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Cross Sensitization of Depressive-Like Behavior through Two Depression Related Paradigms: Maternal Separation and Its Effect on the Forced Swim Test In the Guinea PigSchreibeis, Amanda Danielle January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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A Finite Element Simulation of the Temporomandibular Joint of a PigDalne, Sarang G. January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Efficacy of rotavirus-like particle vaccines and pathogenesis of human rotavirus evaluated in a gnotobiotic pig modelAzevedo, Marli S. P. 09 March 2005 (has links)
No description available.
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The role of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in the alteration of hepatic fuel utilization throughout the perinatal period of the pigCampbell, Jenny A. 18 February 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Determining the role of interleukin-1β in the Hartley guinea pig model of primary osteoarthritisSantangelo, Kelly Susan 21 March 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Diabetes Affects the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Like Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Digestive TractPalus, Katarzyna, Bulc, Michal, Calca, Jaroslaw, Zielonka, Lukasz, Nowicki, Marcin 03 January 2024 (has links)
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common complication, which develops in patients with
long-term diabetes. The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide known for its cytoprotective properties and plays an important role in neuronal development,
neuromodulation and neuroprotection. The present study was designed to elucidate, for the first time,
the impact of prolonged hyperglycaemia conditions on a population of PACAP-like immunoreactive
neurons in selected parts of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. The experiment was conducted on
10 juvenile female pigs assigned to two experimental groups: The DM group (pigs with streptozocin-induced diabetes) and the C group (control pigs). Diabetes conditions were induced by a single
intravenous injection of streptozocin. Six weeks after the induction of diabetes, all animals were
euthanised and further collected, and fixed fragments of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
and descending colon were processed using the routine double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia caused a significant increase in the population of
PACAP-containing enteric neurons in the porcine stomach, small intestines and descending colon.
The recorded changes may result from the direct toxic effect of hyperglycaemia on the ENS neurons,
oxidative stress or inflammatory conditions accompanying hyperglycaemia and suggest that PACAP
is involved in regulatory processes of the GIT function in the course of diabetes.
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ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN REDUCING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF STRESSFUL EVENTS IN THE PIGCandace Moriah Young (13171671) 29 July 2022 (has links)
<p>Two experimentswere conducted using pigs at different life stages to determine the effects of dietary tryptophan and water delivered oregano essential oil on growth performance, rectal temperature, water use,intestinal integrity and gene expression of biomarkers in the face heat or transport stress. In the first experiment, 192 grow-finish pigs were used to investigate the effects of water supplementation of oregano essential oil (OEO) on growth performance, water intake, rectal temperature, intestinal integrity, and expression of genetic biomarkers during an acute heat challenge. Pigs were randomly allotted to 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with pigs being heat stressed or not and being supplemented with OEO or not with 8 replicate pens of each treatment with 6 pigs/pen (4 barrows, 2 gilts per pen). Water treatments were administered immediately, with dosing at 47 μL/L of OEO. One-half of the pigs on each water treatment remained under thermoneutral conditions (TN; 21.1C), while the other half was subjected to a 3 d diurnal, acute heat stress (HS) with 12 hours at 33.3 oC (7AM-7PM) and 12 hours at 26.7oC (7PM-7AM). Three days post-HS, temperatures were reduced back to TN for the rest of the study, and pigs remained on their water treatments. Rectal temperatures were collected in the morning and evening of the heat stress period on one barrow and one gilt in each pen. Jejunal tissue was collected for subsequent histological examination and determination of gene expression. All data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (ver. 9.4). Pigs subjected to heat stress had reduced ADG (P < 0.003) and G:F (P < 0.008) during the 3d heat stress compared to pigs reared under thermoneutral conditions. However, post-heatstress, heat stressed pigs had compensatory gain resulting in increased ADG (P < 0.001) and G:F (P < 0.001) compared to thermoneutral reared pigs. Overall, there was an interaction (P < 0.006) observed between water and heat treatment with OEO increasing ADG in thermoneutral pigs but not in heat stressed pigs. Similarly, interactions between water and heat treatment were observed for ADFI during heat stress (P < 0.004), post heat stress (P < 0.01), and overall (P < 0.004) from increasing OEO intake in thermoneutral pigs but not in heat stressed pigs. Rectal temperatures were higher (P < 0.001) for heat stressed pigs at the end of d 1 and 2 of the acute heat challenge compared to TN housed pigs. Pigs exposed to HS also used more water than pigs housed in a thermoneutral environment (P < 0.002). There were no differences between villi height, crypt depth or VH:CD between treatment groups (P >0.05). There was also no difference in TP53 and CDKNA1 gene expression among treatments (P > 0.10). In the second experiment, 36 barrows were used in an 18d experiment to investigate the effects of pre-weaning tryptophan supplementation on performance and intestinal integrity following weaning with or without transport stress at weaning. Pigs were randomly allotted to 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments of pre-weaning tryptophan supplementation or not and weaning transport or not. Pigs on the tryptophan treatment received 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 g Trp/d in 5 day intervals, beginning 15 d prior to weaning.Tryptophan was dissolved in chocolate milk and administered by oral gavage with control pigs receiving milk only. At weaning, 4 pigs from each pre-weaning treatmentwere euthanized for collection of jejunal tissue. Of the remaining pigs, half the pigs oneach treatment were transported for 12 h, and half were moved into individual pens with no transport. Following transport, all pigs were individually housed and provided ad libitum access towater andfeed from a common diet. On d 3 post-weaning, all