The present thesis seeks to examine the grammatico-pragmatic problem of translating modality from English into Arabic (two formally and genetically different languages) and vice versa, with the aim of suggesting tentative ways that would tackle such a problem for the Arab translator who finds himself/herself in a situation where only specific choices of TL modal expressions would make the translation acceptable. Translating is regarded, here, as an overall operation performed on two languages - an operation based on a systematic comparison of two linguistic systems and the functions they each perform at a higher level. It is taken to mean a code-switching operation, which implies that a sequence of symbols from one language is substituted for a sequence of symbols in another. This code-switching always operates as a chain with an intervening time occupied by a segment of interpretation during which the intended content is transferred into the target language by the translator. In this study, use is made of concepts and terminology provided by linguistics and translation theory, both of which deal with language as a communicative activity. The research conducted here deals with translation between Arabic and English, with special focus on modality as a linguistic as well as a cultural strategy of communication. Therefore, modality can be constructed in the TL only through overall translation by interpretation where equivalence becomes the translator's memory rather than his/her dictionary. Here, the overall process of translating the modal content thrives best by freeing itself from surface constraints, i.e. constraints imposed by the surface structure of the source text.

Dagens enkortsdatorer skiljer sig mycket i hårdvara. Prestandamässigt skiljer sig dessutom datorerna åt beroende på vilket operativsystem som används samt vilket programmeringsspråk och bibliotek som används för I/O kommunikation. Vi har testat Raspberry Pi 3 och Intel Galileo Gen 2 med operativsystemen Linux och Windows 10 IoT Core. Program för att mäta tidsåtgång vid digitala läsningar, digitala skrivningar, analoga läsningar, uppstart och skrivning till SD-kort har utvecklats. Resultaten från dessa visar stora skillnader mellan systemen och vilket som lämpar sig bäst beroende på tillämpning. Operativsystem, programmeringsspråk och bibliotek har valts med tanke på en övergång från Arduino-system som arbetar i realtid. Tester har därför också utförts på enkortsdatorn Arduino Mega 2560 för att ge en uppfattning om vad en sådan övergång skulle innebära. / The single-board computers of today differ greatly in hardware. Performance-wise the computers also differ depending on what operating system and what programming language with certain libraries that are being used for I/O communication. We have tested Raspberry Pi 3 and Intel Galileo Gen 2 with the operating systems Linux and Windows 10 IoT Core. Programs to measure the time it takes to perform the actions of digital writing, digital reading, analog reading, booting the system and writing to an SD-card have been developed. The results show big difference between the systems and what system to use for what purpose. Operating systems, programming languages and libraries have been chosen with consideration for a transfer from Arduino systems operating in real-time. Tests have also been conducted on the singleboard computer Arduino Mega 2560 to provide an understanding on what such a transfer would entail.

This study aims to establish the identity of the Saudi novel, which has been hitherto neglected by scholars whether Saudi or non-Saudi; to consider the emergence and development of tho Saudi novel during the past sIxty years (1930-90) and the reasons for these; to investigate the peculiarities of the Saudi novel as well as the influence on it of the International novel, and the novel in other Arabic-speaking countries; to examine the factors that have led to the growth of the novel as a literary form in Saudi Arabia since the fifties; and appraise the 'artistic" development that has taken place In the novel itself, and in individual novelists since that time.

This dissertation examines the production and perception of some selected stress patterns in Libyan Arabic by English speaking learners and compares them to the production and perception of the native speakers. Two tasks were utilised to investigate the participants’ performance: a picture naming and an identification task. Word patterns covered potential problematic and non-problematic areas. An optimality theoretic approach is adopted in the discussion of the results of the perception and production of stress by the participants (Chapters 5 & 7) while a metrical approach is referred to in the discussion of the Libyan Arabic stress system in Chapter 3. It is found that structural effects (e.g. syllable structure, vowel quality, syllable position or class) have consequences on how the learners perceive and produce stress and on how they use this information in assigning stress. The study found that if the stress patterns match in the L1 and L2, and they follow regular phonological conditions, the learners get these patterns right by just applying the predictable patterns. If the stress patterns are similar but applied differently and they contradict predictable conditions, these unpredictable and/or marked patterns are not accessible in the L2 despite their partial availability in the L1. If a particular stress pattern does not exist in the L1, then the L1 negative transfer effect may appear in the L2. The misperception of stress is not only restricted to L2 learners but native speakers also fail in certain patterns to perceive the stress location. The learners use grammatical class and syllable structure as stress indicators but they show a deviation from the native speakers in using the vowel length cue. The native speakers are more sensitive to vowel length; the absence of vowel length or syllable closure in the stressed syllable in certain patterns prevent the native speakers from perceiving stress accurately.

