The domestication of animals is a process of great interest to many scientific fields, including genetics. Differences in coat colour between wild and domesticated animals have been of scientific interest for a long time. Coat colours are easily recognizable phenotypes and so have been studied since the dawn of modern genetics. Many phenotypes that are similar across species have the same genetic basis, but there are numerous exceptions. Similar phenotypes within a species can also have different genetic backgrounds. The progressive advances in genetic research methodology have given new insights into both the molecular basis for coat colours and the history of domestication over the last decades. The variation in coat colours seen today is believed to be caused mainly by human selection. Similarities in morphological changes between different species during domestication, including colour phenotypes such as white spotting, have long been noted. This is known as the domestication syndrome and two major hypotheses for this have been suggested: the neural crest hypothesis and the thyroid hormone hypothesis. This thesis gives an overview of the current knowledge about the genetic basis of coat colours in mammals, the genetic aspects of domestication of animals, and how the two are related.

No / The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, -melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, are important mediators of human skin pigmentation via action at the melanocortin-1 receptor. Recent data suggests that such a regulatory role also exists for the endogenous opiate, -endorphin (-END). A role for this -END in the regulation of follicular pigmentation, however, has not been determined. This study was designed to examine the involvement of the -END/-opiate receptor system in human follicular melanocyte biology. We employed RT-PCR, and immunohisto/cytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy using -END and -opiate receptor specific antibodies and a functional role for -END was assessed by direct stimulation with the peptide. This study has demonstrated that human hair follicle melanocytes (HFM) express mRNA for the -opiate receptor and POMC. Furthermore, -END and its high affinity -opiate receptor are expressed at the protein level in glycoprotein100-positive follicular melanocytes and as a function of their anatomic location and differentiation status during the hair growth cycle. Functional studies revealed that -END is a modifier of HFM phenotype via its ability to upregulate melanogenesis, dendricity, and proliferation. These findings suggest a new regulatory role for -END in human HFM biology, providing a new research direction into the fundamental regulation of human hair pigmentation.

No / The skin pigment melanin is produced in melanocytes in highly specialized organelles known as melanosomes. Melanosomes are related to the organelles of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway and can have a low internal pH. In the present study we have shown that melanin synthesis in human pigment cell lysates is maximal at pH 6.8. We therefore investigated the role of intramelanosomal pH as a possible control mechanism for melanogenesis. To do this we examined the effect of neutralizing melanosomal pH on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in 11 human melanocyte cultures and in 3 melanoma lines. All melanocyte cultures (9 of 9) from Caucasian skin as well as two melanomacell lines with comparable melanogenic activity showed rapid (within 24 h) increases in melanogenesis in response to neutralization of melanosomal pH. Chemical analysis of total melanin indicated a preferential increase in eumelanin production. Electron microscopy revealed an accumulation of melanin and increased maturation of melanosomes in response to pH neutralization. In summary, our findings show that: (i) near neutral melanosomal pH is optimal for human tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis; (ii) melanin production in Caucasian melanocytes is suppressed by low melanosomal pH; (iii) the ratio of eumelanin/phaeomelanin production and maturation rate of melanosomes can be regulated by melanosomal pH. We conclude that melanosomal pH is an essential factor which regulates multiple stages of melanin production. Furthermore, since we have recently identified that pink locus product (P protein) mediates neutralization of melanosomal pH, we propose that P protein is a key control point for skin pigmentation. We would further propose that the wide variations in both constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation seen in the human population could be associated with the high degree of P-locus polymorphism.

