O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união (RU) e a interface adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados e convencionais em canais radiculares achatados. Molares inferiores foram escaneados por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para a seleção de 22 raízes distais com canais radiculares achatados, levando em consideração a relação de diâmetro maior/menor entre 2,5 e 4,0 e de circularidade < 0,35. Foi realizado o preparo biomecânico com instrumento Reciproc R50 e obturação pela técnica de condensação lateral com cimento AH Plus. As raízes foram distribuídas em dois grupos (n=11) de acordo com o protocolo restaurador utilizado: raízes com preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro convencionais (WhitePost DC #0,5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brasil), e raízes sem preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados Comet Tail® #4 (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canadá). Os pinos foram submetidos a tratamento de superfície com ácido fluorídrico 10% e cimentados com cimento RelyX U200 de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após a cimentação dos pinos, os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura, obtendo-se 2 slices de cada terço (cervical, médio e apical). Os slices mais cervicais de cada terço foram utilizados para avaliar a RU, por meio do teste de push-out com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, e posterior análise do padrão de falha em estereomicroscópio. Os slices mais apicais de cada terço foram selecionados para análise da interface pino/cimento/dentina em microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumentos de 100, 1000, 2000 e 4000X. Os dados de RU e adaptação da interface cimento/dentina foram submetidos aos testes de distribuição normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk) e homogeneidade (Levene). Os resultados de RU foram expressos em valores médios (e desvios-padrão) e comparados entre grupos utilizando os testes ANOVA dois fatores com pós-teste de Tukey e os resultados da adaptação da interface foram expressos em porcentagem e comparados entre grupos por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunns, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise de variância dois fatores evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tipos de pino de fibra de vidro (convencional e multifilamentado), sendo que o pino convencional (2,61 ± 1,30) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado ao pino multifilamentado (1,59 ± 1,54) (P=0,008), no entanto, não houve diferença estatística para o fator terços radiculares (P=0,621) e nem para a interação dos fatores tipos de pino x terços radiculares (P=0,266). O padrão de falhas mostrou predominância de falhas adesivas mistas para os pinos convencionais e adesivas à dentina para os pinos multifilamentados. Já a análise da interface cimento/dentina por MEV, mostrou melhor adaptação do material restaurador no terço cervical para os pinos convencionais e nos terços médio e apical para os pinos multifilamentados. Conclui-se que os pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados apresentaram menores valores de resistência de união em relação aos pinos convencionais, com maior prevalência de falhas adesivas à dentina e melhor adaptação da interface adesiva nos terços médio e apical / The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength (BS) and the adhesive interface of multifilament and conventional glass fiber posts in flat-oval root canals. Mandibular molars were scanned by cone beam computed tomography for the selection of 22 distal roots with flat-oval root canals, with major / minor diameter ratio between 2.5 and 4.0 and <0.35 roundness. Biomechanical preparation with Reciproc R50 instrument and filling by lateral condensation technique with AH Plus sealer were performed. The roots were distributed in two groups (n = 11) according to the restorative protocol used: post space preparation with burs and conventional fiberglass post cementation (WhitePost DC # 0.5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brazil), or no post space preparation and #4 Comet Tail® multifilament fiberglass posts cementation (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canada). The posts surface were treated with 10% hydrofluoric acid and cemented with RelyX U200 resin cement according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. After the posts cementation, the teeth were sectioned transversely into 1 mm thick slices, obtaining 2 slices from each third (cervical, middle and apical). The cervical slices of each third were used to evaluate the BS by push-out test with 0.5 mm / min crosshead speed, followed by the analysis of the failure pattern by stereomicroscope. The apical slices of each third were selected for analysis of the post / resin cement / dentin interface by scanning electron microscopy with the following magnifications 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000X. The BS and adaptation of