Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-05-02T18:13:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 573742 bytes, checksum: 98367309cf338c51806873dec72c8ab1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T18:13:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 573742 bytes, checksum: 98367309cf338c51806873dec72c8ab1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Durante a realização deste trabalho teve-se por objetivo isolar da superfície de frutos de cacaueiro bactérias endosporogênicas e actinomicetos e selecionar os isolados mais eficientes visando o biocontrole da vassoura-de-bruxa (Crinipellis perniciosa) e da podridão-parda (Phytophthora spp) em frutos de cacaueiro. Foram obtidos um total 203 isolados de endosporogênicas e 94 de actinomicetos. À coleção adicionaram-se mais 39 isolados de bactérias antagônicas a patógenos do cacaueiro obtidas em trabalhos anteriores, totalizando 336 isolados. A seleção dos mais promissores foi feita com base na capacidade dos isolados inibirem a germinação de basidiósporos na superfície de frutos destacados do genótipo TSH 516, com 20-30 dias de idade. Numa primeira fase, cada isolado foi testado em um único fruto. Os isolados que inibiram a germinação de pelo menos 50 % dos basidiósporos foram novamente testados, desta vez cada isolado foi aplicado a três frutos. Foram obtidos como os mais promissores os isolados Ac4, Ac19, Ac26, Ac68, e Ac79 todos pertencentes ao gênero Streptomyces. Verificou-se que o uso de células vegetativas provenientes do cultivo desses antagonistas em meio liquido era mais eficiente que o uso dos esporos desses mesmos isolados na inibição da germinação dos basidiósporos. Adicionalmente, o sobrenadante proveniente do cultivo desses isolados em meio liquido mostrou-se tão eficiente quanto o uso de células vegetativas. A seleção final dos antagonistas foi também baseada na inibição da germinação de basidiósporos do patógeno porém, em condições de campo quando o isolado Ac79 foi considerado como o mais promissor. Os isolados pré-selecionados foram também testados quanto a sua capacidade em proteger frutos de cacau contra a podridão-parda (Phytophthora palmivora) em que destacou-se o isolado Ac26. Em ensaios em laboratório verificou-se que os cinco melhores isolados eram capazes de produzir sideróforos, ácido cianídrico e quitinases porém a estas substâncias atribui-se apenas papel secundário na inibição da germinação de propágulos de C. perniciosa. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que os isolados Ac26 e Ac79, em diferentes meios de cultura, produzem substâncias capazes de inibir a germinação de basidiósporos de C. perniciosa. As substâncias com essa propriedade produzidas pelo isolado Ac79 apresentam massa molecular inferior a 1 kDa enquanto aquelas produzidas pelo isolado Ac26 apresentam massa molecular entre 1 e 12 kDa. Para esse último, o fracionamento do sobrenadante em colunas e troca aniônica e catiônica permitem afirmar que pelo menos duas substâncias diferentes estão presentes sendo uma aniônica e uma catiônica. Os isolados Ac26 e Ac79 foram testados quando a sua capacidade em induzir resistência em mudas de cacaueiro. Verificou-se que os isolados foram capazes de induzir aumento na atividade de peroxidases e polifenol oxidases. Porém a não ocorrência de sintomas em mudas inoculadas com C. perniciosa dificultou estimar o real significado do aumento da atividade dessas enzimas na proteção das mudas. Ensaios mostraram a incompatibilidade entre os dois antagonistas quando aplicados em mistura porém quando o sobrenadante desses dois antagonistas foram combinados, houve efeito sinergístico na proteção de frutos contra P. palmivora. Em campo foi testada a real capacidade dos antagonistas aplicados tanto individualmente como em associação em proteger frutos de cacaueiro contra a inciência natural da podridão-parda e da vassoura- de-bruxa. A efetividade dos isolados foi comparada à efetividade do óxido cuproso e à plantas sem nenhum tratamento. Não foi observada diferença estatísticamente significativa entre os diferentes tratamentos. Esta ausência de controle das doenças é atribuída ao início tardio das aplicações. Com base nos resultados dos diferentes ensaios pode-se concluir que o isolado Ac26 é um antagonista promissor para o biocontrole da podridão-parda enquanto o Ac79 é um antagonista promissor para o biocontrole da vassoura-de-bruxa. Porém são necessários mais estudos visando confirmar a efetividade desses isolados em condições de campo. / This work had as main objective to isolate from the surface of cocoa fruits sporogenic bacteria as well as actinomycetes and select the ones more efficient for the biocontrole of witches’ broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) and black pod (Phytophthora spp.) in cocoa fruits. A total of 336 isolates was obtained, being 203 of