Les mélanocytes, cellules responsables de la pigmentation de la peau et des poils, protègent les cellules des stress environnementaux, en particulier des rayonnements ultra-violets (UV) présents à la surface de la Terre. Les UV induisent des dommages moléculaires et régulent de nombreuses voies de signalisation en aval de MC1R, MAPK, PI3K, ou PKC. A court terme, les UV peuvent induire la mélanogenèse et à long terme participent à la mélanomagenèse. Dicer, protéine clef de la maturation des microARN, est régulée par différents stress. La protéine multifonctionnelle β-caténine est impliquée dans le développement des mélanocytes. Ces deux protéines participent à la régulation fine de l'expression génique. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence le rôle et la régulation de Dicer dans le lignage mélanocytaire dans des conditions normales et de stress (UVB). Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de Dicer dans la pigmentation et sa régulation dans le lignage mélanocytaire. Nous avons montré, in vivo dans un modèle murin, que Dicer est nécessaire à la fois à la mise en place du lignage mélanocytaire et au fonctionnement de ce lignage chez l'adulte. L'absence de Dicer dans le lignage mélanocytaire affecte la localisation des mélanocytes de la papille dermique du follicule pileux et empêche la pigmentation du poil. In vitro, la transcription de Dicer est régulée par différentes voies, en particulier par les protéines PI3K, RSK, GSK3β et β-caténine. L'activité répressive de β-caténine sur la transcription de Dicer est dépendante de sites LEF/TCF. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'implication de Dicer, en relation avec β-caténine, dans la réponse aux UVB. Nous avons mis en évidence in vivo et in vitro la relocalisation nucléaire et l'activation transcriptionnelle de β-caténine induites par les UV. Tout comme β-caténine, les UVB répriment la migration des mélanocytes in vitro. Nous avons montré in vitro que les UVB répriment l'expression de Dicer et que cette répression est dépendante de sites de fixation de facteurs de transcription, dont LEF/TCF, présents dans la région promotrice de Dicer. Une diminution de Dicer participe à la protection des mélanocytes contre les UVB. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de montrer le rôle de Dicer dans la pigmentation adulte et de mettre en évidence des voies de régulation de l'expression de Dicer dans les mélanocytes non stressés et dans les mélanocytes soumis à un stress UVB. / Melanocytes, cells responsible for pigmentation of the skin and hair, protect cells from environmental stress, especially ultra-violet radiations (UV) present on Earth floor. UV induce molecular damages and regulate many signaling pathways downstream of MC1R, MAPK, PI3K, or PKC. In the short term, UV can increase melanogenesis and in the long term, participate in melanomagenesis. Dicer, a key protein involved in microRNA maturation, is regulated by different types of stress. The multifunctional protein β-catenin is implicated in melanocyte development. These two proteins participate in fine regulation of gene expression. The goal of this thesis is to highlight the role and regulation of Dicer in the melanocyte lineage in normal and UVB stress conditions. In the first part, we focused on the role of Dicer in pigmentation and its regulation in the melanocyte lineage. We showed that, in a mouse model in vivo, Dicer is necessary for both establishment of melanocyte lineage and proper function of this lineage in adults. The lack of Dicer in the melanocyte lineage affects localization of melanocytes in the dermal papilla of hair follicles, preventing hair pigmentation. In vitro, Dicer transcription is regulated by different pathways, including PI3K, RSK, GSK3β and β-catenin. LEF/TCF sites mediate the repressive activity of β-catenin on Dicer transcription. In the second part, we focused on the implication of Dicer, in connection with β-catenin, in the response to UVB by melanocytes. We showed the nuclear relocalization and transcriptional activation of β-catenin induced by UV both in vivo and in vitro. Like β-catenin, UVB represses melanocyte migration in vitro. We showed in vitro that UVB represses Dicer expression and that this repression is dependent on transcription factors binding sites in the Dicer promoter region including LEF/TCF. Decreased level of Dicer participates in protection of melanocytes against UVB. This thesis work allowed us to show the role of Dicer in adult pigmentation and to highlight signaling pathways implicated in Dicer expression regulation in non-stressed melanocytes and in UVB-stressed melanocytes.

