Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pezzonifilho_jc_me_botfca.pdf: 1844947 bytes, checksum: 744ee36bfa2865a4d0115c65f128a2a7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A compactação do solo tem sido considerada como um dos principais danos ocasionados pelas operações mecanizadas de colheita de madeira, sendo que ocorrem danos diretos ao solo, como a compactação do solo (aumento da densidade do solo), diminuição da aeração e da macroporosidade, presença de camada de impedimento ao crescimento radicular, disponibilidade de água, entre outros. Além dos danos diretos ocorrem os indiretos, que são restrição no crescimento das raízes das plantas, onde ocorrerá a diminuição do crescimento da parte aérea da planta, a susceptibilidade do solo ao processo erosivo, devido a camada compactada, entre outros. A extração de madeira com o trator Skidder é a etapa de colheita na qual se deve ter maior atenção, pois esta máquina provoca grandes danos ao solo, tanto pelo seu peso, quanto pelo arraste de árvores e fustes que realizam sulcos (recalques) no solo. Uma forma de diminuir a compactação do solo é deixar camada de resíduos florestais nos ramais de extração de madeira, com isso haverá a minimização do efeito de compressão do solo pelo trator Skidder com o peso da carga arrastada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o nível de compactação do solo até a 5ª vez que o trator Skidder trafegou no ramal secundário de extração de madeira de Pinus (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti). A avaliação da compactação do solo na testemunha (densificação natural) até a 5ª passada demonstrou que houve compactação até a última vez que o trator Skidder trafegou na área, permitindo constatar que o tráfego de máquinas e fuste nas áreas de colheita promove a compactação do solo. Na interação entre os recalques e o número de passadas houve diferença nos níveis de compactação, sendo que com 5 passadas sobre a mesma área, o recalque do pneu apresentou uma menor compactação (1,34 Mg.m-3) quando comparado com o do fuste... / Soil compaction has been considered one of the major damage caused to the operations of mechanized harvesting, and direct damage occurs to the ground as soil compaction (increased bulk density), reduced aeration and macroporosity, the presence Layer impediment to root growth, water availability, among others. Besides the direct damage occurring indirect damages, which are restricting the growth of plant roots, which occur in the reduction of shoot growth of the plant, susceptibility to soil erosion due to the fact that the presence of the compacted layer, between other damage. To minimize such damage recommend carefully planning machinery traffic on the steps of forest harvesting. With this, the logging with tractor Skidder is the stage at which harvesting should be given more attention, because this machine causes significant damage to land, both by weight and the drag tree trunks and carrying grooves (track) in the soil. One way to reduce soil compaction is to leave layer of forest residues on the extensions of logging, thereby minimizing the effect will be to compress the soil by tractor Skidder with the weight of the load dragged.The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of soil compaction until the 5th time that the tractor Skidder the secondary extension of slash pine logging (Pinus elliottii var. Elliotii). The assessment of soil compaction in control (compression natural) until the 5th month showed that there was compaction until the last time that the tractor Skidder traffic in the area, allowing evidence that the traffic machines and tree trunks collection areas promote soil compaction. In the interaction between the track and the number of passes was no difference in levels of compression, with 5 being passed on to the same site, the track of the tire had a lower density (1.34 Mg.m-3) compared to the tree trunks (1.38 Mg.m-3). At both depths studied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Massak_MarcusVinicius_M.pdf: 5087729 bytes, checksum: 1151f8522e1d2d75694f1f4d3479eca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Em 2007 foi aprovada, pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), norma para classificação de madeira de dicotiledônea (NBR 15521, 2007). Essa norma, elaborada com base em ensaios de espécies tropicais com idade média de 45 anos, propõe a classificação de peças estruturais por meio de faixas de velocidade de propagação de ondas de ultrassom, associadas à faixas de rigidez. Em 2008 iniciou-se a elaboração de norma equivalente para as coníferas. No entanto, de forma geral, as madeiras de reflorestamento vêm sendo comercializadas com bem menos idade do que as espécies nativas indicando a necessidade de, tanto para a norma já aprovada quanto para a norma em estudo, serem obtidas informações a respeito da influência da idade na velocidade de propagação das ondas de ultrassom. Esse estudo é importante uma vez que, caso as variações de velocidade com a idade não forem acompanhadas por variações de propriedades mecânicas a classificação poderia ser afetada. Considerando-se o exposto, o objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a variação da velocidade de propagação de ondas de ultrassom e a variação das propriedades de resistência e de rigidez de peças estruturais (vigas) de Pinus elliottii e de Eucalyptus grandis em função da idade. As variações de idade foram estudadas de duas diferentes maneiras. Para o Pinus elliottii as peças foram retiradas de 12 árvores com 6 diferentes idades e para o Eucalyptus grandis de 5 árvores, todas de 34 anos, considerando a variação da idade em função do posicionamento de retirada das toras em relação a altura do tronco. Os ensaios de ultrassom nas vigas foram realizados utilizando-se a NBR 15521 (2007) e os ensaios de flexão estática utilizando-se a ASTM D198 (2008). Os resultados demonstraram que, para o Pinus elliottii, os parâmetros obtidos por ultrassom (velocidade de propagação das ondas - VLL e coeficiente da matriz de rigidez - CLL) e o módulo de elasticidade (EM) obtido na flexão estática tiveram o mesmo comportamento de variação com a idade. Para o Eucalyptus grandis não foi possível associar a posição de retirada no tronco com a idade, mas VLL, CLL e EM tiveram o mesmo comportamento de variação com a posição de retirada. O módulo de ruptura obtido na flexão estática (fm) não variou com a idade nem com a posição de retirada. As correlações entre os ensaios não destrutivos e destrutivos foram todas estatisticamente significativas, com coeficientes de correlação superiores para o parâmetro de rigidez (EM). Para o Eucalyptus grandis o enquadramento dos resultados de VLL e EM nas faixas de classificação da NBR 15521 (2007) foi realizado aplicando-se coeficiente de redução de 12% (fator de calibração) aos valores de velocidade obtidos na condição saturada / Abstract: In 2007 was approved, by the Brazilian Standard Association (ABNT), standard for hardwood grading (NBR 15521, 2007). This standard, based on tests in tropical species with average age 45 years old, proposes grading the hardwood structural sizes lumber based on the ultrasonic velocity ranges associated to the stiffness ranges. In 2008 it was beginning the studies for developing an equivalent standard for softwoods. However, reforestation wood is, in general, put on the market younger than native wood, so it was important, for the cited standard and for the new one, evaluates the influence of the age on the velocity of wave propagation. This study is important because if the variation of the velocity is not follow by the rigidity variation, the grading will be affected. The aim of this research was to obtain technical information about the influence of the tree age on the velocity of ultrasonic wave propagation and on the stiffness and strength of the Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus grandis structural beams. The age variation was studied using two ways. For Pinus elliottii the beams was cutting from 12 trees with 6 different ages and for Eucalyptus grandis the beam was obtained from 5 trees, all with 34 years old, considering the different ages as a function of the beam position in the trunk. The ultrasonic tests were performed using the NBR 15521 (2007) and the static bending test using the ASTM D198 (2008). The results showed that, for Pinus elliottii, the parameters obtained by the ultrasonic test (velocity of wave propagation - VLL and rigidity coefficient - CLL) and the modulus of elasticity (EM) obtained in bending test had the same pattern of variation with age. For Eucalyptus grandis it was not possible to associate the position of the beam along the trunk with the age, but VLL, CLL and EM had the same pattern of variation with this position. The modulus of rupture obtained in bending (fm) did not present variation with age or with the extraction position. The correlations between nondestructive tests and destructive tests were all statistically significant, with higher correlation coefficients for the stiffness (EM) than for the strength (fm). To use the grade ranges of the NBR 15521 (2007) to the Eucalyptus grandis was necessary to apply 12% as reduction factor (calibrating) in the velocity values obtained in the saturated condition / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedroso_CinthyaBertoldo_M.pdf: 1208192 bytes, checksum: 5bc9a2364d675b24999de25964b5d6d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Recentes avanços internacionais indicam a possibilidade de prever, a partir da árvore viva ou em toras recém abatidas, informações estratégicas que podem auxiliar a tomada de decisões econômicas e ambientais e possibilitar utilização mais eficaz da madeira. Estas informações podem ser usadas para classificar as árvores de acordo com as possibilidades de aplicações. Na prática as empresas podem atingir benefícios por meio da aplicação de estratégias baseada na qualidade dos recursos florestais que possuem e nos produtos que desejam comercializar. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar a existência de correlações entre propriedades da madeira de espécies florestais plantadas no Brasil (Pinus elliottii, Eucalyptus grandis, Toona ciliata, Clone de Eucalyptus), em termos de rigidez e de resistência, com a velocidade de propagação da onda de ultrassom na árvore e/ou nas toras recém abatidas das quais foram retiradas. Para atingir este objetivo foram realizadas medições de ultrassom em árvores e em toras recém abatidas. As toras foram, então, desdobradas em vigas, as quais foram ensaiadas por ultrassom na condição saturada. As vigas passaram por processo de climatização até atingirem 12% de umidade e novas medições de ultrassom foram realizadas. Após as inferências não destrutivas, as vigas foram ensaiadas à flexão estática com a finalidade de determinar o módulo de lasticidade (EM) e o módulo de ruptura (fm). Os resultados foram avaliados de forma estatística buscando-se correlações entre as respostas de propagação de ondas nas árvores e nas toras recém abatidas com as propriedades de resistência e de rigidez das vigas. Para exemplificar a classificação da madeira a partir do ensaio de ultrassom na árvore ou na tora recém abatida foram utilizadas as faixas de classificação da Norma Australiana AS 2878 (SAA, 1986b). Além disso, verificou-se a existência de correlação entre as velocidades de ultrassom na árvore-tora, árvore-viga e tora-viga, todas na condição saturada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível obter as propriedades de resistência e de rigidez, assim como, estimar faixa de classificação da madeira a partir da velocidade longitudinal de ultrassom na árvore e/ou da velocidade longitudinal de ultrassom na tora, desde que as mesmas não sejam constituídas essencialmente por madeira juvenil, como foi o caso do clone de eucalipto e do Cedro australiano nessa pesquisa. O modelo de regressão da velocidade árvore-tora foi o que apresentou maior coeficiente de correlação, seguido do modelo