them sporogenic bacteria, 94 actinomycetes and 39 bacteria antagonic to cocoa pathogens, selected in previous research. The initial screen was accomplished based on the ability of every isolate under investigation to inhibit basidiospore germination onto the surface of 20-30 days old detached fruits (TSH 516 genotype). In a first approach, a single fruit per isolate was used and potential antagonists able to inhibit basiodiospore germination in, at least, 50% were selected. In a second approach, selection was done over, by using three fruits per isolate. At the end of the selection procedure, the potential antagonists namely Ac4, Ac19, Ac26, Ac68 and Ac79, all of them actinomycetes belonging to the genus Streptomyces, were chosen for continuing the work. It was verified that vegetative cells from liquid cultures were more efficient than spores for inhibiting basidiospore germination as well as that supernates from liquid cultures were as efficient as vegetative cells. Repeating the same procedure under field conditions with the best 5 isolates lead us to select definitely the isolate Ac79. The five selected antagonists were able to protect cocoa fruits against black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) and out of the isolate Ac26 was the most efficient in this aspect. In laboratory tests, it was possible to detect that the five isolates were able to produce siderophores, cyanide and chitinases but apparently those determinants of microbial antagonism seem to have a secondary importance on the inhibition of C. perniciosa basidiospores. Moreover, it was verified that antagonists Ac26 and Ac79, after being grown in distinct culture media are able to produce substances that inhibit basidiospore germination. Isolate Ac79 synthesizes inhibitory substance with a molecular weight smaller than 1 kDa while the one given off by isolate Ac26 have molecular weights ranging from 1 to 12 kDa. For the latter, resolution of supernates by column chromatography (ion exchange, either anionic or cationic) allowed us to conclude that at least two distinct antimicrobial compounds are present, being one negatively charge and the other one positively. Isolates Ac26 and Ac79 were checked for their ability as resistance inducers in cocoa seedlings and cocoa tissue exposure to their propagules did increase activity of peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases. Nevertheless, lack of symptoms in inoculated seedlings make difficult to evaluate the actual meaning of the aforementioned increases in activity as far as induced resistance is concerned. Compatibility assays indicated that it is impossible to deliver to fruits to be protected a mixture of propagules of both antagonism but the same does not apply to a mixture of their supernates and that this latter mixture has even a synergistic effect in terms of protection of cocoa fruits against an isolate of P. palmivora. In the field antagonists were delivered either alone or combined, in attempts to protect cocoa fruits against natural incidence of witches’ broom and black pod, being cuprous oxide and water as controls. No significant differences were observed among treatments and the reason might be because sprayings started too late. Results obtained from the aforementioned trials suggest that isolate Ac26 is a good antagonist for black pod while isolate Ac79 may turn into a good biocontrol agent for wiches’s broom, in spite of the fact that more tests ought to be performed in order to support this statement. / Tese importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-05-03T16:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 264169 bytes, checksum: 7e0b0fa3ed22dc10518d5006802eb10c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T16:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 264169 bytes, checksum: 7e0b0fa3ed22dc10518d5006802eb10c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-29 / A requeima, causada por Phytophthora infestans, é uma doença destrutiva da batateira e do tomateiro. Há poucas informações quanto a potenciais fontes de inóculo primário do patógeno no Brasil. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: determinar o tempo de sobrevivência do patógeno em hastes, folíolos e frutos de tomateiro em solo; verificar a especificidade de P. infestans por meio de teste centrífugo-filogenético com a inclusão de espécies nativas do Brasil e estudar a dinâmica temporal do inóculo de P. infestans no ar. Avaliou-se a sobrevivência em restos culturais de tomateiro, tanto em casa de vegetação como no campo. A sobrevivência do patógeno em restos culturais foi inferior a 100 e 35 dias em casa de vegetação e no campo, respectivamente. Em casa de vegetação, a quantidade de estruturas do patógeno visualizadas em microscópio estereoscópico foi maior em tratamentos mantidos em solo seco, que aqueles mantidos em solo