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Le neuroblastome (NB) est un cancer pédiatrique dérivé de la crête neurale. Les NB à haut risque sont des tumeurs peu différenciées présentant une amplification de MYCN et les plus agressives possèdent en plus une mutation d'ALK. Pour améliorer le traitement de ces tumeurs, les nouvelles thérapies cherchent à induire la différenciation cellulaire, l'inhibition de MYCN et la réduction de la signalisation d'ALK. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le VIP induit une neuritogenèse dans les cellules de NB à haut risque SK-N-DZ et Kelly, et réduit en plus l'expression de MYCN dans les cellules Kelly, comme précédemment observé pour les cellules IMR-32. En parallèle, le VIP diminue l'invasion des cellules Kelly et IMR-32 et réduit également l'activité d'AKT qui est impliquée dans la signalisation d'ALK, dans les cellules Kelly qui présentent la mutation ALK F1174L. Certains effets du VIP sont dépendants de la PKA. Des analogues du PACAP, un peptide apparenté au VIP, présentent une efficacité supérieure à celle du VIP dans les cellules Kelly. Les effets du VIP sur la neuritogenèse et l'expression de MYCN dans ces cellules sont médiés par le récepteur VPAC2 qui peut avoir une localisation nucléaire dans les lignées cellulaires et les cellules de patients atteints de NB. Une délocalisation de ce récepteur nucléaire par ses propres ligands est observée. De plus, des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines dérivées du tissu adipeux induisent la différenciation des cellules de NB via les peptides VIP et/ou PACAP. L'ensemble de ces résultats indiquent que le VIP et des analogues du PACAP agissent sur des processus moléculaires et cellulaires qui pourraient réduire l'agressivité des NB à haut risque, et pourraient donc présenter un intérêt pour une nouvelle thérapie. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric cancer derived from neural crest. High-risk NB are poorly differentiated tumors with MYCN amplification and the most aggressive forms in addition have an ALK mutation. To improve the treatment of these tumors, the new therapies aim to induce cell differentiation, inhibition of MYCN and reduction of ALK signaling. The obtained results indicate that the neuropeptide VIP induces neuritogenesis in high-risk SK-N-DZ and Kelly NB cells, and in addition reduces the expression of MYCN in Kelly cells, as previously observed in IMR-32 cells. In parallel, VIP decreases Kelly and IMR-32 cell invasion and also reduces the activity of AKT that is involved in the signaling of ALK, in Kelly cells harboring the mutation ALK F1174L. Most of these VIP effects are PKA-dependent. Analogs of PACAP, a VIP-related peptide, exhibit a higher efficiency than VIP in Kelly cells. VIP effects on neuritogenesis and MYCN expression in these cells are mediated by the VPAC2 receptor which can have a nuclear localization in the NB cell lines and in NB from patients. A relocation of this nuclear receptor by its own ligand is observed. Moreover, human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue induce NB cells differentiation via VIP and/or PACAP peptides. Taken together, these results indicate that VIP and PACAP analogs act on molecular and cellular processes that might reduce aggressiveness of high-risk NB, and thus could be of interest for new therapy.