de regressão da velocidade tora-viga saturada e, por último, do modelo de regressão da velocidade árvore-viga saturada / Abstract: Recent international advances have pointed out the possibility of estimating, from a live tree or freshly-felled logs, strategic information that may assist in economic and environmental decision making, as well as allowing a more effective application of wood. Such information may be used to classify trees according to their application range. In practice, companies may benefit from that through employing strategies based on the quality of the forest resources they have available and also from the products they intend to market. The aim of this research is to establish whether there is an correlation between the properties of exotic trees growing in Brazil (Pinus elliottii, Eucalyptus grandis, Toona ciliata, Eucalyptus clone) - regarding stiffness and strength - and the velocity of ultrasound wave propagation in the tree and/or freshly-felled logs from which they have been drawn. In order to do so, ultrasound measurements were performed in trees and recently cut logs. Afterwards, logs were unfolded in beams, which in their turn were tested by ultrasound in green condition. Beams underwent an acclimatation process until reaching 12% of moisture content and new ultrasound measurements were performed. Following the nondestructive tests, the beams were tested in static bending in order to establish the modulus of elasticity (EM) and the modulus of rupture (fm). Results were statistically evaluated, seeking correlation between the responses of wave propagation in trees and freshly-felled logs and the beams stiffness and strength properties. As to exemplify wood classification from tree or recently cut log, the Australian Norm AS 2878 (SAA, 1986b) was applied. Further, it was also possible to establish a correlation between ultrasound velocities in tree-log, tree-beam and log-beam, all in green condition. Results obtained showed to be possible to determine stiffness and strength properties as well as to estimate a wood classification layer from ultrasound longitudinal velocity in the tree, and/or ultrasound longitudinal velocity in the freshly-felled logs , unless the wood are essentially made up by juvenile wood, as happened with the eucalyptus clone and the Australian Cedrus in the present research. The model regression tree-log velocity was the one that presented the highest correlation coefficient, followed by the regression saturated log-beam velocity and, lastly, the regression saturated tree-beam velocity / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar atributos físicos e químicos de uma área ripária em relação à disseminação e presença de Pinus elliottii na Floresta Nacional de Capão Bonito, visando subsidiar o manejo desta espécie para a restauração dos ambientes ribeirinhos. Durante o período de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2015, a partir da plantação de Pinus elliottii (Pinus), foram realizados transectos a cada 50 m e, demarcadas e estabelecidas parcelas (10x10 m) até a distância de 100 m; para levantamento dos dados dentro dos níveis de distância: 0 a 20 m, +20 a 40 m, +40 a 60 m, +60 a 80 m e +80 a 100 m; num total de 122 parcelas. As variáveis ambientais analisadas foram: densidade, área basal, umidade; cobertura de copa; cobertura de vegetação do solo até 2 m, além da altura da vegetação de solo até 2 m. Para avaliar o pH do solo, independentes da distância do talhão, delimitou-se 20 parcelas (10x10 m), 10 somente em vegetação nativa e 10 em Pinus. Os resultados demonstram que existe presença de Pinus (com cone e sem cone) em todos os níveis de distância (média = 335 ind.ha-1). A densidade de Pinus com cone dificulta o estabelecimento de vegetação nativa e favorece o estabelecimento de plântulas e juvenis (Pinus sem cone). O incremento de plantas nativas diminui a abundância de Pinus, porém não impede seu estabelecimento, inclusive com o recrutamento de plântulas e juvenis. A área basal de Pinus (média = 17,79 m2.ha-1) é compatível com plantações florestais e, negativamente relacionada com a de vegetação nativa, com impacto por forte competição e influência sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das espécies nativas. A maior ocorrência de Pinus com cone foi em áreas com solo seco, com impacto sobre vegetação nativa de natural ocorrência neste atributo. Cobertura de copa de Pinus mostrou-se negativamente relacionada com a de vegetação nativa, indicando que os espaços dos estratos superiores ocupados por Pinus inibiram a ocupação deste nível estrutural por espécies nativas. Cobertura de copa de Pinus também se mostrou negativamente relacionada com cobertura de solo, indicando que espaços abertos não ocupados pela vegetação de solo facilitam a colonização por Pinus. Oposto ao esperado, o pH de solo sob Pinus foi maior que sob vegetação nativa e demonstrou diferença significativa. Porém, como propriedade isolada, não configura um bom indicador para caracterização da qualidade do solo sob Pinus. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa conclui-se que os impactos ambientais causados pela invasão de P. elliottii nas áreas ripárias recomendam sua imediata erradicação para restauração e manejo contínuo posterior contra re-infestação. / The objective of this research was to assess the physical and chemical properties of a riparian area regarding the dissemination and presence of Pinus elliottii in Capão Bonito National Forest in order to support the management of this species for the restoration of riparian environments. During the period from October 2014 to May 2015, transects were carried out every 50 m, from the Pinus elliottii (Pinus) plantation, demarcated plots set up (10x10 m) to a distance of 100 m; for data collection within several levels of distance: 0 to 20 m, 20 to 40 m, 40 to 60 m, 60 to 80 m and 80 to 100 m; in a total of 122 plots. The environmental variables analysed were: density, basal area, humidity, canopy cover, floor cover, and