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Introdução: O consumo de manteigas e margarinas faz parte do hábito alimentar da população e é uma forma eficaz de suplementação de ácidos graxos. No entanto, até o momento se desconhece os efeitos de ácidos graxos saturados, trans, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados e de fitosteróis no perfil lipídico, inflamatório, de marcadores de disfunção endotelial e no metabolismo da HDL em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica (SM). Objetivo: Examinar os efeitos do consumo diário de manteiga, margarina com ácido graxo trans, margarina com fitosterol e margarina sem ácido graxo trans, em quantidades recomendadas por diretrizes, sobre: 1) o perfil lipídico, apolipoproteínas (Apo), marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial e transferência de lipídeos para HDL, em indivíduos com SM, sem alterar seus hábitos usuais de vida, 2) a associação desses parâmetros com a composição nutricional das dietas dos indivíduos estudados. Métodos: Este estudo foi randomizado, cego, onde 100 indivíduos receberam porções diárias isocalóricas de manteiga ou margarina com ácido graxo trans ou margarina com fitosterol ou margarina sem ácido graxo trans em adição às suas dietas usuais, por 5 semanas. Foram determinados: perfil lipídico, Apos, marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial, LDL pequenas e densas e transferências de lipídeos para a HDL. Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliados por ANOVA. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta por 66 indivíduos (63,6% mulheres, idade média 47,6 anos). Houve redução de -10,3% na Apo B (p=0,043) e de -15,2% na razão Apo B/Apo A-I (p=0,034) após consumo de margarina com fitosterol. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas nos lípides após consumo de manteiga, margarina com trans ou margarina sem trans. Transferências de fosfolípides foram reduzidas no grupo margarina com fitosterol (-4,7% vs. margarina com trans p=0,037); no grupo margarina sem trans foram reduzidas as transferências de: colesterol éster (-27% vs. manteiga e margarina com trans p=0,002), triglicérides (-43,3% vs. outros grupos p<0,001) e colesterol livre (-16,4%, vs. margarina com trans e margarina com fitosterol p=0,006). Não foram verificadas alterações significantes nos marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial entre os grupos. Associações foram observadas entre os marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial e consumo de lipídeos totais, ácidos graxos saturados, mono e poliinsaturados, colesterol, além de consumo energético e de carboidratos. As transferências de lipídeos para HDL associaram-se inversamente com o consumo de fibra alimentar. Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que o consumo de manteiga, margarina com ácido graxo trans e margarina sem ácido graxo trans, nas quantidades estudadas, por indivíduos com síndrome metabólica que não alteraram seus hábitos usuais de vida, não modificam o perfil lipídico ou marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial. O consumo de margarina com fitosterol e margarina sem trans nas quantidades recomendadas reduziram respectivamente a concentração de Apo B e a habilidade da HDL de receber lípides. Os marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial associaram-se com o consumo de gorduras e carboidratos, sugerindo que dietas ricas em gorduras e calorias podem modular a resposta inflamatória em indivíduos com SM. / Introduction: The consumption of butter and margarines are part of population dietary habits and is an effective form of fatty acid supplementation. However, the effects of saturated, trans, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and of plant sterol supplementation in the lipid profile, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers, and in the metabolism of HDL in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MS) are unknown. Objective: Examine the effects of daily servings of butter, trans fat margarine, no trans fat margarine, and plant sterol margarine, within guideline recommended amounts, on: 1) plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (Apo), biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and on the lipid transfer of radioactive lipids to HDL particles in free-living subjects with the MS, 2) to analyze the association of these parameters with the nutritional composition of the individuals\' diets. Methods: This was a randomized, single-blind study where 100 MS subjects received isocaloric servings of butter, trans fat margarine, no-trans fat margarine or plant sterol margarine in addition to their usual diets for 5 weeks. The main outcome measures were plasma lipids, Apo, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers, small dense LDL cholesterol concentration and in vitro radioactive lipid transfer from cholesterol-rich emulsions to HDL. Difference among groups was evaluated by ANOVA. Results: Sixty-six subjects completed the study (63.6% women, mean age 47.6 years). There was a significant reduction in Apo B (-10.3 %, p=0.043) and in the Apo B/A-1 ratio (-15.2%, p=0.034) with plant sterol margarine. No changes in plasma lipids were noticed with butter, trans fat margarine and no-trans fat margarine. Transfer rates of lipids to HDL were reduced in the plant sterol margarine group: phospholipids -4.7% (p=0.037 vs. trans fat margarine) and in the no-trans fat margarine group: triglycerides -43.3%, (P<0.001 vs. other groups), cholesterol ester -27% (p=0.002 vs. butter and trans fat margarine) and free cholesterol -16.4% (p=0.006 vs. trans fat and plant sterol margarine). No significant effects were noted on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers concentrations among the groups. An association was observed among the inflammatory markers and of endothelial dysfunction and the consumption of total lipids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, energy consumption and carbohydrates. The transfer rates of lipids to HDL were inversely associated with the consumption of dietary fiber. Conclusions: In free living subjects with the MS the consumption of butter, trans fat margarine and no-trans fat margarine, within recommended amounts did not modify the lipid profile or markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The consumption of plant sterol and no-trans fat margarines reduced respectively Apo B concentrations and the ability of HDL to accept lipids. The inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers were positively associated with the consumption of fats and carbohydrates suggesting that diets rich in fats and calories can modulate inflammation in subjects with the MS.