Près de la moitié des patients atteints de sclérodermie systémique (ScS) présentent des troubles de la pigmentation cutanée. La mélanogenèse est sous la dépendance, outre les facteurs épidermiques, de facteurs dermiques produits par les fibroblastes et les cellules endothéliales. Parmi ces facteurs se trouve NOV (CCN3) (protéine appartenant à la même famille que CTGF (CCN2), protéine pro-fibrotique augmentée dans la ScS) qui aurait un rôle anti-fibrotique. Nous souhaitons ainsi disséquer le lien entre la composante fibrotique dermique et la pigmentation épidermique. Pour cela, des biopsies cutanées ont été réalisées chez 21 patients ScS, en zone lésionnelle (scléreuse avec ou sans trouble de pigmentation) et non lésionnelle pour 12 d’entre eux. Ces biopsies ont été séparées en 3 fragments qui ont été soit fixés pour analyses histologiques et immunohistochimiques, soit congelés à -80°C pour analyse protéomique ou transcriptomique, soit dissociés pour isoler les cellules cutanées afin de les analyser en protéomique ou transcriptomique. Des témoins de peau et des cellules saines sont utilisées en contrôle. Nous avons dégagé deux types de troubles pigmentaires : une hyperpigmentation s’apparentant à un photo-vieillissement, et une dépigmentation péri-folliculaire apparaissant de manière précoce. Les niveaux d’expression de CCN2 et CCN3 varient chez les patients en fonction des données cliniques, aussi bien au niveau protéique qu’au niveau immunohistochimique. S’il existe des différences en fonction de l’atteinte pigmentaire, il semble que dans les fibroblastes sclérodermiques, la balance CCN2/CCN3 soit déséquilibrée tant au niveau de la zone lésionnelle que cliniquement non lésionnelle, suggérant que CCN2 et 3 pourraient être dérégulés intrinsèquement ou à des stades précoces. Ce travail pourrait aboutir à l’identification d’un phénotype précoce basé sur l’atteinte pigmentaire, et au développement d’une thérapie basée sur la rééquilibration du ratio CCN2/CCN3. / Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a rare but potentially deadly connective tissue disease. Its pathophysiology remains partly unknown but combines auto-immunity, small and large vessels involvement and fibrosis of the connective tissue, affecting all organs. Skin features are considered as diagnostic and prognosis markers and include for some patients the presence of pigmentary disorders. In this work, we looked into pigmentary disorders in SSc and their relationship with the pathophysiology of the disease. First, we analyzed the presence of pigmentary disorders among a local cohort of 239 patients as well as their association with systemic involvement in the disease. We have found that diffuse hyperpigmentation was associated with an increased risk of vascular involvement in SSc, particularly digital ulcers. Then, we investigated the molecular basis behind this association. Proteins of the CCN (CYR61 / CTGF / NOV) family are multimodular proteins secreted in the extra-cellular matrix, where they take part in numerous biological processes, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, collagen secretion. Within this family, CCN3 (also called NOV) is a promising candidate, being implicated both in angiogenesis and epidermal homeostasis. We studied CCN3 expression in the skin of SSc patients presenting or not pigmentary disorders, as compared to healthy controls. We found that CCN3 expression was particularly decreased in the dermal vessels in situ, as well as in endothelial cells in vitro. CCN3 inhibition in endothelial cells resulted in altered angiogenesis in vitro, through a decrease in cell migration. We also studied CCN3 expression in SSc epidermis. SSc patients presenting hyperpigmentation exhibited decreased CCN3 in their melanocytes as well as increased CCN3 in their keratinocytes, compared to patients without pigmentary disorders. Overall, CCN3 represents a promising therapeutic lead for SSc patients with vascular involvement, which could bespotted early thanks to the presence of hyperpigmentation.