úmido. Dois isolados de P. infestans, da linhagem clonal US-1, obtidos de tomateiro, e dois de BR-1, obtidos de batateira, foram inoculados em plantas de 43 espécies. Além das plantas de batata e tomate, apenas plantas de Petunia hybrida e Nicotiana benthamiana foram suscetíveis ao patógeno. A ocorrência de esporângios de P. infestans foi monitorada em condições de campo com armadilhas Rotorod, Burkard e plantas de tomate e batata. Esporângios foram observados ao longo de todo o ano de 2004 e início de 2005. A captura de esporângios de P. infestans realizada pela Burkard foi maior no período das 6:00 às 18:00 h. Conclui-se que o inóculo advindo do ar é mais importante para o início de epidemias de requeima, que aquele em restos de cultura. / Tomato and potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important diseases of these crops in Brazil. Despite its importance, little is known about inoculum dynamics in tropical/subtropical areas, particularly in Brazil. The objectives of this study were: to determine survival period of P. infestans on stems, leaflets, and tomato fruits buried or not in soil; to assess the specificity of P. infestans to different hosts, mainly towards solanaceous species commonly found in Brazil and to study aerial inoculum (sporangia) temporal dynamics. Survival of P. infestans associated with tomato plant parts under greenhouse and field conditions was less than 100 and 35 days, respectively. Under greenhouse, pathogen structures were more promptly identified on crop debris kept on dry than on wet soil conditions. Isolates of two clonal lineages of P. infestans, US-1 and BR-1, isolated from tomato or potato, respectively, were inoculated on 43 plant species. Only two species, Petunia hybrida and Nicotiana benthamiana, were susceptible to P. infestans. Sporangia were monitored by Rotorod and Burkard spore traps and also by tomato and potato trap plants. Sporangia were captured in most weeks throughout 2004 and in the first two weeks of 2005. Most airborne inoculum captured with the Burkard trap was between 6:00 and 18:00 h. Airborne inoculum is abundant and is more important to late blight outbreaks than inoculum produced in crop debris. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

In Bolivia, tomato acreage is 6717 and has a yield of 12005 kg/ha and the total production is 80,636 TM. Departments that harvest tomato are Santa Cruz, Cochabamba and La Paz, Santa Cruz being the department that shows the highest rates of production with 40653 TM in comparison with La Paz which has a production of 3109 TM and Cochabamba of 2420 TM. The principle factors in affect are, the best climatic conditions in Santa Cruz, while Cochabamba and La Paz have differences in seasonal changes (National Institute of Statistics, 1998). The importance of the tomato harvest lies in consumption preference, for the nutritional properties, as they provide a rich source of Vitamins A and C, principally for its qualities of high productivity in terms of yield per area, being a factor of great importance in the economy of the farmer. The repeated production of tomato in the same area or locality tends to create problems phytopathologicals caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses, that at times become difficult to handle, thus becoming serious limiting factors that are able to seriously affect the yields, as such the investigation of sickness control is of extreme importance. The community of Carmen Pampa belonging to the municipality of Coroico, Nor Yungas, constituting a suitable area for the cultivation of tomato, but the attack of diseases caused by fungi, principally Phytophtora infestans, with an incidence of rate of 98%, which is increased by high temperature, humidity, precipitation and fog, all of which favor the spread of this fungus. For this reason farmers are forced to use chemical products that cause problems of resistance of the causal agent of the illnesses. The FAO (1992) estimates 3 million poisonings annually at a global level of farmers and families as a result of chemicals, which cause in turn a residual effect, environmental pollution and creates and additional cost in production. In the investigation of intoxication by agrochemicals in Bolivia, in a population of 870 persons studied mentioned that, 88% are unaware of the risks associated with the use and management of using them; the cases of poisonings are more frequent in tropical plains with 46%, the valleys with 26%, the inter-Andean valleys with 14% and the high plains with 12%, without mentioning those of suicide origin. For this reason, the object of the present investigation is to try to control the late blight disease (Phytophtora infestans) in the cultivation of the tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum), with biocides, to eliminate or diminish the use of agrochemical products.