the resin cement / dentin interface data were submitted to normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene) tests. The BS results were expressed as mean values (and standard deviations) and compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with Tukey\'s post-test and interface adaptation results were expressed as percentages and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn\'s test, with a significance level of 5%. The two-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the fiberglass posts types (conventional and multifilament), and the conventional posts (2.61 ± 1.30) had the highest bond strength values when compared to the multifilament (1.59 ± 1.54) (P = 0.008), however, there was no statistically significant difference for the root thirds (P = 0.621) and for the interaction between the factors (P = 0.266). The failure pattern showed a predominance of mixed adhesive failures for the conventional posts and adhesive to dentin failures for the multifilament posts. The cement / dentin interface analysis by SEM showed a better adaptation of the restorative material in the cervical third for the conventional and in the middle and apical thirds for the multifilament posts. It can be concluded that the multifilament fiberglass posts had lower bond strength values compared to conventional posts, with a higher prevalence of adhesive to dentin failures and better adhesive interface adaptation for the middle and apical thirds

Les travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse s’effectuent dans le cadre du projet FIXAPIN. Ce projet, financé par la région Nouvelle Aquitaine, est mené en collaboration avec différentes entreprises (Gascogne Bois, Bardage Bois Neoclin, Lesbats Scieries d’Aquitaine, Scierie Labadie et FPBOIS) spécialisées dans le domaine du sciage du bois de pin maritime et l'Institut technologique FCBA. L’objectif du projet est de limiter voire d’empêcher l’exsudation de la résine généralement observée sur la surface des planches de bois de pin maritime utilisées en extérieur comme bardage. L’exsudation de la résine est un frein important à l’utilisation de ce bois en extérieur et ces recherches s’inscrivent dans une démarche d’amélioration continue de la qualité des produits de la filière du pin maritime.Le bois de pin maritime peut présenter un taux de résine supérieur à 10 % de sa masse. La résine est constituée d’environ 70 % de colophane (fraction solide) et de 30 % d’essence de térébenthine (fraction liquide et volatile). À la suite d’essais préliminaires, les recherches réalisées lors de cette thèse se sont concentrées sur l’optimisation du cycle de séchage du bois afin de fixer la résine dans les planches. Les propriétés thermiques de la résine associée à des analyses physico-chimiques ont été étudiées afin de mettre en place des procédures de séchage optimisées ayant pour but d’augmenter la température de ramollissement de la résine à un seuil supérieur à la température maximum atteignable par un bardage extérieur.Les résultats ont permis de démontrer l’efficacité d’un séchage/traitement thermique du bois à haute température (> 120 °C) permettant d’envisager la poursuite de ces travaux aux échelles pilotes puis industrielles. De plus, des séchages longs à basse température (< 60 °C) peuvent également représenter une voie prometteuse concernant le séchage du bois en séchoir traditionnel. / The work realised in the context of this thesis is carried out within the FIXAPIN project. This project, funded by the Nouvelle Aquitaine council, is carried out in collaboration with several companies (Gascogne Bois, Bardage Bois Neoclin, Lesbats Scieries d'Aquitaine, Scierie Labadie and FPBOIS) specialized in the sawing of maritime pine wood and the FCBA Technological Institute.The aim of the project is to limit or even to prevent the exudation of the resin generally observed on the surface of maritime pine wood boards used outdoors as wood siding. The resin exudation is a major constraint to the external use of this wood and this research project is part of a continuous improvement process of the maritime pine products quality.Maritime pine wood can have a resin amount greater than 10% of its mass. The resin consists approximately of 70% rosin (solid fraction) and 30% turpentine (liquid and volatile fraction). Based on preliminary tests, the research carried out during this thesis focused on optimizing the wood drying process in order to fix the resin in the wood boards. The thermal properties of the resin associated with physico-chemical analyses were studied in order to implement optimized drying procedures to increase the resin softening temperature to a threshold higher than the maximum temperature attainable by an exterior siding.The results have demonstrated the effectiveness of drying / heat treatment of wood at high temperature (> 120 ° C) to allow the pursuit of this work at pilot than industrial scales. Furthermore, long drying at low temperatures (<60 ° C) may also be a promising approach regarding the wood drying process in traditional kilns.