La pigmentation de la peau résulte en grande partie de la présence de mélanine dans l’épiderme. Ce pigment est synthétisé par les mélanocytes puis transféré aux kératinocytes pour assurer une fonction photoprotectrice. Le transfert de mélanosomes nécessite une reconnaissance cellulaire entre mélanocytes et kératinocytes. L’interaction entre lectines et glycanes joue un rôle dans cette reconnaissance et peut constituer une cible d’intérêt pour le développement de produits à activité dépigmentante. Par ailleurs, les conditions du microenvironnement cutané, telles que le taux d’oxygène, sont cruciales pour l’homéostasie tissulaire. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre du projet FUI Glycoskin I, ont été : l’étude de la reconnaissance cellulaire entre mélanocytes et kératinocytes à travers l’interaction lectine-glycane, la caractérisation des mélanosomes sécrétés par les mélanocytes et la mise au point d’une méthode d’évaluation du transfert des mélanosomes aux kératinocytes pour tester l’activité de phosphoconjugués. D’autre part, nous avons étudié l’effet du taux d’oxygène sur le processus de mélanogénèse et sur l’interaction lectine-glycane. Nos résultats ont permis d’élucider les profils glycaniques et lectiniques à la surface des mélanocytes et des kératinocytes et de sélectionner des phosphoconjugués potentiellement inhibiteurs du transfert de mélanosomes aux kératinocytes. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’évaluation du transfert de mélanosomes aux kératinocytes afin de tester l’effet inhibiteur des phosphoconjugués. Nous avons identifié un phosphosaccharide inhibiteur de la reconnaissance entre mélanosomes et kératinocytes. Par ailleurs, ce projet constitue la première étude de la pigmentation en physioxie. Nous avons montré qu’un travail en physioxie induit des modulations des profils glycaniques et lectiniques, ainsi qu’une stimulation de la mélanogénèse. Ces résultats montrent l’importance de se placer en physioxie lors de l’étude de la mélanogénèse in vitro afin de se rapprocher au maximum des conditions physiologiques du microenvironnement cutané lors de l’évaluation de composés actifs. / Skin pigmentation is mostly due to the presence of melanin in the epidermis. This pigment is produced by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes, to play a photoprotective role. Melanosome transfer requires cellular recognition between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Lectin-glycan interaction plays a role in this phenomena and can be an interesting target for developing depigmenting products. Besides, the cutaneous microenvironment conditions, such as oxygen level, are crucial for tissular homeostasis. The aims of this work, as part of the Glycoskin I FUI project, were : to study cellular recognition between melanocytes and keratinocytes through lectin-glycan interaction, to characterize melanosomes released from melanocytes and to develop a method for the evaluation of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes in order to assess phosphoconjugate activity. Also, we studied the effect of oxygen level on melanogenesis and lectin-glycan interaction. Our results allowed to elucidate lectin and glycan profiles on the surface of melanocytes and keratinocytes and to select phosphoconjugates potentially able to inhibit melanosome transfer. We developed a method to assess melanosome transfer in order to test phosphoconjugates inhibiting effect. We identified one phosphosaccharide able to inhibit melanocytes-keratinocytes recognition. Furthermore, this project is the first study of pigmentation in physioxia. We showed that physioxia induces modulations of lectin and glycan profiles and stimulated melanogenesis. These results show the importance of physioxia conditions when studying melanogenesis in vitro to approach cutaneous physiological microenvironment when evaluating active compounds.

La fabrication fromagère a depuis longtemps réalisé sa révolution technologique avec la disparition progressive des techniques fermières et l'avènement des pratiques industrielles. Les cuves de cuivre ont été délaissées au profit du tout inox et l'utilisation du lait pasteurisé a augmenté. Néanmoins une part non négligeable des micro-organismes d'affinage provident encore d'un ensemencement spontané par le lait, l'environnement ou le matériel de fabrication. Cette flore naturelle est en grande partie à l'origine : (i) de la richesse et de la diversité organoleptiques des produits traditionnels, (ii) des différences observées entre un fromage industriel fabriqué avec du lait pasteurisé réensemencé avec un levain standard et un fromage " Apellation d'Origine Contrôlée au lait cru " de qualité. Compte tenu de l'évolution des pratiques de fabrication (renforcement des règles d'hygiène réduisant les sources naturelles d'ensemencement traitement du lait par pasteurisation ou microfiltration ; exigence de reproductibilité en utilisant des souches spécifiques présélectionnées), l'utilisation de flores d'affinage sous forme de ferments à additionner au lait doit être de plus en plus envisagée. Le secteur " artisanal " a un grand besoin de recherche et de développement (R&D) afin de conserver ses fabrications traditionnelles, comme les A.O.C qui représentent plus de 10% de la production fromagère en valeur. Les professionnels du fromage souhaitent identifier les souches les plus appropriées à chacun de leurs produits, afin de garantir leur typicité et une reproductibilité de fabrication. Les fromages à pâte molle et croûte lavée comme le Munter et l'Epoisses possèdent une croûte, appelée morge, allant du beige au brun, en