Controlar es utilizar en tiempo real las mediciones para corregir automáticamente un proceso. La medición del proceso se corrige todo el tiempo en tiempo real y es el controlador PI el algoritmo de control que se utiliza en un 90% en la industria. Numerosos lazos de control utilizan este algoritmo. En Micro y Mini Centrales Hidroeléctricas en la turbina hidráulica el control de la frecuencia es esencial para preservar la operatividad en esta tesis abordamos el control de la velocidad de la turbina. La utilización de reguladores digitales en el control de la velocidad de Turbinas Hidráulicas Pelton no solamente en las nuevas unidades sino también en las antiguas unidades bajo programas de modernización. Los reguladores digitales ofrecen gran número de ventajas sobre los reguladores mecánicos, eléctricos y electrónicos analógicos. Una de sus ventajas es la facilidad de incorporar funciones de regulación para variar sus ajustes dependiendo de las condiciones externas. La generación de energía eléctrica en Micro y Mini Centrales Hidroeléctricas ayuda a diversificar la matriz energética nacional, produce una menor dependencia del suministro externo de combustibles fósiles y aprovecha los recursos hídricos existentes en el país. La gran extensión del territorio peruano es favorable para la construcción de estas Micro y Mini Centrales Hidroeléctricas.

PLC programming students are often limited to simulated systems or soft PLCs, because the high price of the hardware and the software licenses make it difficult for faculties to use real equipment for teaching. This paper describes the design and building of a PLC controlled self-balancing robot with CodeSys and Raspberry Pi as a low-cost demonstrator model that students can use as a base to interact with a real system. A first prototype has been developed, which can be used in the future to get students involved in beginner automation courses without having to build a system from scratch.

I detta examensarbete har en prototyp av digitaliserad munspegel framtagits. Användning av Raspberry Pi ökar kontinuerligt i världen vid olika projekt och applikationer eftersom Raspberry Pi är en mikrodator som är tillräckligt kraftfull, smidig och billig med oerhört stort stöd. Ett användningsområde för Raspberry Pi är hälsovården. Att skapa tekniska lösningar inom hälsovården är av stor efterfråga globalt. Denna rapporten centraliserar sig kring en teknisk lösning med fokus på tandvården. Muskuloskeletala sjukdomar (MSS) och smärta är ett omfattande hälsoproblem bland vårdpersonalen inom tandvården i västländerna. Tekniker för digitalisering och modernisering av medicinska produkter kan underlätta och säkerställa att patienten får en noggrannare vård samtidigt som vårdpersonalens arbete blir enklare på så sätt belastas mindre således elimineras en av faktorerna för MSS. Hur detta har lösts har varit målet med projektet och det grundar sig i att tillverka en prototyp av digitaliserad munspegel som möjligen kan inom snar framtid ersätta nutida munspeglar som är ett grundläggande verktyg inom tandvården och används i de flesta ingrepp. Prototypen har designats, skapats, programmerats och testats till specifikationskraven. Den kallas för Digital Dental Mirror (DDM). Metoden för att skapa ett sådant verktyg kräver kunskap inom mekanik-, elektro- och datateknik (design, hårdvara och mjukvara). Verktyg som har använts i detta projektet har varit bl.a. Raspberry Pi, endoskopkamera, styrservo, knappsats, C/C++ programmering och CAD-design (Solidworks). Resultat framställts i en färdig prototyp med önskade funktioner. Slutligen är protypen fullt fungerande men en bit ifrån marknadsfärdig produkt.

by See Kai-hung. / Title in Chinese: / Includes bibliographical references / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986

by Leung Siu. / Title also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 117-118.

'The Tale of Genji' had been out of print in Japan for nearly two centuries when its first English translation debuted in 1882. Ironically, as fin de siècle Anglophones encountered early reviews of 'Genji' in 'The New York Times' and elsewhere as a Japanese classic, the text was unavailable in Tokyo bookstores. This study investigates the millennium-long history of 'Genji', shedding light particularly upon how its English translators introduced textual and marketing strategies that were adopted by Japanese to domestically popularize the work. Such findings will extend those of G.G. Rowley (1997), who first contended that 'Genji' had fallen out of print between the years of 1706 and 1890. This study builds upon Rowley's research, clarifying how English translations of 'Genji' were responsible for the work's return to print in Japan, where 'Genji' has subsequently become the country's national classic. Methodologically, in exploring how translators have creatively enriched Murasaki's legacy up until the present, this study applies Anthony Pym's notion of humanization (2009) and Pascale Casanova's call for literary historicization (2007). Additionally, this thesis contributes to translation research by introducing the Japanese concept of reverse-importation. The term describes a process through which objects can gain recognition in their domestic market due to perceptions of popularity achieved abroad. Murasaki's tale provides a case to better understand how English translations of 'Genji' have, through reverse-importation, altered the work's standing in Japan.