Estudos anteriores de nosso laboratório demonstraram que a estimulação aguda dos receptores 2-adrenérgicos (2-AR) atenua a perda de massa muscular induzida pela desnervação motora (DEN) por meio de uma via dependente de AMPc/PKA. No entanto os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na ativação crônica destes receptores ainda são pouco conhecidos. Por outro lado, a ativação desta via de sinalização também está envolvida no controle da estabilidade dos receptores nicotínicos (AChR) na junção neuromuscular (JNM), sugerindo que a densidade dos AChR possa estar sob controle neuro-humoral. Desta forma, aventou-se a possibilidade de que além dos efeitos protetores na massa muscular, a ativação dos receptores 2-AR pudesse mediar a estabilização dos AChR na placa motora. Para testar essa hipótese, camundongos foram submetidos à DEN através da secção do nervo ciático, um protocolo clássico de indução de atrofia muscular e desestabilização dos AChR, e tratados com salina ou clembuterol (CB), um 2-agonista seletivo, por até 14 dias. Após 3 dias de DEN, observou-se redução da massa muscular e aumento do conteúdo proteico e expressão do RNAm de genes relacionados à ativação do sistema Ubiquitina-Proteassoma (atrogina-1 e MuRF1) e do sistema autofágico/lisossomal (catepsina L e LC3). A DEN também promoveu aumento no turnover dos AChR, no número de vesículas endocíticas e na expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1 dos AChR. Após 7 dias, a DEN reduziu a expressão dos genes relacionados à atrofia e aumentou a atividade da via do AMPc/PKA independentemente do tratamento com CB. Na tentativa de elucidar os sinais extracelulares que produziam esta resposta adaptativa, foi demonstrado que neurônios catecolaminérgicos trafegam ao longo do nervo ciático e sua ablação pela DEN reduziu o conteúdo de noradrenalina muscular. Baseados nestes resultados, foi postulado a existência de uma hipersenbilidade às catecolaminas em músculos desnervados cronicamente. O tratamento com CB por 3 dias aboliu o aumento da expressão dos atrogenes induzido pela DEN e este efeito foi associado ao maior conteúdo de AMPc e de substratos fosforilados pela PKA. Além disso, o CB diminuiu a hiperexpressão do RNAm para catepsina L e LC3 induzida pela DEN de 7 dias. Embora o CB não tenha alterado a meia-vida dos AChR em músculos inervados e desnervados, houve um total bloqueio do aumento do número de vesículas endocíticas contendo o AChR em músculos desnervados e tratados com CB. Corroborando estes dados, o CB aumentou a incorporação de AChR novos nas JNM e este efeito foi também associado à maior expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1-AChR em músculos desnervados. Esta ação do CB no turnover dos AChR parece ser direta uma vez que neuroniôs catecolaminérgicos presentes no nervo ciático ativam receptores 2-ARe a produção de AMPc especificamente na JNM. Em estudos in vitro, foi demonstrado que a estimulação colinérgica produzida pelo carbacol (10-4M) diminuiu a velocidade de síntese de proteínas, aumentou a proteólise total e a atividade do sistema proteolítico Ca2+-dependente em músculos soleus de ratos por meio da ativação dos receptores nicotínicos. Este efeito catabólico do carbacol foi completamente bloqueado pela adição de CB (10-4M) ao meio de incubação. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo permitem sugerir que a estimulação crônica dos 2-AR no músculo esquelético induz um efeito anti-catabólico pela supressão dos sistemas proteolíticos proteassomal e lisossomal, provavelmente através da via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. A inibição destes sistemas pode estar relacionada ao aumento do turnover dos AChR, uma vez que a velocidade de incorporação destes receptores na JNM foi aumentada pelo CB. Além disso, os achados que mostram a associação entre neurônios noradrenérgicos e colinérgicos no nervo ciático, que conjuntamente inervam as JNM, e a co-localização de receptores 2-AR e AChR na sinapse permitem sugerir a existência de uma interação funcional entre o sistema colinérgico e adrenérgico na manutenção da massa muscular e da placa motora. / Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the acute stimulation of 2-adrenergic receptor (2-AR) attenuates the muscle loss induced by motor denervation (DEN) through a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the chronic activation of these receptors are poorly understood. Furthermore, the activation of this signaling pathway is also involved in controlling the stability of nicotinic receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), suggesting that the density of AChR may be under neurohumoral control. Thus, we postulated that besides the protective effects on muscle mass the activation of 2-AR receptors could mediate the stabilization of AChR in the motor plate. To test this hypothesis, mice were submitted to DEN through of the sciatic nerve section, a classical protocol of induction muscle atrophy and destabilization of AChR, and were treated with saline or clenbuterol (CB), a selective 2-agonist for 14 days. DEN decreased the muscle mass and increased the protein content and mRNA expression of genes related to the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (atrogin-1 and MuRF1) and autophagic/lysosomal system (cathepsin L and LC3). DEN also promoted an increase in the turnover of AChR, number of endocytic vesicles and the expression of mRNA for the 1 subunit of AChR. Interestingly, chronic DEN induced down-regulation of atrophy related-genes, and increased the activity of cAMP/PKA pathway independently of CB treatment. In an attempt to elucidate the extracellular signals that produced this adaptive response, it was demonstrated that catecholaminergic neurons travels along the sciatic nerve and its ablation by DEN reduces muscle norepinephrine content. Based on these results, it was postulated the existence of a muscle adrenergic hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines induced by chronic DEN. CB treatment for 3 days completely abolished the higher expression of atrogenes and this effect was associated with increased Camp content and PKA phosphorylated substrates. Furthermore, CB decreased the DEN-induced hyperexpression of cathepsin L and LC3 mRNA at 7 days. Although CB has not altered the half-life of AChR in innervated and denervated muscles, it produced a total blockage of the increased number of endocytic vesicles containing the AChR in denervated muscles. Consistently, CB increased the incorporation of new AChR and this effect was associated with an increased expression of the 1-subunit AChR mRNA in denervated muscles. This action of CB on AChR turnover appears to be direct, since catecholaminergic neurons are present in the sciatic nerve stimulating 2-AR and cAMP production specifically in the NMJ. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation produced by carbachol (10-4M) decreased the rate of protein synthesis and increased the proteolytic activity of Ca2+-dependent system in rat soleus muscle through activation of nicotinic receptors. This catabolic effect of carbachol was completely blocked by the addition of CB (10-4M) to the incubation medium. These data suggest that chronic stimulation of 2-AR in skeletal muscle induces an anti-catabolic effect by suppressing proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic systems, probably through the cAMP/PKA signaling. The inhibition of these systems seems to be related to the increased AChR incorporation into NMJ induced by CB treatment. Moreover, the association between noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons in the sciatic nerve, both of which innervate the motor endplates, and the co-localization of AChR and 2-ARat the synapse suggest the existence of a functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems in the maintenance of muscle mass and motor endplate.