floor vegetation height. To evaluate soil pH, independent of plantation distance, were delimited 20 plots (10x10 m), 10 only in native vegetation and 10 in Pinus. The main results show that Pinus (with-cone and without-cone) is present in all distance levels (average = 335 ind.ha-1). The with-cone Pinus density makes difficult the establishment of native vegetation and favours seedlings and juveniles (without-cone Pinus settlement). The increase of native plants decreases the abundance of Pinus, but does not avoid its establishment, including the recruitment of seedlings and juveniles. Pinus basal area (mean = 17,79 m2.ha-1) is compatible with forest plantations and negatively related to the native vegetation, impacting by strong competition and influence on the growth and development of native vegetation. The greater occurrence of with-cone Pinus was in areas with dry soil, with impact on native species naturally occurring in this attribute. Pinus canopy cover was negatively related to native vegetation canopy cover, indicating that the canopy spaces occupied by Pinus inhibited the occupation of this structural level for native species. Pinus canopy cover was also negatively related to floor covering, indicating that open spaces not occupied by floor vegetation facilitate colonization by Pinus. Opposite to expectation, the soil pH under Pinus was higher than native vegetation and demonstrated significant difference. However, as isolated property, it does not constitute a good indicator to characterize the quality of the soil under Pinus. From the results of this research it is concluded that the environmental impacts caused by the invasion of P. elliottii in riparian areas recommend its immediate eradication for restoration and subsequent ongoing management against re-infestation.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o potencial de acúmulo de carbono (C) em solos de cerrado sob diferentes usos florestais (Eucalyptus, Pinus versus vegetação natural) e as possíveis alterações ocorridas na ciclagem de nutrientes sob esse tipo de coberturas. Para isso, foram coletadas 30 amostras de solo (0-5, 10-25 e 35-50 cm) e de serrapilheira acumulada em plantios de Eucalyptus, Pinus e remanescentes de cerradão em quatro municípios do estado de SP, nas quais se determinou: pH, matéria orgânica (MO), C, macronutrientes e densidade, além da granulometria no solo. Os estoques de C do solo foram calculados através do ajuste e integração de equações exponenciais, obtendo-se valores entre 3,4 e 8,6 kgC.m-2.(na camada de 0 a 30 cm) e entre 5,7 e 11,3 kgC.m-2.(até 1m). Os resultados mostraram que a silvicultura de Eucalyptus e Pinus afeta o acúmulo de C e a ciclagem de nutrientes em áreas de cerrado. As alterações nos estoques de C ocorreram principalmente nos horizontes orgânicos e na camada superficial do solo em decorrência da substituição da MO original por outra de pior qualidade química. A influência do tipo de vegetação sobre o C da camada superficial do solo variou em função de características do sítio, verificando ganhos em alguns dos locais estudados, perdas em outros e ainda diferenças não significativas. Em profundidades maiores, o conteúdo de C mostrou-se fortemente relacionado com o teor de argila e diminuiu sob cultura de Eucalyptus e Pinus, sendo mais fortes as depleções sob Pinus. Nos plantios houve formação de horizontes orgânicos espessos, com concentrações de C elevadas. A concentração de nitrogênio (N), cálcio, magnésio e potássio do material aí acumulado foi menor do que nas áreas naturais, enquanto que a acidez e a relação C/N foram maiores. Isso pode inibir a decomposição, o que explicaria o maior armazenamento de C na serapilheira. A incorporação desse material ao solo implica em alterações da MO, que é um dos principais fatores de estruturação e fertilidade dos solos tropicais e foi afetada em quantidade e qualidade. As relações C/N quantificadas na camada superficial do solo foram significativamente maiores do que em áreas de vegetação natural, indicando substituição da MO nessa camada no tempo de vida dos plantios (~40 anos). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de alterações na qualidade química da MO na serapilheira e no solo superficial sob uso silvicultural, as quais podem originar maiores estoques e tempos de residência do C, mas também diminuições de recursos tróficos para a comunidade decompositora, com implicações no resto do ecossistema. Os resultados sugerem que a dinâmica do carbono do solo varia ao longo do perfil, sendo necessário esclarecer melhor os fatores que definem o carbono da camada superficial, maior em quantidade e mais sensível aos efeitos do manejo. / Effects on soil organic carbon storage potential and possible biogeochemical changes of established forest plantations were assessed in southeast Brazil, in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations compared with natural areas of native dry forest (cerradão). 30 plots were randomly distributed for soil (0-5, 10-25 and 35-50 cm) and forest floor litter collection in mature plantations (~40 years old) and adjacent native forest. The design was replicated in 4 localities in Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. Organic matter, organic carbon, macro nutrients, pH, density, and soil texture were determined. Soil organic carbon stocks were calculated through exponential equations adjustment and integration, values ranged from 3,4 to 8,6 kgC.m-2.(on the 0 and 30 cm layer) and from 5,7 to 11,3 kgC.m-2.