passant par le jaune et le rouge-orangé. C'est cette couleur, en plus du caractère organoleptique particulier, que les fromagers cherchent à typer et à reproduire par l'utilisation des souches pigmentées. On a longtemps pensé que cette pigmentation était due uniquement au " ferment du rouge ", Brevibacterium linens. Mais des études récentes ont mis en évidence le rôle non négligeable d'autres bactéries sur la pigmentation de ces fromages, en particulier les corynébactéries et les microcoques. La recherche et la sélection de bactéries pigmentées sauvages par des méthodes simple à mettre en œuvre, la connaissance des mécanismes microbiologiques et moléculaires de la synthèse de pigments et de la coloration des fromages, permettraient de développer des cocktails de souches spécifiques à chaque production fromagère. La première phase du projet consistera en l'isolement de plusieurs centaines de souches sur des fromages issus de terroirs suivants : Epoisses, Reblochon, Munster, Livarot. Ensuite, pour chaque A.O.C., 25 souches d'Arthrobacter correspondant à des teintes variables seront caractérisées d'un point de vue pigmentation :- aspect, teinte sur milieu gélosés,- cinétiques de production en milieu solide et en milieu liquide,- cultures en masse, méthodes d'extraction des pigments,- quantité de pigments produite (production volumique mg/L de milieu) (production spécifique mg/g MS),- valeurs spectrocolorimétriques (L a*b*C*h),- profil HPLC,- HPLC-MS,- RMN des pigments purifies. Les facteurs influençant la production de pigments (substrats ; cultures mixtes-levures désacidifiantes / bactéries ; lumière…) seront étudiés, en portant l'accent sur des milieux de type fromage, voire des caillés modèles. / Smear-ripened soft cheeses, characterized by their orange-red color on rind, are dairy products widely consumed in Europe. The surface color is due essentially to carotenoids, in combination with other pigments, produced by the cheese microflora during ripening. Arthrobacter sp. is one of the major microorganisms occurred on the surface of cheeses, particularly in smear-ripened cheeses, where it is assumed to be responsible for yellow pigmentation of the cheese rind because of its characteristic overall color and its involvement at the different stages of cheese ripening. Pigment-producing microorganisms are commonly found in the nature. Nowadays, pigment-producing microorganisms have been increasing of interest in many scientific disciplines and applications have broadened in the industry because of their biotechnological advantages. As the present trend entirely the world is shifting toward the use of eco and biodegradable products, the requirement for natural ingredients, especially natural colorants, is increasing day by day. The first part of this thesis highlights the crucial role of microorganisms as potential sources of natural pigment production by reviewing a large number of research works related to pigments biosynthesized by microorganisms which were published over the past 10 years by private companies or academic laboratories, with an emphasis on pigments providing for the application in foods. Since the genus Arthrobacter is a group of metabolically versatile bacteria which widely distributed in nature, some parts of this thesis include the review presenting the possibility to produce pigmented Arthrobacter sp. biomasses as novel sources of food colorants; furthermore, the beneficial aspects of Arthrobacter sp. and their promising significances in the dairy industry are also addressed. Considering the significance of Arthrobacter sp. in smear-ripened cheeses, the economically important dairy products, the aim of research described in this thesis is to investigate the implication of this bacterium, particularly Arthrobacter arilaitensis, in the coloration of these cheeses in several aspects covering (i) diversity of pigment production among strains, (ii) kinetic of pigment synthesis, (iii) identification of chemical characteristic of pigments, (iv) colorimetric characterization of pigmentation, and (v) influences of environment i.e. light, pH, NaCl and deacidifying yeasts on the production and the color development of pigments. Among 14 strains of Arthrobacter arilaitensis studied, two groups depending on their ability of carotenoid production could be divided, carotenoid-producing and non-pigmented strains. A growth-associated pigmentation probably applied to indicate the kinetic of carotenoid synthesis by these strains. The diversity of pigment concentration among the carotenoid-producing strains was low, related to the characteristics of pigmentation determined by quantitative spectrocolorimetry. The HPLC-PDA-APCI-MS analysis of extracted pigments of a representative strains revealed 8 different carotenoids showing C50 decaprenoxanthin as the major accumulated carotenoids. Changes in the color development of A.arilaitensis strains under the influences of physical, chemical and biological factors were obtained through spectrocolorymetry. Three groups depending on a coloration behavior affected by light were illustrated e.g. positively sensitive, negatively sensitive and not sensitive to light. The acidic pH and high concentration of salt showed the efficiency inhibited effect on pigmentation of a representative strain of carotenoid-producing A. arilaitensis. In combination of pH and NaCl, deacidifying yeasts were obviously related to the pigment production of A. arilaitensis. The highest average value of color saturation were observed on the studied media deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii at pH 7.0, displaying intense yellow.