L’homéostasie glucidique est, durant un jeûne normal, maintenue grâce à un réseau de régulation complexe contrôlé principalement par le glucagon, produit par le pancréas. S’opposant aux effets de l’insuline, celui-ci orchestre notamment l'utilisation, le stockage et la synthèse du glucose par le foie, principal organe de production du glucose au cours du jeûne. Cette dernière s’effectue d’abord suite à la dégradation du glycogène ou glycogénolyse puis par la synthèse de novo de glucose ou néoglucogenèse. La néoglucogenèse hépatique est contrôlée par la modulation de l’activité et/ou de l’expression de différentes enzymes-clefs selon des mécanismes allostériques ou transcriptionnels.De multiples facteurs de transcription sont impliqués dans la régulation, au niveau transcriptionnel, de la néoglucogenèse hépatique. Le récepteur nucléaire des acides biliaires FXR est exprimé dans le foie et dans plusieurs organes impliqués dans le maintien de l’homéostasie glucidique. FXR participe à la régulation de nombreuses fonctions hépatiques essentielles, en contrôlant notamment les métabolismes des acides biliaires et lipidique. Le rôle exact de FXR sur la néoglucogenèse reste toujours débattu. L’objectif de cette thèse a donc été d’étudier le rôle de FXR dans le contrôle de la néoglucogenèse hépatique dans des conditions expérimentales reflétant certains aspects du jeûne. Nous avons démontré que FXR, en présence de glucagon, régulait positivement la néoglucogenèse selon deux mécanismes.Le premier mécanisme implique la phosphorylation de FXR par la PKA, une kinase activée par le glucagon. Cette modification post-traductionnelle de FXR permet une induction synergique de l’expression des enzymes-clefs de la néoglucogenèse par FXR et le facteur de transcription CREB. L’identification de ce mécanisme constitue la majeure partie des travaux présentés dans cette thèse. Ceux-ci ont été intégrés à des travaux menés précédemment dans le laboratoire qui nous ont permis d’identifier un mécanisme additionnel de régulation de la gluconéogenèse. L’interaction directe de FXR avec le facteur de transcription FOXA2, lui-même activé par le glucagon, inhibe la capacité de FXR à induire l’expression de SHP, un récepteur nucléaire inhibiteur de la néoglucogenèse.Ce travail a donc permis d’identifier pour la première fois que la néoglucogenèse hépatique est régulée positivement par FXR dans le cadre de la voie de signalisation du glucagon. Pour cela, FXR intègre le signal « glucagon » par deux mécanismes distincts: via une modification post-traductionnelle, sa phosphorylation par la PKA sur les sérines S325 et S357 et via une interaction protéine-protéine avec FOXA2. / Glucose homeostasis is maintained during normal fasting through a complex regulatory network controlled mainly by glucagon, a pancreatic hormone. Opposing the effects of insulin, it orchestrates the glucose use, storage and synthesis by the liver, the main organ that produces glucose during fasting. The latter is carried out first by the degradation of glycogen or glycogenolysis and then by de novo glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is controlled by modulation of various key enzymes activity and/or expression according to allosteric or transcriptional mechanisms.Multiple transcription factors are involved in the transcriptional regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is expressed in the liver and in several organs involved in glucose homeostasis. FXR regulates many essential liver functions, including controlling bile acid and lipid metabolism. The exact role of FXR on gluconeogenesis is still debated. The objective of this work was therefore to study the role of FXR in the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis under experimental conditions reflecting certain aspects of fasting. We demonstrated that FXR, in the presence of glucagon, positively regulated gluconeogenesis according to two mechanisms.The first mechanism involves phosphorylation of FXR by PKA, a glucagon-activated kinase. This FXR post-translational modification allows synergistic induction of key gluconeogenic enzymes expression by FXR and the CREB transcription factor. This mechanism identification constitutes the major part of the work presented in this thesis. These were integrated with work previously conducted in the laboratory that allowed us to identify an additional mechanism for regulating gluconeogenesis. The FXR direct interaction with the transcription factor FOXA2, itself activated by glucagon, inhibits the ability of FXR to induce the expression of SHP, a gluconeogenesis inhibitory nuclear receptor.This work has therefore identified for the first time that hepatic gluconeogenesis is positively regulated by FXR in the glucagon signalling pathway. For this, FXR integrates the "glucagon" signal by two distinct mechanisms: via post-translational modification, its phosphorylation by PKA on S325 and S357 serines and via protein-protein interaction with FOXA2.