(up to 1m). Soil organic carbon and biogeochemical features were affected under Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. Changes in carbon stocks were stronger in organic layers and topsoil, due to the replacement of the original organic matter, causing chemical quality decrease. Effects of vegetation on topsoil organic carbon were site dependent, as plantations results in gains, losses and no remarkable differences between natural and forested areas. Eucalyptus and Pinus establishment led to organic carbon losses, which possibly conducted by soil disturbances at implementation of plantations. Carbon content was strongly related to clay at deeper layers, but not at shallower ones. Thicker organic layers with higher carbon content were found under plantations. Lower calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations and higher acidity and C/N (carbon to nitrogen) ratios were measured at implanted forest floor litter layers. These changes could inhibit decomposition, explaining larger litter carbon storage. Soil organic matter is an important factor in maintaining tropical soil structure and fertility. It was affected by Eucalyptus and Pinus forestation. While litter organic mater is incorporated into the soil, it leads to soil organic matter chemical quality decreases. The topsoil C/N ratio measured in plantations was significantly higher than in natural vegetation areas, indicating organic matter replacement on this layer in plantations lifetime (~40 years). We concluded that litter and topsoil organic matter chemical properties were affected by forestation with Eucalyptus and Pinus, which could result in larger C stocks and residence times, but could also decrease trophic resources for decomposers, with implications on the whole ecosystem. The results suggest that soil carbon dynamics changes along the soil profile. Factors controlling surface soil carbon dynamics must be clarified further, as they contained high carbon amounts, the most sensible to management practices.

Les graines de pin (Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinaster et Pinus canariensis) sont les quatre espèces les plus disponibles dans le bassin méditerranéen. Elles sont très utilisées par les populations Nord-africaines en médecine traditionnelle et en gastronomie où elles agrémentent les plats traditionnels (salades, riz, poissons …etc), car elles sont bien connues pour leur excellent goût salé. Cependant, la composition biochimique, les valeurs nutritionnelles, et les mécanismes d'actions cellulaires et moléculaires via lesquels ces graines exercent leurs effets thérapeutiques restent mal élucidés. Le but de notre travail est d'étudier les propriétés physico-chimiques des graines de quatre espèces de pin et la valeur nutritionnelle et pharmaceutique des fractions lipidiques des graines de Pinus halepensis Mill., en utilisant différentes techniques de séparation et d'analyse telles que (DRX, IRTF, CC, LC/MS, GC, GC/MS et RMN) et en examinant la voie principale impliquée dans le développement du cancer qui est l'angiogenèse via des essais biologiques in vitro sur la prolifération et la migration des cellules endothéliales sur Matrigel et in vivo sur une membrane chorioallantoïdienne (CAM) des œufs de poulet ainsi que leurs toxicités sur des cultures cellulaires (Myélome humain HL60, Adénocarcinome du coulon, humain HCT15, Cellules épithéliales A549 et cellules de mélanomes B16F1). Les résultats de la caractérisation physico-chimiques montrent que les quatre graines sont très riches en métabolites primaires (sucres, protéines, protéines de réserve) et secondaires (Phénols totaux et flavonoïdes) comme elles présentent une importante concentration en oligo-éléments (phosphore, potassium, magnésium, Zinc, fer, cuivre et manganèse). Leurs huiles essentielles sont riches en limonène. Les principaux acides gras insaturés pour les quatre espèces sont l'acide linoléique et l'acide oléique. Les propriétés chimiques et physiques de leurs huiles fixes sont dans la norme de qualité agroalimentaire. Les graines de Pinus halepensis Mill. sont les plus riches en lipides totaux qui atteignent un taux de 36% diversifiés chimiquement avec des lipides apolaires (Lipides neutres) et polaires (Quatre classes de glycolipides et six classes de phospholipides). Ces résultats sont de bons indicateurs de la qualité nutritionnelle des graines de pins et impliquent que les lipides neutres, les glycolipides et les phospholipides des graines de Pinus halepensis Mill. dépourvus de toxicité aux concentrations de 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 et 200µg/ml et ayant une activité cytotoxique à 500 et 1000µg/ml et anti-angiogénique in vitro à des concentrations de 100 et 500µg/ml et in vivo à des concentrations de 1mg /ml et 10 mg/ml peuvent être utilisés dans la prévention des maladies liées à l'angiogenèse et à la lutte contre le cancer. / The pine (Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinaster and Pinus canariensis) seeds are the four most available species in the Mediterranean basin. They are widely used by North African populations in traditional medicine and gastronomy where they adorn the traditional dishes (salads, rice, fish ... etc) because they are well known for their excellent taste salty. However, the biochemical composition, nutritional value, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action through which these seeds exert their therapeutic effects remain poorly understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of pine seed species and nutritional and pharmaceutical value of lipid fractions of Pinus halepensis Mill. Seeds using different separation and analysis techniques such as (XRD, FTIR, CC, LC/MS, GC, GC/MS and NMR) and examining the main pathway involved in the development of cancer which is angiogenesis through biological tests in vitro on the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells on Matrigel and in vivo on a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken eggs, thus that their toxicity on healthy cell cultures (human myeloma HL60, Adenocarcinoma of human coulon, HCT15, human epithelial cells, A549 and cells melanoma, B16F1). The results of the physico-chemical characterization showed that four seeds are rich in primary metabolites (sugars, proteins, protein reserves) and secondary (total phenolic and flavonoids) as they have a high concentration of trace elements (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese). Their essential oils are rich in limonene. The main