O Traité des Objets Musicaux de Pierre Schaeffer (1910-1995) é um trabalho teórico que propõe uma revisão radical dos fundamentos teórico-musicais. Nesse sentido, ele pode ser considerado com um dos tratados mais relevantes da História da Música. Dentre os muitos assuntos abordados no Traité, Schaeffer investiga o som tal como ele é escutado, ou seja, o som como fenômeno. No primeiro capítulo expomos um rápido contexto histórico e as razões de Schaeffer escolher essa abordagem do som. Frente a uma situação de crise da produção e do conhecimento teórico-musical, várias correntes estéticas tomam como fundamento as Ciências exatas e a Física acústica. O resultado disso é aquilo que Schaeffer denominará \"músicas a priori\". Essa abordagem é recusada com o argumento de que a percepção sonora não pode ser reduzida às medições que descrevem o sinal acústico. Como alternativa, Schaeffer propõe uma pesquisa musical fundamental que conceba a música como uma interdisciplina e que, sobretudo, aborde o som como fenômeno (objeto sonoro). No segundo capítulo, explicitamos a filiação fenomenológica de Schaeffer apresentando as suas fontes: Merleau-Ponty e Husserl. Ainda nesse segundo capítulo, demonstramos de que forma a concepção de objeto sonoro é entendida por Schaeffer como um objeto intencional. No terceiro capítulo, expomos a gênese do conceito de objeto sonoro começando pela \"acusmática\" e, logo em seguida, apresentando de que forma uma série de concepções fenomenológicas (como transcendência, epoché e redução) são expostas por Schaeffer no próprio texto do Traité. No quarto capítulo, descrevemos a \"Teoria das quatro escutas\" e demonstramos em que sentido ela pode ser entendida como uma análise intencional da escuta. No quinto e último capítulo, apresentamos os dois principais resultados da análise intencional da escuta: em primeiro lugar, a correlação entre a escuta do físico e do músico; em segundo lugar, o reconhecimento de que o objeto sonoro representa uma síntese de um dualismo estrutural. Na conclusão, discutimos rapidamente as consequências da fenomenologia schaefferiana para o Programa da Pesquisa Musical proposto por Schaeffer nos Livros finais do Traité. / Pierre Schaeffer\'s (1910-1995) Traité des Objets Musicaux is a work which aims at a radical revision of the theoretical foundations of music. In this sense, it can be considered as one of the most important treatises ever written. Among the many topics covered in his Traité, Schaeffer investigates the sound as it is heard, i. e. the sound as a phenomenon. In the first chapter I provide a brief historical background, trying to expose some of the reasons for Schaeffer\'s choice of this specific approach towards the sound. Faced with a crisis of both production and theoretical knowledge of music, many aesthetic trends adopted as fundament the model of hard sciences and acoustical physics. The result was what Schaeffer called \"a priori music\". This approach is rejected by him on the basis that our perception of sound cannot be reduced to measurements that merely describe the acoustic signal. As an alternative, Schaeffer proposes to carry out a fundamental music research which conceives music as an interdiscipline and, above all, approaches the sound as a phenomenon (i.e. as a sound object). In the second chapter, I point out Schaeffer\'s phenomenological affiliation through analysis of his theoretical sources, i. e. Merleau-Ponty and Husserl. In this very chapter, I provide evidence for the fact that Schaeffer conceives the idea of sound object as an intentional object. The third chapter is devoted to the discussion of the origins of the concept of sound object, beginning with \"acousmatic\" and then analyzing how a series of phenomenological concepts (e.g. transcendence, epoché and reduction) is applied by Schaeffer in his Traité. The fourth chapter describes Schaeffer\'s \"Theory of Listening\" and discusses in what sense it can be understood as an intentional analysis of listening. In the fifth and final chapter, I present the two main results of the intentional analysis of listening: firstly, the correlation between the listening of a physicist and that of a musician; secondly, the recognition that the sound object represents a synthesis of a structural dualism. In conclusion, I briefly summarize the consequences of schaefferian phenomenology for the program of musical research proposed by Schaeffer in the final books of his Traité