Os cães, por fatores diversos, acabam por apresentar dentes fraturados com ou sem exposição de polpa. Estas fraturas basicamente são identificadas como fraturas recuperáveis não complicadas, recuperáveis complicadas ou irrecuperáveis. As fraturas recuperáveis (localizadas apenas no esmalte e dentina) são tratadas com dentística restauradora. As recuperáveis complicadas (com lesões em esmalte, dentina e exposição do canal radicular) passam por tratamento endodôntico, podendo ser seguidas de restaurações metálicas. Os dentes mais comumente acometidos são os dentes caninos, superiores ou inferiores. Este trabalho em dentes artificiais simulando considerável destruição de sua porção coronal objetivou testar, após a adaptação da restauração metálica fundida, a resistência às fraturas no dente canino. Os dentes artificiais foram padronizados com uma técnica de replicação de raízes artificiais em molde de resina acrílica quimicamente ativada. Oitenta réplicas iguais de resina composta fotopolimerizável, padronizadas em tamanho e forma, foram construídas a partir desta técnica. Antes da reconstrução protética, aplicou-se o tratamento endodôntico, desobturação, preparo do canal radicular e moldagem. Proteticamente, um pino intrarradicular reto e outro curvo, ambos com núcleo para sustentar a coroa metálica fundida foram cimentados na porção coronal de cada raiz-réplica. Os núcleos e coroa metálica foram ambos ferulados ou estojados. Avaliou-se os dois tipos de restauração com pino intrarradicular curvos ou retos cimentados com cimento de fosfato de zinco ou resinoso para identificar o melhor conjunto restaurador. Os testes de resistência biomecânica de 80 raízes-réplicas foram divididos em 4 grupos com 20 corpos de prova para cada um dos grupos. Grupo 1: das raízes-réplicas com pino intrarradicular curvo cimentados com cimento resinoso. Grupo 2: das raízes-réplicas com pino intrarradicular curvo cimentados com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Grupo 3: das raízes-réplicas com pino intrarradicular reto cimentados com cimento resinoso. Grupo 4: das raízes-réplicas com pino intrarradicular reto cimentados com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Estes grupos foram submetidos a teste de força com pré-carga de 1,5 N, com velocidade de avanço constante de 0,05 mm por minuto em ponto pré- determinado (mésio-lateral vestibularizada) até ocorrência de fratura do conjunto ou parte dele em uma Máquina Universal Kratos. Com a avaliação biomecânica e estudo estatístico de Kruskall-Wallis, identificou-se que os dados obtidos não seguiram distribuição normal. Esta diferença mostrou-se com o p<0,05 na interpretação do teste. No caso de dados não paramétricos o post-hoc do Kruskal-Wallis foi o teste de U de Mann-Withney. Paralelamente, um estudo com análise de elementos finitos comparou os resultados obtidos. Não houve diferença significativa sobre o tipo de cimento utilizado ou que favorecesse o uso do pino reto ou do pino curvo, recaindo a escolha para o operador decidir de acordo com a melhor indicação para cada caso clínico / The dogs, by various factors, present fractured teeth with or without pulp exposure. These fractures are basically identified as recoverable fractures not complicated, recoverable complicated or unrecoverable. Recoverable fractures (located just on enamel and dentin) are treated with restorative dentistry. The complicated recoverable (with lesions in enamel, dentin and exposure of the root canal) need to undergo endodontic treatment, and may be followed by metallic restorations. The teeth most commonly affected are the canine teeth, upper or lower. This work on artificial teeth simulating considerable destruction of their coronal portions aimed to test, after the adaptation of the cast metal restoration, the fractures in the canine teeth. Artificial teeth were standardized with an artificial root replication technique in acrylic chemically activated resin impression. Eighty equal photopolimerized composite resin replicas, standardized in size and shape, were built with this technique. Before the prosthetic reconstruction, endodontic treatment, desobturation, root canal preparation and molding were done. Protetically an intrarradicular straight pin and another curved one, both to sustain core fused metal crown were cemented over the crown of each root replica. The cores and metal crown were both belted or sheathed. It was evaluated the two types of restorations with intrarradicular curved or straight pin cemented with zinc phosphate cement or resin to identify the best restorative set. The biomechanical resistance tests applied over the 80 replica roots were divided into 4 groups with 20 samples for each of the groups. Group1: roots with intrarradicular curved pin replicas cemented with resin cement. Group 2: roots with intrarradicular curved pin replicas cemented with zinc phosphate cement. Group 3: roots intrarradicular straight pin replicas cemented with resin cement. Group 4: roots intrarradicular straight pin replicas cemented with zinc phosphate cement. These groups were submitted to the test of strength with 1.5 N preload force, with constant speed rate of 0.05 mm per minute in a predetermined point (mesio-vestibular) until occurrence of fracture of the whole set or part of it in a Universal Machine Kratos. The Biomechanical evaluation and statistical study of Kruskall-Wallis, identified that the data obtained did not follow normal distribution. That difference showed up with the p < 0.05 in the interpretation of the test. In the case of parametric data post-hoc Kruskal-Wallis test of U of Mann-Whitney. At the same time, a study with finite element analysis compared the results obtained. There was no significant difference on the type of cement used or favoring the use of straight or curved intrarradicular pin, therefore it is up to the surgeon to decide according to the best indication for each clinical case