unsaturated fatty acids of all species are linoleic acid and oleic acid. The chemical and physical properties of their fixed oils are the in standard food quality. Pinus halepensis Mill. seeds are the richest in total lipids which achieved a rate of 36% chemically diverse with non polar lipids (neutral lipids) and polar lipids (Four classes of glycolipids and six classes of phospholipids). These results are good indicators of the nutritional quality of pine seeds and imply that the neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids of Pinus halepensis Mill. seeds devoid of toxicity at the concentrations of 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200µg/ml and having cytotoxic activity at 500 and 1000µg/ml and anti-angiogenic effect in vitro at the concentrations of 100 and 500 µM and in vivo at the concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml may be useful in prevention of angiogenesis-related and the fight against cancer diseases.

This study had as object to evaluate the irrigation management influences in Pinus elliottii Engelm. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. seedlings, according to its deficiencies, keeping the germination and development qualities. The statistical design was a bifactorial in randomized blocks, with time subdivided blocks and three repetitions. As main plot were characterized the frequencies of four irrigation (treatments), being: T1 (one irrigation per day); T2 (two irrigations per day); T3 (three irrigations per day) and T4 (four irrigations per day) and, as subplot in time, eight evaluation periods for pinus and seven for eucalyptus. The data were weekly collected, obtaining the height and the number of remaining seedlings for both species, as well as the number of leaves in each seedling for eucalyptus. The amount of water used in both treatments, during each irrigation, was 5 litters per minute. Based on the results, it was possible to assert that, for both species, low irrigation frequencies gave bad results due to quality and quantity of seedlings during the evaluation period. For pinus, the indicated frequency was four irrigations per day, while for eucalyptus the indicated frequency was three per day / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as influências do manejo da irrigação na produção de mudas de Pinus elliottii Engelm. e Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden., conforme suas deficiências, mantendo assim, as qualidades de germinação e crescimento.O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um bi fatorial em blocos ao acaso, com parcela subdividida no tempo com três repetições. Como parcela principal foram caracterizadas freqüências de quatro irrigações (tratamentos), sendo elas: T1 (uma irrigação por dia); T2 (duas irrigações por dia); T3 (três irrigações por dia) e T4 (quatro irrigações por dia) e, como subparcela no tempo, oito épocas de avaliação para o pinus e sete épocas para o eucalipto. Utilizou-se para realização do experimento, um sistema de irrigação localizada constituído por um conjunto de motobomba, difusores, tubulações, registros e bandejas de PVC com tubetes. Os dados foram coletados semanalmente, obtendo-se a altura e o número de mudas remanescentes para ambas as espécies, bem como o número de folhas em cada muda para o eucalipto. A quantidade de água utilizada em todos os tratamentos, durante cada irrigação, foi de 5 litros por minuto. A partir deste experimento constatou-se, para ambas as espécies, que baixas freqüências de irrigação geraram resultados deficitários quanto à qualidade e quantidade de mudas no experimento durante a época de avaliação. Para o pinus, a freqüência indicada foi de quatro irrigações por dia enquanto que para o eucalipto a freqüência indicada foi de três irrigações por dia, gerando desta forma mudas mais desenvolvidas

Widespread, high levels of tree mortality, termed forest die-off, associated with drought and rising temperatures, are disrupting forests worldwide. Drought will likely become more frequent with climate change, but even without more frequent drought, higher temperatures can exacerbate tree water stress. The temperature sensitivity of drought-induced mortality of tree species has been evaluated experimentally for only single-step changes in temperature (ambient compared to ambient + increase) rather than as a response surface (multiple levels of temperature increase), which constrains our ability to relate changes in the driver with the biological response. Here we show that time-to-mortality during drought for seedlings of two western United States tree species, Pinus edulis (Engelm.) and Pinus ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson), declined in continuous proportion with increasing temperature spanning a 7.7 degrees C increase. Although P. edulis outlived P. ponderosa at all temperatures, both species had similar relative declines in time-to-mortality as temperature increased (5.2% per degrees C for P. edulis; 5.8% per. C for P. ponderosa). When combined with the non-linear frequency distribution of drought duration-many more short droughts than long droughts-these findings point to a progressive increase in mortality events with global change due to warming alone and independent of additional changes in future drought frequency distributions. As such, dire future forest recruitment patterns are projected assuming the calculated 7-9 seedling mortality events per species by 2100 under business-as-usual warming occur, congruent with additional vulnerability predicted for adult trees from stressors like pathogens and pests. Our progressive projection for increased mortality events was driven primarily by the non-linear shape of the drought duration frequency distribution, a common climate feature of drought-affected regions. These results illustrate profound benefits for reducing emissions of carbon to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources and slowing warming as rapidly as possible to maximize forest persistence.