O Traité des Objets Musicaux de Pierre Schaeffer (1910-1995) é um trabalho teórico que propõe uma revisão radical dos fundamentos teórico-musicais. Nesse sentido, ele pode ser considerado com um dos tratados mais relevantes da História da Música. Dentre os muitos assuntos abordados no Traité, Schaeffer investiga o som tal como ele é escutado, ou seja, o som como fenômeno. No primeiro capítulo expomos um rápido contexto histórico e as razões de Schaeffer escolher essa abordagem do som. Frente a uma situação de crise da produção e do conhecimento teórico-musical, várias correntes estéticas tomam como fundamento as Ciências exatas e a Física acústica. O resultado disso é aquilo que Schaeffer denominará \"músicas a priori\". Essa abordagem é recusada com o argumento de que a percepção sonora não pode ser reduzida às medições que descrevem o sinal acústico. Como alternativa, Schaeffer propõe uma pesquisa musical fundamental que conceba a música como uma interdisciplina e que, sobretudo, aborde o som como fenômeno (objeto sonoro). No segundo capítulo, explicitamos a filiação fenomenológica de Schaeffer apresentando as suas fontes: Merleau-Ponty e Husserl. Ainda nesse segundo capítulo, demonstramos de que forma a concepção de objeto sonoro é entendida por Schaeffer como um objeto intencional. No terceiro capítulo, expomos a gênese do conceito de objeto sonoro começando pela \"acusmática\" e, logo em seguida, apresentando de que forma uma série de concepções fenomenológicas (como transcendência, epoché e redução) são expostas por Schaeffer no próprio texto do Traité. No quarto capítulo, descrevemos a \"Teoria das quatro escutas\" e demonstramos em que sentido ela pode ser entendida como uma análise intencional da escuta. No quinto e último capítulo, apresentamos os dois principais resultados da análise intencional da escuta: em primeiro lugar, a correlação entre a escuta do físico e do músico; em segundo lugar, o reconhecimento de que o objeto sonoro representa uma síntese de um dualismo estrutural. Na conclusão, discutimos rapidamente as consequências da fenomenologia schaefferiana para o Programa da Pesquisa Musical proposto por Schaeffer nos Livros finais do Traité. / Pierre Schaeffer\'s (1910-1995) Traité des Objets Musicaux is a work which aims at a radical revision of the theoretical foundations of music. In this sense, it can be considered as one of the most important treatises ever written. Among the many topics covered in his Traité, Schaeffer investigates the sound as it is heard, i. e. the sound as a phenomenon. In the first chapter I provide a brief historical background, trying to expose some of the reasons for Schaeffer\'s choice of this specific approach towards the sound. Faced with a crisis of both production and theoretical knowledge of music, many aesthetic trends adopted as fundament the model of hard sciences and acoustical physics. The result was what Schaeffer called \"a priori music\". This approach is rejected by him on the basis that our perception of sound cannot be reduced to measurements that merely describe the acoustic signal. As an alternative, Schaeffer proposes to carry out a fundamental music research which conceives music as an interdiscipline and, above all, approaches the sound as a phenomenon (i.e. as a sound object). In the second chapter, I point out Schaeffer\'s phenomenological affiliation through analysis of his theoretical sources, i. e. Merleau-Ponty and Husserl. In this very chapter, I provide evidence for the fact that Schaeffer conceives the idea of sound object as an intentional object. The third chapter is devoted to the discussion of the origins of the concept of sound object, beginning with \"acousmatic\" and then analyzing how a series of phenomenological concepts (e.g. transcendence, epoché and reduction) is applied by Schaeffer in his Traité. The fourth chapter describes Schaeffer\'s \"Theory of Listening\" and discusses in what sense it can be understood as an intentional analysis of listening. In the fifth and final chapter, I present the two main results of the intentional analysis of listening: firstly, the correlation between the listening of a physicist and that of a musician; secondly, the recognition that the sound object represents a synthesis of a structural dualism. In conclusion, I briefly summarize the consequences of schaefferian phenomenology for the program of musical research proposed by Schaeffer in the final books of his Traité