We examined the effect of a functional oil (FctO), with potential weight-controlling and blood lipid-lowering attributes, vs beef tallow as control (C), on the cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women. The FctO comprised energy expenditure-enhancing medium chain triacylglycerols, cholesterol-lowering phytosterols and triacylglycerol-suppressing n-3 fatty acids. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover design, inpatient trial, 17 women consumed each oil as part of a controlled, supervised, energy-adjusted diet for 27 days. Body weight decreased similarly during both dietary periods. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels decreased by 4.8% and 10.4% following FctO, and were lower by 9.0% and 16.4% respectively, after FctO vs C. HDL cholesterol and circulating triacylglycerol levels were unaffected by treatment, though HDL:LDL and HDL:total cholesterol ratios increased by 19.5% and 9.4% on FctO. Plasma total homocysteine levels were higher on FctO vs C. Plasma glutathione increased with FctO supplementation. / We conclude that consumption of FctO improves the overall cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women.

Phytosterols are steroid chemicals produced by plants for the purposes of membrane function and hormone production. Phytosterols can cause endocrine disruption in aquatic species at very low concentrations and are suspected of contributing to endocrine disruption linked to pulp and paper effluent. Wastewater from the pulp and paper industry is often treated biologically in aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) that expose phytosterols to a range of redox zones. Phytosterol removal in ASBs varies and stigmasterol has even been shown to increase across the treatment system. Little is known about the microbial processes that occur within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal. The objective of this research was to assess the biotransformation potential of phytosterols in a simulated ASB treatment system and to improve understanding of the processes that occur within the various redox zones and their impact on the removal of phytosterols. To assess the biotransformation of phytosterols under aerobic conditions, three assays were conducted using a stock aerobic culture fed with pulp and paper wastewater. The assays tested three conditions: phytosterols present as a sole added carbon source, phytosterols with dextrin as an added carbon source, and phytosterols with ethanol as a solubilizing agent and added carbon source. Phytosterol biotransformation was found to be limited by low phytosterol solubility. When solubilized, phytosterol removal occurred in two phases: an initial near-linear removal, followed by accelerated removal during the culture's stationary stage, possibly due to the release of extracellular cholesterol oxidase. The anoxic and anaerobic biotransformation of phytosterols was examined through a series of three semi-batch cultures maintained under nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing and fermentative/methanogenic conditions, all developed from stock cultures fed with pulp and paper wastewater. Phytosterol removal was significant in the nitrate-reducing culture, although microbial activity and phytosterol removal declined in later stages. Phytosterol removal was also observed in the sulfate-reducing culture, although there was a significant lag period before removal occurred. No phytosterol removal was observed in the fermentative/methanogenic culture. Phytosterol biotransformation was also examined in the context of a lab-scale ASB fed continuously with pulp and paper wastewater. The steady-state ASB effluent and sediment characteristics were examined over three hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Effluent quality was not significantly affected by a change in HRT but sediment characteristics were significantly affected and, at shorter HRTs, phytosterols accumulated in the sediment. Wastewater bioassays demonstrated the release of phytosterols during the breakdown of solids. This research improves the understanding of biological processes within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.