6 Abstract This study aimed to compare the mycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting the roots of invasive Pinus strobus L. and native Pinus sylvestris L. We also compared carbon allocation into ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMf) and other structures of the two pine species. The aim was to assess the influence of mycorrhiza on the invasive potential of P. strobus in the protected areas of National Park Bohemian Switzerland. The two field experiments were conducted on three locations of each species. We estimated the EcM extramatrical mycelium (EMM) production by measuring the ergosterol content in sterile sand filled mesh-bags. Next measured variables were: biomass of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic sporocarps, fine roots biomass and leaf litter biomass to compare the one season production of each measured variables. The results revealed a major difference in EcM sporocarps production, whereas on the P. sylvestris sites was the production 100% higher. Same results came from the fine roots measurements: P. sylvestris had a higher fine roots production, which may be also related with the production of EMM, which was about 60% higher as well. The EcMf species richness on the P. strobus root-tips was as high as the native pine, but the species composition was different. The P. strobus prefers EcMf species with...

Introduction and objectives: The correct assessment of resources is a key condition for ensuring the sustainable supply of forest resources. In Syria, sustainable forest management is limited, because there is practically not enough knowledge on how to determine an annual growth, how future developments can be predicted, how the site productivity and the optimal rotation age can be accurately estimated, or which thinning regime is best suitable. To cover these gaps and to answer the questions, objective of the work is to develop an individual-tree growth model based on real-time series. Methodology and results: The study analyzed existing inventory data that came from 61 plots (51 for modeling and 10 for validation). The data used to develop the individual tree growth model could be categorized into four groups: Measured and calculated individual trees, variables describing the growth, measured plot variables, calculated stand variables.e.g. Stand basal area, stand volume, mean stand height…. Plot-wise equations for tree height, crown diameter and crown length were used to model the missing data values. The also analyzed the factors affecting the individual tree growth: competition and the site index. The study analyzed the competition using a set of distance-dependent and independent competition indices. The results found it that distance-independent and dependent competition indices have a consistent negative impact on tree basal area increment. On another hand, competition stimulates a little the height increment before start decreasing as competition increases. The best distance-independent indices were candidate for further modeling. Site index which is a measure of potential site productivity and it is defined in this work as stand dominant height at given age. The study tested 10 equations. Sloboda equation was confirmed as most appropriate for site index characterization of Pinus brutia stands in Syria. Then, the study tested the statistical models for describing the important life processes of single trees which consists of growth and mortality equations. Growth equations included diameter increment, height increment, crown ratio and generalized height-diameter equation. The study developed diameter increment equation as function of tree size, site characteristics (site index and geo-climatic variation OGV), and competition variables. The equation showed good performance for explaining the variations in diameter increment, where the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.58. One supplementary equation for diameter increment equation was fitted without geo-climatic variation (OGV) and showed similar performance. XVIII The study developed two individual tree height increment equations: linearized height increment in similar way to that developed to diameter increment, and the second equation is Modifier-Potential height increment by achieving Nagel‟s equation (1999). Modifier-Potential height increment is more desirable to be applied in pure even stands of Pinus brutia forests because it gave better results than linearized height increment, and requires less information. The study also developed the crown ratio equation using tree size, competition, and site variables. The exponential equation performed best. Concerning the height-diameter relationship, the study tested 4 equations. The equation proposed by Mirkovich (1958) provides more satisfactory results as compared to the other tested equations. Finally, the study developed the mortality equation as function of stand variables, competition and site variables and could be applied deterministically or stochastically. The