La plasticité phénotypique est la capacité d’un génotype donné à produire différents phénotypes en réponse à différents environnements tels que la température, la nutrition ou encore la présence de prédateurs. Ce phénomène permet aux individus de s’adapter à des environnements fluctuants. Il peut également faciliter l’évolution en élargissant la gamme de phénotypes produits par un génotype. Comme modèle de plasticité phénotypique, nous étudions la pigmentation abdominale chez les femelles Drosophila melanogaster. En effet, ce caractère est sensible à la température : les femelles drosophiles sont plus pigmentées lorsqu’elles se développent à basse température, particulièrement dans les segments abdominaux postérieurs. Les études précédentes du laboratoire ont montré que le gène tan (t), codant une enzyme de pigmentation, est beaucoup plus fortement exprimé à 18°C qu'à 29°C. Par ailleurs, ce gène joue un rôle essentiel dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la caractérisation du réseau de gènes impliqué dans la régulation de l’expression de t dans l’épiderme abdominal des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. J'ai également cherché à identifier, dans ce réseau, les acteurs pouvant médier l'effet de la température sur l'expression de t. A l'aide d'une approche gène candidat, j'ai montré que les facteurs de transcription Bric-à-Brac (Bab) et Abdominal-B (Abd-B) intervenaient dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale en régulant notamment t. De plus, j'ai réalisé un crible génétique ciblant 573 gènes codant des facteurs de transcription et des régulateurs de la chromatine afin d'identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de t. A l'issue de ce crible, j'ai obtenu une liste de 27 gènes impliqués dans cette régulation. J'ai ensuite commencé la caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux de ces candidats : forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) codant un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la voie de réponse à l'insuline et little imaginal discs (lid) codant une histone déméthylase. / Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition or presence of predators. This phenomenon allows the adaptation of individuals to their fluctuating environments. It can also facilitate evolution, as it broadens the range of phenotypes produced by a given genotype. As a model of phenotypic plasticity, we study the abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. Indeed, this trait is temperature-sensitive: drosophila females are darker when they develop at lower temperatures particularly in the posterior segments. In the laboratory, it has been previously shown, that tan (t), a gene encoding a pigmentation enzyme, is more expressed at 18°C than at 29°C. Moreover, this gene plays an essential role in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. During my thesis, I aimed to characterize the gene regulatory network involved in t regulation in the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster females. I also tried to identify, in this network, the actors mediating the effect of temperature on t expression. Using a candidate gene approach, I showed that the transcription factors Bric-à-brac (Bab) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) are involved in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation by regulating t. Furthermore, I performed a genetic screen targeting 573 genes encoding transcription factors and chromatin regulators to identify new regulators of t. At the end of this screen, I obtained a list of 27 genes involved in this regulation. I then started the functional characterization of two of these candidates: forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) encoding a transcription factor involved in the insulin response pathway and little imaginal discs (lid) encoding a histone demethylase.