La thèse en question trace un parcours comparatif sur les approches créatrices et technologiques qui ont été développées au GRM (Groupe de Recherches Musicales) et à l’EMS (Elektronmusikstudion) de 1965 à 1980. Cette recherche vise à étudier les interactions principales entre les concepts musicaux des pionniers des musiques électroacoustiques en France et en Suède, Pierre Schaeffer et Knut Wiggen et l’évolution des directions artistiques au sein de leur institutions. Notre étude sera traitée en fonction de deux approches méthodologiques empruntées par la linguistique, diachronique et synchronique : dans la première partie de la thèse, nous ferons une synthèse historique des genres musicaux qui ont influencé les directions artistiques du GRM et de l’EMS ainsi que la comparaison de leur organisation institutionnelle concernant la création musicale, la recherche technologique et les réflexions de Schaeffer et de Wiggen. Par la suite, la deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur l’analyse musicale des œuvres sélectionnées dans le corpus du GRM et de l’EMS. Cette étude synchronique s’appuie ainsi sur le problème de l’analyse des musiques acousmatiques. En suivant la théorie tripartite de J. Molino développée par J.J. Nattiez et S. Roy concernant les niveaux poïétique-neutre-esthésique d’une œuvre d’art, une reconstruction d’une trace visuelle est réalisée dans le cadre de l’analyse du niveau neutre au moyen des symboles graphiques de Lasse Thoresen inspiré par la typo-morphologie de Schaeffer. Les résultats tirés de cette analyse serviront de justification avec les données poïétiques externes pour la comparaison finale des significations hypothétiques des pièces. En conclusion, le but de cette thèse est d’explorer une méthode d’analyse inspirée par la sémiologie tripartite pour une meilleure compréhension des musiques acousmatiques et d’établir une documentation historique sur le(s) style(s) musicaux qui prédominent majoritairement les années 1960 et 1970 au GRM et à l’EMS en fonction du développement technologique. / The current research is a comparative study investigating the development of creative and technological approaches at GRM (Groupe de Recherches Musicales) and EMS (Elektronmusikstudion) from 1965 to 1980. The thesis examines the main interactions between two pioneers of electroacoustic music in France and in Sweden, namely, Pierre Schaeffer and Knut Wiggen and the evolution of artistic directions within their institutions. The comparative method borrows two main perspectives from linguistics, such as diachronic and synchronic. To this direction, the first part of the thesis evaluates a sort of historical synthesis of musical genres, which lead the artistic directions of those two studios, including their institutional organization, musical creation, technological research as well as Schaeffer’s and Wiggen’s musical concepts. The second part of the thesis focuses on pioneer works analysis in order to explore closely compositional ideas and the problem of acousmatic music analysis. The analysis method is based on Jean Molino’s tripartite theory developed by J.J. Nattiez (poietic/neutral/esthesic level of an art work) and Stéphane Roy, which contributes to analyze the compositional structure, organization and the composer’s style related to technological equipment of the studios. The first step of music analysis reconstructs a sort of transcription within the neutral level analysis by means of Lasse Thoresen’s graphical symbols inspired by Schaeffers’s typo-morphology. The second step seeks to confront the neutral level results with external poietic information in order to explore and to compare some hypothetical significations of analyzed musical pieces. In conclusion, the end goal is to determine a methodology inspired by the tripartite theory for an in-depth understanding of acousmatic music analysis and to establish a historical documentation on French and Swedish electroacoustic music within the development of technology.