Les hyperplasies micronodulaires pigmentées de la surrénale (PPNAD) sont les tumeurs endocrines les plus fréquentes d’un syndrome multinéoplasique d’origine génétique, le Complexe de Carney. Ces hyperplasies bilatérales sont associées à des mutations inactivatrices de PRKAR1A, le gène codant la sous-unité régulatrice R1 de la protéine kinase dépendante de l’AMPc (PKA). Ces tumeurs bénignes conduisent à une activation constitutive de la PKA responsable d’un hypercortisolisme indépendant de l’ACTH (syndrome de Cushing), associant diverses comorbidités telles que l’obésité centrale, le diabète, l’ostéoporose, des troubles de l’humeur ou encore des complications cardiovasculaires. Cependant, les mécanismes de cette tumorigenèse restent mal compris. Afin d’évaluer les conséquences de l’activation de la signalisation PKA sur l’induction tumorale et l’activité endocrine, l’équipe a précédemment généré un modèle de souris transgéniques reproduisant l’inactivation de Prkar1a dans la corticosurrénale. Ces souris développent une hyperplasie bilatérale composée de cellules présentant des caractéristiques fœtales naturellement absente d’une surrénale adulte. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse était d’identifier l’origine des cellules constituant cette hyperplasie retrouvée dans le cortex interne des souris mutantes. Nous avons utilisé pour cela une approche génétique de lignage cellulaire afin de tracer chez la souris, l’origine de ces tumeurs après invalidation de Prkar1a dans les précurseurs du cortex définitif ou dans ceux du cortex fœtal. Les résultats montrent que l’activation de la signalisation PKA dans le cortex surrénalien adulte est suffisante pour promouvoir le développement d’hyperplasies surrénaliennes associées à la mise en place d’un syndrome de Cushing. L’invalidation de Prkar1a dans les précurseurs du cortex fœtal ne conduit à aucune anomalie endocrine ni tumorale. En revanche, l’activation de la signalisation PKA dans le cortex adulte favorise le renouvellement cellulaire centripète, l’identité fasciculée et sa conversion en identité réticulée dans la partie interne. L’activation de la signalisation PKA, conjointement à la croissance corticale, apparait donc comme un moteur possible de l’adrénarche, normalement restreinte aux grands primates.L’analyse transcriptomique des surrénales et les expériences de lignages cellulaires montrent que la prédisposition des femelles au syndrome de Cushing et au développement d’hyperplasies « pseudo-réticulée » pourraient reposer sur un dimorphisme sexuel des capacités de recrutement des cellules progénitrices et sur le métabolisme du cholestérol.En parallèle de ces travaux, l’exploration des mécanismes conduisant à la présence inappropriée de cellules « pseudo-réticulée » nous a amené à tester l’implication de la SUMOylation dans les défauts de zonation observés. Nos résultats montrent que l’activation de la signalisation PKA in vitro et in vivo exerce une hypoSUMOylation globale, d’origine transcriptionnelle. En accord avec cet effet, les nodules présents chez les patients atteints de PPNAD sont hypoSUMOylés. Enfin nous montrons chez les deux espèces, un gradient de SUMOylation régionalisé dans le cortex qui suggère l’implication de cette modification dans la zonation de la glande surrénale. / Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenal Disease (PPNAD) is the most frequent endocrine manifestation of a rare, dominantly inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, the Carney Complex. These bilateral hyperplasia are associated with inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A, the gene encoding the R1 regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). These benign tumors lead to constitutive activation of PKA, responsible for an ACTH-independent hypertcortisolism (Cushing's syndrome), associating various comorbidities such as central obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, mood disorders or cardiovascular complications. However, the mechanisms of tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. In order to evaluate the consequences of activation of PKA signaling