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-27T10:22:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariella Passarelli.pdf: 2929148 bytes, checksum: e883a287bf24bdda9fd08f7fd942fef8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T10:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariella Passarelli.pdf: 2929148 bytes, checksum: e883a287bf24bdda9fd08f7fd942fef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Introduction: The pain is a subjective experience that reaches about 30% of the Brazilian population. Becoming chronic, it starts having a psychosocial and economic impact to patients, family members, and the society, emphasizing that the chronic pain is a public health problem. Nevertheless, a few studies about health education for lay people, aiming at preventing the disease or helping the early detection, are found. This proves what the literature points out about the lack of knowledge from professionals and the population in general about the pain issue, which has contributed to the sub-treatment and unnecessary suffering. Objectives: To create educative material from the infographic genre for informing lay adults about the chronic pain as illnesses manifestation. Method: Qualitative and quantitative study divided into four steps, the first one about the elaboration of the infographic from the previous experience of the author and literature review. The following steps consisted of the material assessment, the second of the joining of 25 expert professionals which answered to the open interview, the third in the Qualification Jury, and the fourth of the population joining by means of the Conversation Circle with 10 participants. The results of the assessments of the experts and the population were submitted to the Content Analysis. The three steps of assessment made available the changings in the infographic which was first elaborated, this one having, at last, 4 versions. Results: The second version, mainly, excluded the difference between acute and chronic pain, complex terms, and modified the spotlight of the main message. The third version changed color and the importance of the nutrition and spirituality while on treatment. The fourth and last version included the information that the pain may be more than a symptom, by the suggestion of the population that showed divergence in the initial comprehension about the message of the infographic. Conclusion: Painful situations habitually are irrelevant what may harm the prognosis and the consequent life quality of whom suffers pain. The infographic made possible the increase of knowledge about the theme of chronic pain and aroused interest either from the population and the professionals. The uniqueness of the matter of this assignment reinforces the deficiency of activities like this in the lay people education and highlights the importance of the difusion of this information about painful situations for benefiting the early recognition of the disease / Introdução: A dor é uma experiência subjetiva que atinge cerca de 30% da população brasileira. Ao se tornar crônica passa a ter impacto psicossocial e econômico para pacientes, familiares e sociedade, evidenciando que a algia crônica é um problema de saúde pública. Apesar disso, poucos estudos sobre educação em saúde para leigos visando prevenir a doença ou favorecer a detecção precoce são encontrados. Isso comprova o que a literatura aponta sobre carência de conhecimento dos profissionais e da população em geral sobre a temática da dor, o que contribui para subtratamento e sofrimento desnecessário. Objetivos: Criar material educativo do gênero infográfico para informação de adultos leigos sobre dor crônica como manifestação de adoecimento. Método: Estudo qualiquantitativo dividido em quatro etapas, sendo a primeira de elaboração do infográfico a partir da experiência prévia da autora e revisão de literatura. As etapas seguintes consistiram na avaliação do material, a segunda com a participação de 25 profissionais especialistas no tema que responderam à entrevista aberta, a terceira na Banca de Qualificação, e a quarta com a participação da população por meio de Roda de Conversa com 10 participantes. Os resultados das avaliações dos especialistas e da população foram submetidos à Análise de Conteúdo. As três etapas de avaliação viabilizaram alterações no infográfico inicialmente elaborado, tendo este, por fim, 4 versões. Resultados: A segunda versão, principalmente, excluiu a diferenciação entre dor aguda e crônica, termos complexos e modificou o destaque da mensagem principal. A terceira versão alterou cores e a importância da alimentação e espiritualidade no tratamento. A quarta e última versão incluiu a informação de que a dor pode ser mais do que um sintoma, por sugestão da população que mostrou divergência na compreensão inicial sobre a mensagem do infográfico. Conclusão: Quadros álgicos habitualmente são tidos como irrelevantes, o que prejudica prognóstico e consequente qualidade de vida de quem sofre de dor. O infográfico possibilitou aumento do conhecimento sobre o tema da dor crônica e despertou interesse tanto da população quanto de profissionais. O ineditismo do produto deste trabalho reforça a carência de trabalhos como este na educação de leigos e evidencia a importância da difusão dessas informações sobre quadros álgicos para favorecer a detecção precoce da doença.