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Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a high value-per-acre crop that is intensively managed to optimize the yield of high quality cured leaf. Aerial remote sensing, specifically unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), present flue-cured tobacco producers and researchers with a potential tool for scouting and crop management. A two-year study, conducted in Southside Virginia at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center and on commercial farms, assessed the potential of aerial remote sensing in flue-cured tobacco. The effort encompassed two key objectives. First, examine the use of the enhanced normalized difference vegetation index (ENDVI) for separating flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates. Secondly, develop hyperspectral indices and/or machine learning classification models capable of detecting Phytophthora nicotianae (black shank) incidence in flue-cured tobacco. In 2017, UAV-acquired ENDVI surveys demonstrated the ability to consistently separate between flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates from topping to harvest. In 2018, ENDVI revealed significant differences among N-rates as early as 34 days after transplanting. Two hyperspectral indices were developed to detect black shank incidence based on differences in the spectral profiles of asymptomatic flue-cured tobacco plants compared to those with black shank symptoms. Testing of the indices showed significant differences between the index values of healthy and symptomatic plants (alpha = 0.05). In addition, the indices were able to detect black shank symptoms pre-symptomatically (alpha = 0.09). Subspace linear discriminant analysis, a machine learning classification, was also used for prediction of black shank incidence with up to 85.7% classification accuracy. / Master of Science / Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’s (UAVs) or drones, as they are commonly referred to, may have potential as a tool in flue-cured tobacco research and production. UAVs combined with sensors and cameras provide the opportunity to gather a large amount of data on a particular crop, which may be useful in crop management. Given the intensive management of flue-cured tobacco, producers may benefit from extra insight on how to better assess threats to yield such as under-fertilization and disease pressure. A two-year study was conducted in Southside Virginia at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center and on commercial farms. There were two objectives to this effort. First, assess the ability of UAV-acquired multispectral near-infrared imagery to separate flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates. Secondly, develop hyperspectral indices and machine learning models that can accurately predict the incidence of black shank in flue-cured tobacco. Flue-cured tobacco nitrogen rates were significantly different in 2017 from 59 days after transplanting to harvest using UAV-acquired near-infrared imagery. In 2018, heavy rainfall may have led to nitrogen leaching from the soil resulting in nitrogen rates being significantly different as early as 34 days after transplanting. The imagery also showed a significant relationship with variety maturation type in the late stages of crop development during ripening. Two hyperspectral indices were developed and one machine learning model was trained. Each had the ability to detect black shank incidence in fluecured tobacco pre-symptomatically, as well as separated black shank infested plants from healthy plants.

Surveys of the four major soilborne pathogens of strawberry (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora spp., and Verticillium dahliae) to determine their relative prevalence were conducted in Watsonville-Salinas, CA in 2021 and in Santa Maria, CA in 2022. All four major pathogens were detected at relatively similar prevalence in Watsonville-Salinas, between 22% and 31% of sampled fields. In Santa Maria, M. phaseolina was far more prevalent at 52% of sampled fields, the other three falling between 14% and 17%. Additionally replicated greenhouse and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat as a single season cover crop on Macrophomina root rot of strawberry and the soil microbiome. Greenhouse trials and the first year of the field trial are described here and demonstrate a lack of substantial disease mitigation or pathogen reduction in the soil following wheat growth compared to no-treatment control. Significant changes were seen in the soil microbiome following wheat growth, including the significant amplification of several bacterial species known to be antagonistic to plant-pathogenic fungi.

Le nématode à kyste du soya (NKS), Heterodera glycines, est la principale cause de pertes économiques chez le soya aux États-Unis. Au Canada, on le retrouve en Ontario depuis 1988 et il continue à gagner du terrain chaque année. Il a été répertorié pour la première fois au Québec en 2013, et les producteurs de soya québécois ont déjà commencé à déployer des outils pour sa répression. La méthode de lutte la plus utilisée contre cet organisme est l’utilisation de gènes de résistance quantitative combiné à la rotation des cultures. Par contre, l’organisme causant le plus de dommages chez le soya à l’heure actuelle au Québec est la pourriture phytophthoréenne, causée par l’oomycète, Phytophthora sojae. Cette maladie racinaire peut, elle aussi, être réprimée grâce à des cultivars génétiquement résistants (résistance qualitative à gènes Rps). Sachant que le NKS se retrouve déjà dans certaines régions du Québec où sévit également P. sojae, il devient urgent de déterminer si les cultivars de soya présentement utilisés exprimeront une résistance satisfaisante contre ces agents pathogènes majeurs. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de ce projet était d’évaluer l’interaction entre ces deux agents pathogènes du soya en fonction de la résistance (qualitative à gènes Rps / résistance quantitative au NKS) des cultivars utilisés. L’étude, réalisée en système hydroponique, a permis de démontrer qu’en présence d’un cultivar sensible aux deux organismes, P. sojae a un impact négatif sur la capacité du NKS à produire des kystes. Cela suggère que P. sojae pourrait influencer le développement du NKS. La présence du nématode, quant à elle, n’a pas influencé l’efficacité de la résistance qualitative à gènes Rps contre P. sojae. En conséquence, les cultivars résistants aux deux agents pathogènes représentent une bonne option pour prévenir et lutter contre ces affections. / The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the leading cause of economic losses in soybean in the United States. In Canada, it has been found in Ontario in 1988 and continues to spread every year. It was identified for the first time in Quebec in 2013 and soybean growers have already begun to deploy management tools. The most commonly used control method against SCN is the use of quantitative resistance genes and crop rotation. However, the most damaging organism in soybean in Quebec currently is Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae. This root disease can also be controlled by genetically resistant cultivars (qualitative resistance with Rps genes). Because SCN is now present in regions struggling with P. sojae, it is important to determine if the cultivars will express sufficient resistance against these two major pathogens. In this context, the main objective of this project was to evaluate the interaction between these two organisms on soybean, according to the resistance (qualitative Rps genes/ or quantitative resistance to SCN) of the cultivars used. This study, in a hydroponic system, demonstrated that P. sojae has a negative impact on SCN capacity to produce cysts produced. This suggests that P. sojae might influence SCN development. On the other hand, resistant cultivars were not affected by the presence of both pathogens and the presence of the nematode did not influence the efficacy of qualitative Rps resistance gene against P. sojae. As a result, cultivars resistant to both pathogens are a good option for preventing and controlling these diseases.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 5 septembre 2023) / Le soja (Glycine max; L. Merr.) est, d'un point de vue économique et agronomique, la plus importante légumineuse au monde dont l'attrait principal résulte de sa capacité à produire de fortes teneurs en protéines et en lipides. Ses caractéristiques agronomiques et nutritionnelles précieuses ont induit une forte augmentation de la demande et ainsi des surfaces allouées à sa culture créant une nouvelle niche écologique qui favorise l'émergence d'agents pathogènes. Parmi eux, Phytophthora sojae (Kaufmann and Gerdemann), causant la pourriture phytophthoréenne du soja (PRR), est l'un des facteurs les plus limitants au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde. L'introgression de gènes de résistance à P. sojae (Rps), dans des cultivars à haut rendement, fut la méthode de lutte favorisée par les semenciers pour réprimer la PRR. Ce type de résistance, dite verticale, se caractérise par la capacité d'un unique gène Rps à conférer une immunité totale contre les souches de P. sojae possédant le gène d'avirulence (Avr) complémentaire. Cependant, le déploiement massif des gènes Rps dans des cultivars de soja a imposé une forte pression de sélection sur les populations de P. sojae qui ont ainsi évolué vers des pathotypes plus complexes et capables de contourner ce type de résistance. Une approche alternative serait d'exploiter la résistance horizontale (RH) conférée par plusieurs gènes ou loci à caractères quantitatifs (QTL). Étant multigénique, ce type de résistance, par rapport à la résistance verticale, est plus durable et efficace contre un large spectre de pathotypes. Utilisés en synergie, ces deux types de résistance sont indispensables pour maintenir l'efficacité de la lutte génétique contre la PRR à long terme et ainsi assurer une meilleure gestion de la culture du soja. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'identifier des marqueurs génétiques associés à la RH du soja contre P. sojae afin de permettre aux semenciers de développer des variétés de soja à haut rendement, adaptées aux conditions canadiennes et résistantes contre P. sojae. Afin d'y parvenir, trois études, qui font intervenir les derniers outils de génotypage du soja et de phénotypage du niveau de résistance à la PRR, ont été réalisées. La première étude est une cartographie génétique sur une population formée de lignées pures recombinantes (RIL) issues du croisement entre PI 449459 et Misty, deux lignées adaptées aux conditions canadiennes mais contrastées pour le niveau de RH contre P. sojae. Une approche de génotypage-par-séquençage (GBS) a permis de comparer les RILs sur la base de marqueurs génétiques hérités des parents. En parallèle, le phénotypage des RILs pour le niveau de RH a été réalisé à l'aide d'une nouvelle technique d'inoculation en hydroponie. Ceci a permis d'identifier deux QTLs associés à la RH contre P. sojae. Une analyse transcriptomique (RNA-seq) complémentaire a identifié des variations transcriptionnelles et nucléotidiques entre les deux parents, permettant ainsi de raffiner le nombre de gènes candidats à un seul par QTL identifié. À l'instar de la première