Orientador: Marcelo Carnier Dornelas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T12:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bello_CarolinaCassanoMonte_M.pdf: 4096413 bytes, checksum: 81120541bfee4c3700b982f05823abef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A grande diversidade floral presente entre as espécies de Passiflora é o produto de diversas adaptações à grande variedade de polinizadores. A presença de um verticilo de filamentos denominado corona, entre os verticilos de pétalas e estames, é uma das principais características florais em Passiflora. Estes filamentos são de fundamental importância na interação com polinizadores e suas características (tamanho, forma, cor) estão sob forte pressão de seleção. A coloração dos filamentos da corona pode ter a mesma pigmentação do perianto, ou possuir cores contrastantes. Geralmente esta pigmentação é dada pela presença de antocianinas, garantindo um grande espectro de cores para as flores. Com frequência há uma distribuição diferencial dos pigmentos ao longo dos filamentos da corona. O estudo desta distribuição diferencial dos pigmentos permitiu a identificação de pelo menos 5 tipos de padrões de pigmentação da corona em Passiflora, sendo eles: "dégradée", bandeado e ponteado, bem como pigmentação uniforme e ausência aparente de pigmentação. Devido à grande importância da pigmentação da corona para o sucesso reprodutivo em Passiflora, propôs-se estudar a influência hormonal no processo de pigmentação desta estrutura. Pretendeu-se identificar o efeito da concentração de auxinas (por meio da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, 2,4-D, e um inibidor do transporte polar de auxina, o ácido naftil-ftalâmico, NPA) e de giberelinas (por meio da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico, GA3, e de um inibidor de sua síntese, o paclobutrazol, PACLO) na pigmentação de filamentos da corona em desenvolvimento das espécies de P. edulis, P. morifolia e P. suberosa, sendo os tratamentos hormonais realizados in vitro e in planta. Após as aplicações hormonais, os pigmentos florais foram analisados por espectrofotometria UV-vis. A aplicação de GA3 causou aumento da pigmentação floral e a aplicação de um inibidor de sua síntese, PACLO, causou a redução da pigmentação. A Aplicação de auxina (2,4-D) e um inibidor do seu transporte polar (NPA) tiveram efeitos similares no sentido da redução da pigmentação. Determinou-se o padrão de expressão, mediante RT-PCR e hibridização in situ, do gene MYB-R2R3/PACEPS7022E07 de P. suberosa, potencialmente envolvida na modulação da síntese de antocianinas, e demonstrou-se que o mesmo é expresso preferencialmente em órgãos florais / Abstract: The floral diversity present in the species of Passiflora is the product of several adaptations to the wide variety of pollinators. The presence of a whorl of filaments called corona, between the whorls of stamens and petals, is a major floral trait in Passiflora. These filaments are of fundamental importance in the interaction of pollinators and their characteristics (size, shape, color) are under strong selective pressure. The pigmentation of the corona filaments might have the same color of the perianth, or have contrasting colors. Generally the pigmentation is given by the presence of anthocyanins, ensuring a wide range of colors for the flowers. Often there is a differential distribution of pigment throughout the corona filament. Studying a variety of patterns of corona pigmentation, it was established that there are at least 5 types of pigmentation patterns in Passiflora: "dégradée", stripped and dotted, as well as uniformly pigmented and non-pigmented. Due to the great importance of the corona pigmentation for the reproductive success in Passiflora, we proposed to study the influence of hormones on the pigmentation process of this structure. In order to identify the effect of the application of auxins (through different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D, and of the inhibitor of auxin polar transport, naphthyl ftalamic acid, NPA) and gibberellins (through the application of different doses of gibberellic acid, GA3, and its synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, PACLO) in pigmentation of corona filament developing of species P. edulis, P. morifolia and P. suberosa, and hormonal treatments performed in vitro, in cultured corona filaments, and in planta spraying floral buds. For the verification of the effect of hormone applications, the flower pigments were analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-vis where only GA3 caused increased floral pigmentation contrary to PACLO, which caused the reduction of pigmentation. The auxin 2,4-D and an inhibitor of polar auxin transport, NPA had the same effect, reducing the floral pigmentation. We determined the pattern of expression (by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization) of the R2R3-MYB/PACEPS7022E07 gene of P. suberosa, potentially involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis, demonstrating that it is expressed preferentially in floral organs / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestra em Biologia Vegetal