Les recherches entreprises sur Olivier Messiaen présentent encore de nombreuses lacunes bien que cet artiste figure parmi les compositeurs les plus connus et les plus influents du XXe siècle. Puisant à des sources primaires négligées dans les Archives nationales, la Médiathèque du CNSMDP, la fondation Sacher et des collections privées, cette thèse se penche sur trois aspects mal connus de cette figure phare de la modernité : la formation musicale de Messiaen au Conservatoire national de Paris pendant les années 1920 et les liens de sa musique avec les traditions pédagogiques de cet établissement, le développement de sa technique d’emprunt, de transformation et de juxtaposition des musiques préexistantes dans son œuvre pendant les années 1930 et 1940 et, enfin, ses expériences dans les domaines de la musique microtonale et de la musique concrète. Ce travail met en évidence plusieurs œuvres oubliées du compositeur et reconsidère notre compréhension de sa manière de composer. / Despite his place of privilege among the best-known and most influential composers of the twentieth century, the state of current research on Olivier Messiaen leaves much room for development. This study focuses on three understudied aspects of this major modern figure drawing from neglected primary sources in the French National Archives, the Mediathèque of the Paris Conservatory, the Sacher Stiftung, and private collections, notably 1º Messiaen’s eductation at the Paris Conservatory during the 1920s and the relationship of his music to the institutions pedagogical traditions, 2º the development of Messiaen’s technique of borrowing, transforming and juxtaposing pre-existing music in his compositions during the 1930s and 1940s, and finally, 3º Messiaen’s experimentation in the domains of microtonal music and musique concrète. The current study brings to light many of the composer’s forgotten or lesser-known works and reconsiders our understanding of how he composed.

Jean-Philippe Rameau affirme que l'harmonie a pour principe la basse fondamentale. Il soutient également que cette basse fondamentale est quelque chose qui peut se sentir dans la pratique musicale. Néanmoins, il ne considère pas ce sentiment comme une justification suffisante pour son principe. En conséquence, il n'explique pas précisément en quoi ce sentiment peut consister, et préfère donner des arguments physico-mathématiques.La présente thèse traite du problème suivant: qu'est-ce donc que sentir la basse fondamentale, et ce sentiment est-il réellement inapte à justifier ce concept? Pour y répondre, il faut prêter attention aux opérations par lesquelles le lecteur de Rameau est invité à cultiver sa sensibilité à l'harmonie. Il s'agit de commenter ces opérations à l'aide de la phénoménologie de Husserl. Pour produire une phénoménologie de la basse fondamentale, il importe de décrire les sons avec plus de précision que Rameau ne le fait dans ses traités. Cela peut être réalisé grâce au solfège généralisé de Pierre Schaeffer.Mais pour cela, un travail préparatoire est nécessaire. L'introduction vise à montrer qu'il n'y a rien d'étrange, pour traiter de l'harmonie du dix-huitième siècle, à se servir des travaux de Schaeffer. Les quatre premiers chapitres ont pour but de clarifier le concept de basse fondamentale. Les quatre derniers visent à produire une phénoménologie de certains aspects du son, de l'harmonie et de la basse fondamentale. Il apparaît alors que le sentiment peut effectivement justifier la décision de considérer la nasse fondamentale comme le principe de l'harmonie; mais une telle justification n'a pas toute la force que recherchait Rameau. / Jean-Philippe Rameau has claimed that the fundamental bass is the principle of harmony. He also presents this fundamental bass as something which can be felt in musical practice. Nevertheless, he doesn't consider that feeling as a sufficient justification for his principle. As a consequence, he doesn't explain precisely what that feeling consists in, and he prefers to develop some physical and mathematical arguments to prove his theory.This thesis deals with the following issue: what is it like to feel the fundamental bass, and does this feeling really offer no sufficient justification for that concept? To answer those questions, attention has to be paid to the operations by which Rameau's reader is supposed to cultivate his own sensibility to harmony; and they shall be commented with the help of husserl's phenomenology. To provide a phenomenology of the fundamental bass, it is necessary to describe sounds more precisely than Rameau does in his treatises. Such a description shall be achieved thanks to Pierre Schaeffer's generalized solfeggio.But to make it possible, some preliminary work is required. An introduction shall argue that there is nothing strange in using Schaeffer's work to deal with harmony of the eighteenth century. The first four chapters are intended to clarify the concept of fundamental bass. The last four chapters are intended to produce a phenomenology of some aspects of sound, harmony and fundamental bass. At the end of this thesis, it appears that feeling can justify the fundamental bass to be considered as the principle of rules; but this justification does not have the strength Rameau was looking for.