étude, la seconde est aussi une cartographie génétique sur une population de RILs faisant usage d'un GBS et du phénotypage de la RH en hydroponie. En revanche, la population de RILs est issue du croisement entre les lignées PI 449459 et QS5091.50J qui ne sont pas contrastées pour le niveau de RH. La distribution des RILs et des parents pour le niveau de RH a suggéré qu'une nouvelle source de résistance, non exprimée chez les parents, a été générée durant la création de la population. Une analyse comparative des variations structurales et nucléotidiques des parents et de RILs a conduit à l'identification de deux SNP pouvant justifier l'amélioration de la résistance chez les RILs. Enfin, la troisième étude en est une d'association pangénomique (GWAS) de la RH du soja contre P. sojae. Un séquençage complet du génome de 357 accessions a permis de produire un génotypage offrant une couverture génomique inédite pour une étude de la résistance du soja. En parallèle, le phénotypage de la RH de ces 357 accessions a été réalisé en hydroponie. Les différents modèles statistiques utilisés, pour réaliser le GWAS, ont communément identifié un unique QTL ayant un impact majeur sur le niveau de RH. Ensuite, un unique gène candidat a été identifié et sa pertinence fut confirmée par une analyse d'expression par qRT-PCR entre des lignées sensibles et résistantes contrastées pour l'allèle au SNP le plus fortement associé. / Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is, from an economic and agronomic point of view, the most important legume in the world. The interest for this crop results from its capacity to produce high levels of proteins and lipids. Its valuable agronomic and nutritional characteristics have led to a strong increase in demand and thus in the areas allocated to its production, creating a new ecological niche that favors the emergence of pathogens. Among them, Phytophthora sojae (Kaufmann and Gerdemann), causing Phytophthora root rot (PRR), is one of the most limiting factors in Canada and elsewhere in the world. The introgression of P. sojae resistance (Rps) genes into high-yielding cultivars has been the favored strategy by breeders to control PRR. This type of resistance, known as vertical, is characterized by the capacity of a single Rps gene to confer total immunity against isolates of P. sojae possessing the complementary avirulence (Avr) gene. However, the massive deployment of Rps genes in soybean cultivars has imposed a strong selection pressure on populations of P. sojae, which has led to the development of more complex pathotypes capable of by passing this type of resistance. An alternative approach would be to exploit the horizontal resistance (HR) conferred by several genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Being multigenic, this type of resistance, compared to vertical resistance, is more durable and effective against a broad spectrum of pathotypes. Used in synergy, these two types of resistance are essential to maintain the long-term effectiveness of the genetic control against PRR and thus ensure better management of soybean crops. The main objective of this thesis is to identify genetic markers associated with soybean HR against P. sojae in order to allow breeders to develop high-yielding soybean varieties, adapted to Canadian conditions and resistant to P. sojae. In order to achieve this, three studies, exploiting the latest tools for soybean genotyping and phenotyping, were carried out. The first study is a genetic mapping analysis on a population of recombinant in bred lines (RILs) resulting from the cross between PI 449459 and Misty, two lines adapted to Canadian conditions but contrasted for their level of HR against P. sojae. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach was used to compare the RILs on the basis of genetic markers in herited from the parents. In parallel, the phenotyping of RILs for the level of HR was performed using a new hydroponic inoculation assay. This allowed the identification of two QTLs associated with HR against P. sojae. A complementary RNA-seq analysis identified both expression and nucleotide variations between the two parents, thus refining the number of candidate genes to one per QTL identified. As in the first study, the second one also reports on genetic mapping on a population of RILs using GBS and HR phenotyping in hydroponic systems. Un like the first study, the population of RILs resulted from the cross between the lines PI 449459 and QS5091.50J, both exhibiting a high level of HR. The distribution of RILs and parents for their resistance to P. sojae suggested that a new source of resistance, not expressed in the parents, was generated during the creation of RILs. A comparative analysis of the structural and nucleotide variations between the parents and the more resistant RILs led to the identification of two SNPs that could explain the improvement in resistance. Finally, the third study is a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) for HR of soybean against P. sojae. A whole-genome sequencing of 357 accessions was performed and provided data offering an unprecedented genome coverage compared to previous GWA analyses performed for disease resistance in soybean. In parallel, the phenotyping of these 357 accessions for the level of HR was carried out with the hydroponic assay. The different statistical models used to perform the GWAS have convergently identified a single QTL having a major impact on the level of HR. Within this QTL, a single candidate gene was identified and its relevance was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis between the sensitive and resistant lines contrasted for the allele at the peak SNP.