Dentre os principais e mais efetivos tratamentos superficiais para a melhora das propriedades da superfície dos aços, encontra-se a nitretação e a nitrocarbonetação. Os benefícios da nitretação nos aços são o aumento da dureza, resistência ao desgaste, resistência à fadiga e resistência à corrosão. Por possuírem elementos como cromo, molibdênio e manganês, os aços ferramenta e aços baixa liga de ultra alta resistência são beneficiados pela nitretação. Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da nitretação nos aços SAE 4140 e SAE H13 através de análises metalográficas, espectroscopia de emissão óptica, difração de raios-x, microdureza e ensaio pino-sobre-disco. Para efeito de comparação, amostras de aço SAE 1045 e ferro puro foram nitretadas juntamente com amostras dos dois materiais anteriores. Foram executados três tratamentos diferentes em cada um dos aços, nitretação com baixo potencial de nitrogênio, nitretação com alto potencial de nitrogênio e nitrocarbonetação. Os dois primeiros tratamentos foram realizados em três tempos diferentes de duas, quatro e seis horas e a nitrocarbonetação foi realizada em seis horas. Os resultados mostraram a formação de uma camada nitretada com de camada branca seguida de uma camada de difusão com gradiente de propriedades. Um aumento significativo de dureza superficial é observado com a aplicação dos tratamentos. A nitrocarbonetação junto com alto potencial de nitretação se mostrou não sendo benéfica para a formação da camada em relação à nitretação com mesmo potencial. Nos testes tribológicos realizados, a camada nitretada se mostrou eficiente em aumentar a resistência ao desgaste nos aços SAE 4140 e SAE H13. / Among the main and most effective surface treatments for improving the surface properties of steels are nitriding and nitrocarburizing. The benefits of nitriding in steels are the increase in hardness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Because they have elements such as chromium, molybdenum and manganese, tool steels and low alloy steels of ultra high strength are benefited by nitriding. In this work, the effect of nitriding on SAE 4140 and SAE H13 steels was studied through metallographic analysis, optical emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, microhardness and pin-on-disc test. For comparison purposes, samples of SAE 1045 steel and pure iron were nitrided together with samples of the two former materials. Three different treatments were performed in each of the steels, nitriding with low nitrogen potential, nitriding with high nitrogen potential and nitrocarburizing. The first two treatments were performed at three different times of two, four and six hours and nitrocarburizing was performed in six hours. The results showed the formation of a nitrided layer with a white layer followed by a gradient layer of properties. A significant increase in surface hardness is observed with the application of the treatments. Nitrocarburizing together with high nitriding potential proved to be of no benefit to the formation of the layer in relation to nitriding with the same potential. In the tribological tests carried out, the nitrided layer proved efficient in increasing wear resistance in SAE 4140 and SAE H13 steels.

The main purpose of this thesis is to calculate the integral cohomology ring of the symmetric square of quaternionic projective space, which has been an open problem since computations with symmetric squares were first proposed in the 1930's. The geometry of this particular case forms an essential part of the thesis, and unexpected results concerning two universal Pin(4) bundles are also included. The cohomological computations involve a commutative ladder of long exact sequences, which arise by decomposing the symmetric square and the corresponding Borel space in compatible ways. The geometry and the cohomology of the configuration space of unordered pairs of distinct points in quaternionic projective space, and of the Thom space MPin(4), also feature, and seem to be of independent interest.

Z-pinning is a through-thickness reinforcement technology for polymer composite materials that has been developed and commercialised over the past fifteen years. The through-thickness reinforcement of composites with thin metallic or fibrous pins aids in suppressing delamination, improving impact damage tolerance and increasing joint strength. Z-pins are applied to the composite part during its manufacture. Pins are embedded within sheets of foam and placed over the unconsolidated part. Subsequently, the foam is compacted and the pins transferred into the part, which is usually an uncured prepreg. In this manner, large numbers of pins can be inserted quickly and easily. The pinned composite is then cured using conventional processes. The use of z-pins is currently limited to several high performance composite structures, most notably Formula One racing cars and F/A-18 E/F (Superhornet) fighter aircraft, although the technology has potential applications in a d iverse variety of aerospace and non-aerospace composite structures. A limited understanding of the mechanical performance of z-pinned parts under high load and fatigue loading conditions currently hinders the application of z-pinned composites. The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the mechanical properties, strengthening mechanics and failure mechanisms of z-pinned carbon/epoxy laminates and joints. The effect of z-pin reinforcement on the tensile and flexural properties of laminates under monotonic and fatigue loading is studied. The sensitivity of these properties to the volume content and diameter of the z-pins is systematically studied by experimentation and analytical modelling. This PhD also evaluates the efficacy of z-pins in improving the load-bearing properties of carbon/epoxy lap joints. Improvements to the room temperature and elevated temperature properties of z-pinned lap joints under monotonic and fatigue tensile loading were determined. The effect of strain rate on the load-bearing properties of z-pinned lap joints was also evaluated. A further aim of the PhD project was to assess the z-pin manufacturing process and the microstructural damage caused by that process. The outcome of this study augments the analysis of the me chanical properties of z-pinned laminates and joints.