This thesis aims at developing conceptual and methodological tools in order toadapt sound within the textile design area. Occupational groups working with soundare to a large extent problem driven. Accordingly, textile designers working withsound- affecting properties of textiles concentrate on their dampening qualities. Theambition with this research project is to make suggestions how textile designers canwork practically with textile sound design, in a more nuanced way.The overall aim of the thesis is to develop a vocabulary to make textile designersable to express the sound affecting qualities of textiles in a language full of nuances.As a starting-point the thesis briefl y describes commonly used methods andprocesses used to describe the expressiveness of a design, followed by a morethoroughly analyze of the textile design process illustrated by a practical example.These studies constitute a foundation to make it possible to see in what way thesemethods and processes will be affected when sound is added as new design tool.By studies of two sound design models, the fi rst attempts to develop a vocabularyconcerning how to describe sound affecting qualities of a textile are developed.Research focusing on language issues, especially on the development of conceptualtools done at the research institute CRESSON, provides descriptive soundconcepts, “sound effects”, embracing the interaction between human and his soundenvironment. These concepts are followed by a model of how to describe just asound or “sound object” in “itself” (not in relation to anything else), developed byPierre Schaeffer. These theoretical models have been complemented with empiricalstudies in form of a survey, named LISTEN. Interviews were performed from aphenomenological perspective. A number of informants were asked to tell aboutthe sound environment and single sounds occurring at their working places. Theinterviews were interpreted from a phenomenographic perspective. A number ofdesign projects are fi nally presented as practical examples of different ways to workwith textiles and sound.The theoretical models provided by Schaeffer have been used to make the fi rstsystematic attempts to describe sound environments; sounds and textiles soundaffecting properties.Since the model presented by Schaeffer is developed to be used within musicalcomposition the concepts have to be additionally modifi ed to be a useful tool withinthe textile design area. The thesis presents just the fi rst attempts to use this model.The next step to take in the research project is to adjust the theoretical systems ofCRESSON and Schaeffer to suit the special area of textile design. The interactiveideas of a sound-affecting textile will also be a subject of further development.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de marcar uma viés de recepção sugerido por uma das obras mais representativas da musique concrète: a Symphonie pour un Homme Seul. Propõe delimitar, através da abordagem especificamente desta obra, a poética do uso da voz e dos sons corporais nesta prática musical que sofreu uma influência direta da criação dramática radiofônica por via do desvio do ambiente de criação do rádio para a música, efetuado por seu criador, Pierre Schaeffer. O viés da recepção levantado na obra e destacado pela pesquisa consiste em uma Escuta da Intimidade, conceito que se refere a um vetor de identificação na escuta trazido por via de traços sonoros deixados pelas manifestações do corpo e inscritos na obra. Este vetor pode se dar, seja por uma noção imaginária de proximidade entre a emissão virtual dos sons e o lugar da escuta, seja pela sugestão de uma intencionalidade no ouvinte que toma por seus os sons escutados, como se os tivesse emitido. Estes traços da intimidade são trazidos pela influência da poética radiofônica e são inscritos de forma contínua no seu suporte - a gravação sonora. A partir da análise das estratégias composicionais de um dos movimentos da obra, Erotica, e da comparação de seu original com uma versão realizada em performance, espera-se salientar as particularidades de sua inscrição sonora, as quais decorrem na escuta da intimidade que pontuamos aqui. / Our aim in this work is to point out a possible strategy of reception enabled by one of the most representative works of Musique Concrète: the Symphonie pour un homme seul. It also proposes to understand the use of a \"poetics of the voice\" and of bodily sounds in such musical practice, which are the result of the influence of the radiophonic drama via a departure from the media of radio to music operated by its creator, Pierre Schaeffer. The specific strategy of reception brought by the Symphonie and pointed out in our work consists in a Listening of Intimacy. This concept refers to a kind of listening that identifies bodily traces left inscribed in the music. This vector of listening can be seen as much as an imaginary proximity between the sounding sources and the listener´s position, as a suggestion of an intentionality on the listener, which takes as yours the sounds he listened as if they came from his own emission. Those intimacy traces are brought together by the influence of the radiophonic poetics and are inscribed in the material support of the works - the audio recording. From the analysis of one of the movements of the piece, Erotica, and the comparison of the orginal version with a transcription for performance with live musicians, we hope to put forward the specificities of its (sound inscription, which results on the listening of intimacy that we hereby present. viii