pigswere euthanized for collection of jejunal tissue. Jejunal tissue was used for histological examination and for determination of gene expression. All data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (9.4). No effects of Trp supplementation were observed on pre-weaning (P > 0.10) growth. Pig BW and ADFI were unaffected (P > 0.10) by Trp supplementation and transport at weaning. Post-weaning, there was a tendency (P < 0.06) for an effect of transport on ADG as transported pigs lost weight in the 3 d post-weaning period while non-transported pigs gained slightly. Gain:Feed post-weaning was lower (P < 0.04) for transported pigs compared to non-transported pigs. No differences were observed for villus base and mid width, villus height, crypt depth or villus height:crypt depth. There was a tendency for an interaction of transportation and Trp supplementation (P < 0.06) on villi base width driven by an increased villus width in non-transported pigs given supplemental Trp but a decrease in villus width in transported pigs given supplemental Trp.These results conclude that these alleviating agents had minimal effects when pigs were stressed, however TN grow-finish pigs benefitted from OEO water supplementation among growth performance.</p>
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DEVELOPMENT OF ROBUST ANIMAL MODELS FOR VITAMIN C FUNCTIONYu, Rosemary 10 1900 (has links)
<p>Vitamin C inhibits the oxidation of biologically important molecules and may have a potential protective role against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. Clinically relevant models of vitamin C function are essential for understanding the role of the antioxidant in the pathogenesis of these complex diseases, and its therapeutic potential. In this thesis, we examine ascorbic acid synthesis and deficiency in animal models, and develop these animal models into powerful tools to examine specific questions of vitamin C function. This thesis first presents a review on the existing animal models for antioxidant function in human nutrition, focusing on their clinical relevance in chronic diseases. We concluded that equivocal proof of beneficial effects of high dose antioxidant supplementation has not been established, and further investigations of animal models of antioxidant function are needed to resolve outstanding questions.</p> <p>We then examined the feasibility and efficacy of an alternative vitamin C delivery method using gene therapeutic lentivirus vectors in a guinea pig model of vitamin C function. The guinea pig exhibits an inactivated gulonolactone oxidase gene (<em>Gulo</em>), which is required for endogenous ascorbic acid synthesis, and as such must acquire vitamin C from the diet. Using a lentivirus vector carrying the mouse <em>Gulo</em> under the murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) promoter, which was previously developed as a part of my undergraduate thesis, we examined the ability of this gene therapeutic vector to mediate the expression of GULO and the production of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs. At a titre of 10<sup>10</sup> viral particles per animal, the life of lentivirus-treated guinea pigs were prolonged by 35 days compared to the scorbutic control, which was given an ascorbic acid-free diet. Ascorbic acid was produced in the liver of the treated guinea pigs, but the amount produced was not sufficient to elevate plasma concentrations or fully correct the metabolic deficiency. We conclude that lenti-mCMV-<em>Gulo</em> is able to mediate the expression of GULO and endogenous production of vitamin C in guinea pigs.</p> <p>To test the role of vitamin C in cancer etiology and outcome, we are currently in the process of introgressing the <em>Gulo</em><sup>-/-</sup> inactivation mutation, developed by Maeda <em>et al.</em> in 2000, from the C57BL/6 strain background into the FVB/N strain background. The FVB/N strain is also the background for several models of <em>erbB2/neu</em> overexpression in human breast cancer, associated with increased metastasis and low patient survival rates. Taken together, this thesis develops two animal models of vitamin C function, which can be employed in future applications.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
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The Effect of Growth Hormone on Pig Embryo Development in Vitro and an Evaluation of Sperm-Mediated Gene Transfer in the PigBolling, Laura Clayton 28 November 2001 (has links)
The objective of part one of this study was to determine if the presence of porcine growth hormone (pGH) during oocycte in vitro maturation (IVM) affected subsequent embryo development. Pig cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) (n=987) were aspirated from slaughterhouse derived ovaries and cultured in BSA-free NCSU 23 medium containing porcine follicular fluid (10% v/v), cysteine (0.1 mg/ml) and hormonal supplements (eCG and hCG, 10 IU/ml each), 10 ng/ml EGF, and with or without pGH (100 ng/ml) for 22 h. The COC were then cultured in the same medium with or without 100 ng/ml pGH, but without hormonal supplements for an additional 22 h. After the completion of maturation culture, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were co-incubated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa for 8 h. Putative embryos were transferred to NCSU 23 containing 0.4% BSA and cultured for 144 h. Embryo development was assessed on d 6 of culture. The treatment groups were as follows: treatment 1 = control group cultured in IVM medium alone; treatment 2 = 100 ng/ml pGH present of the first 22 h of maturation culture and absent for the second 22 h of maturation culture; treatment 3 = 100 ng/ml pGH absent for the first 22 h of maturation culture, but present for the second 22 h of maturation culture; and treatment 4 = 100 ng/ml pGH present throughout the entire IVM period. Embryos were visually scored for developmental stage at 144 h following fertilization. Each oocyte in the study received a developmental score, based on a scale of 1 = uncleaved, 2 = 2-cell embryo, 3 = 4- to 8-cell embryo, 4 = 9- to 16-cell embryo, 5 = morula, and 6 = blastocyst. The addition of pGH did not affect porcine embryo development as compared to the control (1.57 ± .08, 1.67 ± .08, 1.47 ± .08, and 1.60 ± .08, respectively; P > .10). Replicates within the study differed significantly from each other (P < .01) primarily because the development in replicate 6 was greater than for all others. There was a significant treatment by replicate interaction (P < .05); pGH added during the first 22 h of IVM and pGH added during the second 22 h of IVM in replicate 6 resulted in higher development scores than for controls and continuous pGH addition. However, in replicate 2, continuous pGH resulted in the greatest development. These results suggest that pGH may exert a stimulatory effect on embryo development when present in the IVM media; however, further studies using pGH in IVM culture are necessary.