L'augmentation des puissances commutées en électronique de puissance passe par l'association de composants élémentaires en série et en parallèle. Cette association se retrouve à différentes échelles: au sein des modules du commerce ou au niveau de l'association de modules dans un convertisseur statique.<br />Les travaux dans ce domaine ne sont pas nouveaux, puisque de nombreux problèmes nuisant à l'association série ou parallèle ont été rencontrés dans le passé. Le but de cette thèse n'est pas de redécouvrir ces problèmes, ni leurs solutions, mais plutôt, par une étude systématique de la commutation, de mieux comprendre les phénomènes intervenant dans une association de composants à grille isolée. L'originalité de cette étude est qu'elle s'intéresse aux semiconducteurs dans leur environnement. Des règles ont ainsi pu être dégagées permettant une meilleure répartition des contraintes électriques entre les composants. Pour la mise en parallèle, le rôle du câblage a été mis en évidence, et pour la mise en série, un circuit d'équilibrage actif a été proposé, se basant sur les acteurs principaux de la commutation.

L'augmentation des puissances commutées en électronique de puissance passe par l'association de composants élémentaires en série et en parallèle. Cette association se retrouve à différentes échelles: au sein des modules du commerce ou au niveau de l'association de modules dans un convertisseur statique. Les travaux dans ce domaine ne sont pas nouveaux, puisque de nombreux problèmes nuisant à l'association série ou parallèle ont été rencontrés dans le passé. Le but de cette thèse n'est pas de redécouvrir ces problèmes, ni leurs solutions, mais plutôt, par une étude systématique de la' commutation, de mieux comprendre les phénomènes intervenant dans une association de composants à grille isolée. L'originalité de cette étude est qu'elle s'intéresse aux semiconducteurs dans leur environnement. Des règles ont ainsi pu être dégagées permettant une meilleure répartition des contraintes électriques entre les composants. Pour la mise en parallèle, le rôle du câblage a été mis en évidence, et pour la mise en série, un circuit d'équilibrage actif a été proposé, se basant sur les acteurs principaux de la commutation

Une étude détaillée des séchoirs solaires existants dans le marché du bois, suivie d'une analyse selon les lois d'évolution des systèmes techniques, conduit à la proposition d'un concept innovant de séchoir avec stockage d'énergie. La conception particulière et innovante et la conduite du séchage par des variables de pilotage imposent une modélisation des diverses unités du système et des milieux extérieurs environnants. Des modèles de chaque unité sont ainsi construits. Ils intègrent nécessairement les variables de conception. Le séchage est décrit par le modèle classique de la courbe caractéristique. Les modèles des autres unités sont écrits de manière parcimonieuse afin de diminuer les temps de calcul. Ils sont également qualifiés en terme de parcimonie, exactitude, précision et spécialisation. Une vision intéressante du milieu extérieur « météorologie » est proposée en exploitant les données correspondant à la zone de l'aéroport de Mexico. Des essais de séchage de planches de pin maritime par léchage ont permis de modéliser la cinétique de séchage. Le modèle global du séchoir est obtenu par concaténation des modèles des différentes unités en intégrant des composants d'interaction (ventilateur et trappes) et via les variables de pilotage. Les résultats obtenus sont analysés en terme de temps de séchage, de qualité du bois et de temps de retour des investissements. Ils aboutissent à la définition de tables de conduite permettant la gestion de la qualité du bois. Le séchoir conçu lors de ces travaux est innovant, rentable et utilisable dans le domaine de séchage du bois au Mexique.