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de marcar uma viés de recepção sugerido por uma das obras mais representativas da musique concrète: a Symphonie pour un Homme Seul. Propõe delimitar, através da abordagem especificamente desta obra, a poética do uso da voz e dos sons corporais nesta prática musical que sofreu uma influência direta da criação dramática radiofônica por via do desvio do ambiente de criação do rádio para a música, efetuado por seu criador, Pierre Schaeffer. O viés da recepção levantado na obra e destacado pela pesquisa consiste em uma Escuta da Intimidade, conceito que se refere a um vetor de identificação na escuta trazido por via de traços sonoros deixados pelas manifestações do corpo e inscritos na obra. Este vetor pode se dar, seja por uma noção imaginária de proximidade entre a emissão virtual dos sons e o lugar da escuta, seja pela sugestão de uma intencionalidade no ouvinte que toma por seus os sons escutados, como se os tivesse emitido. Estes traços da intimidade são trazidos pela influência da poética radiofônica e são inscritos de forma contínua no seu suporte - a gravação sonora. A partir da análise das estratégias composicionais de um dos movimentos da obra, Erotica, e da comparação de seu original com uma versão realizada em performance, espera-se salientar as particularidades de sua inscrição sonora, as quais decorrem na escuta da intimidade que pontuamos aqui. / Our aim in this work is to point out a possible strategy of reception enabled by one of the most representative works of Musique Concrète: the Symphonie pour un homme seul. It also proposes to understand the use of a \"poetics of the voice\" and of bodily sounds in such musical practice, which are the result of the influence of the radiophonic drama via a departure from the media of radio to music operated by its creator, Pierre Schaeffer. The specific strategy of reception brought by the Symphonie and pointed out in our work consists in a Listening of Intimacy. This concept refers to a kind of listening that identifies bodily traces left inscribed in the music. This vector of listening can be seen as much as an imaginary proximity between the sounding sources and the listener´s position, as a suggestion of an intentionality on the listener, which takes as yours the sounds he listened as if they came from his own emission. Those intimacy traces are brought together by the influence of the radiophonic poetics and are inscribed in the material support of the works - the audio recording. From the analysis of one of the movements of the piece, Erotica, and the comparison of the orginal version with a transcription for performance with live musicians, we hope to put forward the specificities of its (sound inscription, which results on the listening of intimacy that we hereby present. viii

No description available.

This dissertation is a thorough examination of the problems modern composers of electronic music face when writing or discussing acousmatic music as derived from Pierre Schaeffer. By taking a close examination of Schaeffer's own writings on the subjects of reduced listening and acousmatic sounds, I illustrate the difficulties and inconsistencies in Schaeffer's philosophy and the problems that his reliance on Husserl's phenomenology creates. Further examination of criticisms of Husserl from Derrida and Heidegger highlight the ways that Schaeffer's phenomenology needs to be updated for the modern acousmatic composer. Articles by modern acousmatic composers such as Adrian Moore, Denis Smalley, Simon Emmerson, and others illustrate how artists have dealt with the problems in Schaeffer's ideas and the inconsistent ways they have applied his principles of sound and the sound object. I argue that a new method of musical meaning as a method of composition and analysis is necessary to resolve these conflicts and inconsistencies. This method is found in the writings of J.L. Austin, and Ludwig Wittgenstein through Andrew Chung, who places significant emphasis on the actions and effects that music takes. By reframing the acousmatic problem through meaning-as-use, I attempt to modernize Schaeffer's conceptions of sound and emphasize the significance of the ways that sound is used by composers as the crux of a modern acousmatic praxis.