The objectives of the second part of the study were to examine aspects of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using membrane-disrupted spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and sperm-mediated gene transfer in the pig. Porcine oocytes were shipped overnight in maturation media at 39°C in a portable incubator. After 22 h of maturation culture, oocytes were washed in maturation medium without gonadotropins and cultured for an additional 22 h. Cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were divided into four treatment groups: treatment 1 = ICSI using membrane-damaged spermatozoa coincubated with linear green fluorescent protein (GFP) DNA; treatment 2 = ICSI using membrane damaged spermatozoa; treatment 3 = IVF with frozen-thawed spermatozoa coincubated with linear GFP DNA prior to IVF; treatment 4 = IVF with frozen-thawed spermatozoa with no DNA coincubation. Embryos were scored for developmental stage at 144 h following fertilization. Each oocyte in the study received a developmental score, based on a scale of 1 = uncleaved, 2 = 2-cell embryo, 3 = 4-cell embryo, 4 = 5- to 8-cell embryo, 5 = 9- to 16-cell embryo, 6 = morula, and 7 = blastocyst. Although no overall difference in development score was observed following the four different treatments, a treatment difference among cleaved oocytes was observed when comparing only the two ICSI treatments (P < .05); development scores were greater in the ICSI treatment in which sperm were not coincubated with linear GFP DNA prior to injection than when the coincubation was performed (3.76 ± .21 vs. 3.13 ± .17, respectively). No differences in development score were observed in the two IVF treatments. The percentage of embryos expressing the GFP transgene on d 6 of culture following fertilization was 7.3% in the ICSI+GFP group and 0% in all other treatment groups. Thus, sperm-mediated gene transfer using ICSI in the pig has been demonstrated, although success rates were low. / Master of Science
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Study of Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Therapeutics Using Gnotobiotic Pig Models of Human Enteric VirusesYang, Xingdong 29 April 2015 (has links)
With the absence of gut microbiota, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs are a unique animal model for studying infection and immunity, and evaluating vaccine and therapeutics for human enteric pathogens. Here, we demonstrate Gn pigs as effective large animal models for human enteric viruses, through evaluating human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection and immunity, and vaccine and therapeutics for human rotavirus (HRV). Gn pigs could be infected via oral or oronasal route, the natural route of infection. Infected pigs developed clinical signs including fever, neurological and respiratory signs, similar to those seen in human patients. Fecal shedding up to 18 days post infection and virus distribution in intestinal, respiratory and central nervous system tissues were observed. Strong mucosal and systemic T cell responses (IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and systemic B cell responses (serum neutralizing antibodies) were also detected. The study demonstrates a novel large animal model for EV71 to investigate viral pathogenesis, immunity, and to evaluate vaccine and antiviral drugs. Using the well-established Gn pig model for HRV, the adjuvant and therapeutic effects of prebiotics rice bran (RB) and probiotics were evaluated. RB alone or RB plus probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), were shown to protect against rotavirus diarrhea (80%-100% reduction in the incidence rate) significantly and display strong immune - stimulatory effects on the immunogenicity of an oral attenuated HRV (AttHRV) vaccine. Mechanisms for the adjuvant effect include stimulating the production of intestinal and systemic IFN-γ] producing T cells and promoting mucosal IgA antibody responses. The mechanisms for reducing rotavirus diarrhea include promoting LGG and EcN growth and colonization and host gut health, and maintaining gut integrity and permeability during rotavirus infection. We showed that RB plus LGG and EcN is a highly effective therapeutic regimen against HRV diarrhea. Together, these results indicated that Gn pigs may serve as an excellent animal model for the study of infection, immunity, vaccine and therapeutics for human enteric viruses. / Ph. D.
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