study implemented the forest simulation PINUS-SYRIA in NETLOGO. The simulation model allowed us to simulate the behavior of the individual-tree growth mortality dynamics under different conditions (site characteristics and competition) which allowed deep understanding of dynamic of Pinus brutia stands in Syria, and it showed that stochastic and deterministic simulations of mortality equation yield different results for the same single-tree model and the same initial conditions. The model applied forest management scenarios to suggest the optimal rotation age and most appropriate thinning regime. Thinning improved the growth rates for diameter at breast height, tree height and tree volume, the improvement on diameter increment is clearer than on height increment, and optimal rotation age was determined upon site index and density. Finally, the study tested the individual-tree growth model by using independent data and applying the global sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: The PINUS-Syria Model can be applied effectively in several aspects of forest management. Firstly, it can be used for sustainable forest management as determining the rotation length in the absence of thinning and simulating the effect of different scenarios of thinning regimes on the stand development. Based on the simulation results, this study suggests one thinning scenarios with heavy intensity in good and very good sites, and one or two thinning with moderate, heavy or very heavy thinning in medium and poor sites depending on the density.:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XII APPENDICES XIV ABBREVIATIONS XV SUMMARY XVII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG XIX 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Forest growth and yield models 2 1.2.1 Site productivity 5 1.2.2 Competition 6 1.2.3 Individual-tree diameter increment 9 1.2.4 Individual-tree height increment 11 1.2.5 Individual-tree mortality 12 1.2.6 Individual-tree crown ratio 15 1.2.7 Height-diameter relations 15 1.2.8 Model evaluation 16 1.2.9 Thinning treatment 17 1.3 Individual-based simulation tools 18 1.4 Objective and research questions of this thesis 19 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 21 2.1 Study area and sites 21 2.2 General research framework 26 2.3 Data collection 28 2.3.1 Tree level variables 28 2.3.2 Stand level variables 29 2.4 Data preparation 30 2.4.1 Height, crown diameter and crown length curves 30 2.4.2 Calculation of tree variables 31 2.4.3 Calculation of stand level variables 34 2.5 Studying the factors that affect individual-tree growth 36 2.5.1 Competition Analysis 36 2.5.2 Developing the site index 40 2.5.2.1 Fitting the site index equation 40 2.5.2.2 Selection of reference age for site index 41 2.6 Individual-tree growth model 43 2.6.1 Development of diameter increment equation 43 2.6.2 Development of height increment equation 44 2.6.2.1 Development of linearized height increment equation 44 2.6.2.2 Development potential modifier height increment 45 2.6.3 Development of individual-tree crown ratio 46 2.6.4 Generalized height- diameter equation 48 2.6.5 Development of individual-tree mortality equation 48 2.7 Simulation of individual-tree growth model 51 2.7.1 The purpose 51 2.7.2 Entities stand variables and scales 51 2.7.3 Process overview and scheduling 52 2.7.4 Design concepts 53 1. Basic principles 53 2. Emergence 53 3. Interaction 55 4. Observation 55 5. Sensing 55 6. Stochasticity 55 7.Initialization 55 2.7.5 Sub-models 56 2.8 Methods used for model evaluation 57 2.8.1 Sensitivity analysis 57 2.8.2 Validation procedure 57 3 RESULTS 59 3.1 Results of initial data processing 59 3.1.1 The results of height curve fitting 59 3.1.2 Calculation of stand variables 60 3.1.3 Crown diameter curves 61 3.1.4 Crown length curves 62 3.2 Competition indices 62 3.2.1 Spearman correlation test 63 3.2.2 Determination of appropriate competition indices 63 3.3 Site index 67 3.4 Individual-tree growth model 70 3.4.1 Diameter increment equation 70 3.4.2 Development of height increment equations 73 3.4.2.1 Development of realized height increment equation 73 3.4.2.2 Development of potential-modifier height increment 75 3.4.3 Crown ratio equation 76 3.4.4 Generalized height-diameter relationship 78 3.4.5 Mortality equation 79 3.5 Simulation of individual-tree growth model 82 3.5.1 Short-term prediction of a eight-year period 82 3.5.2 Model plausibility 84 3.5.3 Sensitivity analysis 89 3.5.4 Application of the PINUS-Syria Model 92 3.5.4.1 Optimal rotation age 92 3.5.4.2 Thinning treatment 93 4 DISCUSSION 96 4.1 Data collection, size and representation 96 4.2 Individual tree’s response to competition 98 4.3 Site curves of Pinus brutia and forest yield 100 4.4 Individual-tree growth model 102 4.4.1 Diameter increment equation 102 4.4.2 Height increment equations 103 4.4.3 Crown ratio 105 4.4.4 Height-diameter equations 106 4.4.5 Mortality equation 107 4.5 Model Applications 110 4.6 Outlook on the future 112 REFERENCES 114 APPENDICES 125