i form av hjärtfrekvens, saturation och medeltemperatur. Det har även visat sig att KMC kan underlätta och påskynda anknytningen mellan modern och barnet. Alla skillnader sågs vid jämförelse med traditionell vård. Slutsats: KMC har positiva effekter på fysiska parametrar och verkar påverka anknytningen positivt mellan förälder och barn. De fysiska parametrarna blir mer stabila och får bättre värden vid brukandet av KMC. Slutsatsen är därför att KMC bör rekommenderas som metod. Nyckelord: Känguruvård, hud-mot-hudvård, prematur, anknytning, fysiska effekter / Background: KMC (kangaroo mother care) is a method were the premature child lay skin to skin with a parent. The method has earlier shown to be good for both the child and the mother. Aim: The aim was to, in comparison to traditional care, describe the effect of kangaroo mother care on the premature child both including physical effects and the childs attachment to the parents. Method: Litterature overview with quantitative design. The study included 12 articles were 10 of them had RCT (Randomized controlled trial) as design. One qvasiexperimental article and one crossover trial were also analyzed. Result: The results showed that KMC can reduce pain in preterm infants during painful procedures, in comparisson to traditional care. This was evident as the baby was crying and grimacing less. By using the KMC method the babys’ cortisol level decreased, especially over time. This indicates that the baby was less stressed when KMC was used compared to when it was not. KMC also contributed to a faster growth in length and weight, more stabile parameters as heart rate, saturation and mean temperature. It was also shown that KMC can facilitate and favour attatchment between the mother and the infant. All differences were shown when compared to traditional care. Conclusion: KMC have positive physical effects on the premature child and affect the attachment between parent and child. The physical parameters become more stabile and better while using KMC. The conclusion is that KMC should be recommended as a method. Key Words: Kangaroo mother care, skin-to-skin care, premature, attachment, physical effects

"Technology has been a key element in the changing creative possibilities available to filmmakers, but deep down the questions of staging, point of view, pace, suspense, time and psychology faced by filmmakers as they walk onto the set in the morning have remained remarkably consistent". Cousins, 2004, s13. Sättet att göra film på har ständigt förändrats och fortsätter att förändras men som citatet syftar till så verkar inställningen till film stå sig lika genom tiderna. I grund och botten handlar det om att berätta en historia som berör publiken. En historia berättad utifrån filmskaparnas olika stilar. Tack vare teknikutvecklingen har många effekter i film, både digitala och fysiska blivit möjliga och vem vet vad den tekniska, och kanske framförallt den digitala utvecklingen, kommer att leda till för effekter i film i framtiden? Vi är trots allt bara i början av den digitala eran. Samtidigt som det nya introduceras kanske de gamla beprövade fysiska effekterna etsar sig fast som klassiska och erkända arbetsmetoder. Vad vi behandlar i den här uppsatsen är hur digitala och fysiska tekniker att skapa effekter används och nyttjas i den svenska filmbranschen. Hur ser beslutsfattare i branschen på effekter som filmskapande och varför ser användandet ut som det gör idag? Vi har också undersökt vad det är som styr användandet av effekter inom filmskapande utifrån ekonomiska, tekniska och konstnärliga överväganden. Vi har samlat in information genom kvalitativa, djupgående intervjuer med tre produktionsbolagsföreträdare och tre finansiärer. Vi har även samlat in information kring begreppen fysiska effekter och digitala effekter bland sex stycken filmarbetare som aktivt arbetar med effektskapande på olika sätt. Det har visat sig att det råder meningsskiljaktigheter när det kommer till definition av begreppen kring digitala effekter och fysiska effekter mellan de bolagsföreträdare och finansiärer vi har intervjuat och de aktiva effektmakare som vi har bett definiera begreppen. För att underlätta framtida kommunikation kommer vi i den här uppsatsen definiera dessa begrepp utifrån våra resultat. Våra resultat tyder på att det finns en vilja inom filmbranschen att arbeta med effekter inom film men att det samtidigt saknas resurser och kompetens idag. Samtidigt tycker vi oss utläsa en okunskap kring effekter vilket ställer till det för dem som vill arbeta med effekter. Exempelvis gällande Guldbaggegalan, där kategorin "Bästa Visuella Effekter" togs bort efter bara några år efter införandet för att det ansågs vara för svårt att utläsa vad som var effekter och inte i en film. Utifrån det vi kan utläsa från våra resultat finner vi det motsägelsefullt att vilja utveckla branschen och arbetet med effekter och samtidigt inte utveckla kunnandet kring det, när man istället för att plocka bort en kategori på grund av okunskap istället borde lära sig mer om det. / "Technology has been a key element in the changing creative possibilities available to filmmakers, but deep down the questions of staging, point of view, pace, suspense, time and psychology faced by filmmakers as they walk onto the set in the morning have remained remarkably consistent." Cousins, 2004, s13. The way of filmmaking has always been changing and it continues to change but as the quote leads up to it seems like the attitude stays the same. It is essentially about telling a story, which affects the audience. To tell a story with the different approaches the creators favors. Thanks to the technical development, many of these effects, both physical and digital have become practicable and who knows what the technique and digital progress will lead to in the future of filmmaking. After all, we are only in the beginning of the digital era. In the same time, the old and proven effect making techniques might inculcate as both classic and recognizable working methods. In this essay, we will talk about how the techniques of digital and practical effects are being used in the Swedish film industry. What does the decision makers in the business think about using effects in filmmaking and why are effects being used the way they are in todays film industry? We also wanted to examine what regulates he use of effects based on economical, technical and artistic considerations. We have collected our data from interviews with three representatives from production companies and three film financiers. We have also collected information considering the definitions of visual effects and special effects from six filmmakers who that works with effect making on a daily basis. It has become apparent that there are some confusion considering the definitions of the concepts of visual effects and special effects between the producers and financiers and the filmmakers. In order to ease future communication, we will in this essay define these concepts out of our results. Our result suggests that there is a will in the Swedish film industry to work with effects in filmmaking but in the same time parts of the industry lacks of resources and capability. Simultaneously, we can note that the ignorance around the concept of effects causes communication problems for digital artists and prop makers. For instance, on the Swedish film gala "Guldbaggegalan" they added a new category only a few years back and this year they took it away because of the problems of recognizing what's visual effects and what's not. It is interesting that there is an interest in developing effects in filmmaking and at the same time takes away the award. Instead of taking it away, they should focus on educating people about effects.