on tumor induction and endocrine activity, the team previously generated a model of transgenic mice reproducing the inactivation of Prkar1a in the adrenal cortex. These mice develop bilateral hyperplasia composed of cells with fetal characteristics naturally absent from an adult adrenal gland.The general objective of this thesis was to identify the origin of the cells constituting this hyperplasia found in the internal cortex of the mutant mice. We used a genetic approach of cell lineage to trace the origin of these tumors after deletion of Prkar1a in the precursors of the adult or fetal cortex.The results show that activation of PKA signaling in the adult cortex is sufficient to promote the development of adrenal hyperplasia associated with Cushing's syndrome. The ablation of Prkar1a in the precursors of the fetal cortex does not lead to any endocrine or tumor abnormalities. On the contrary, activation of PKA signaling in the adult cortex promotes centripetal cell renewal, fasciculata identity and its conversion into reticularis identity in the internal part of the gland. The activation of PKA signaling, together with cortical growth, therefore appears to be a possible motor of adrenarche, normally restricted to human and some primates.Transcriptomic analysis of the adrenals and cell lineage experiments show that female predisposition to Cushing's syndrome and development of "pseudo-reticularis" hyperplasia may be based on sexual dimorphism of progenitor cell recruitment capacities and on metabolism of cholesterol.In parallel, the exploration of the mechanisms leading to the inappropriate presence of "pseudo-reticularis" cells led us to test the involvement of SUMOylation in the observed zonation defects. Our results show that the activation of PKA signaling in vitro and in vivo exerts a global hypoSUMOylation, of transcriptional origin. In agreement with this effect, the nodules present in patients with PPNAD are hypoSUMOylated. Finally, we show in both species a regionalized SUMOylation gradient in the cortex that suggests the implication of this modification in the zonation of the adrenal gland.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A diferenciação da oligodendroglia depende de alterações coordenadas no citoesqueleto e na sua relação com a membrana plasmática, um componente importante para a formação da bainha de mielina. A 23 nucleotídeo cíclico 3 fosfodiesterase (CNPase) está relacionada com a organização do citoesqueleto, sendo uma proteína ancoradoura de microtúbulos na membrana plasmática. In vitro, a CNPase compõe, com a F-actina e os microtúbulos, as estruturas semelhantes a nervuras ou os componentes radiais. A glicoproteína associada a mielina (MAG), também é importante para a formação dos véus de membrana e está associada a CNPase e a tubulina. Além disso, as três proteínas podem ser reguladas pela via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. Buscando avaliar os efeitos da via do AMPc/PKA na regulação da diferenciação oligodendroglial, culturas de hemisférios cerebrais com 5 dias foram tratadas por 30 min ou 24 h com o inibidor (SQ22356-SQ [1 M]) ou com o ativador (forscolina [10M]) da adenilato ciclase ou com o inibidor da PKA, H-89 [1 M]. A oligodendroglia foi identificada pelo anticorpo anti-CNPase e por sua morfologia. Com 30 min de tratamento com forscolina, as células das culturas tratadas apresentaram prolongamentos maiores e menos véus de membrana quando comparadas às culturas controle. O tratamento com SQ também causou um aumento no tamanho dos prolongamentos e o tratamento com H-89 causou a redução no tamanho dos prolongamentos e nos véus de membrana. Com 24 h, as células tratadas com forscolina apresentaram poucos prolongamentos, já as culturas tratadas com SQ apresentaram um aumento no tamanho do prolongamento e as tratadas com H-89 demonstraram redução no véu de membrana. Observamos também alterações na distribuição da CNPase, tubulina e MAG, a primeira apresentou uma concentração próxima ao núcleo depois dos dois tempos de tratamento com H-89, o mesmo ocorreu com a tubulina. A CNPase adquiriu ainda um padrão puntiforme depois de 24 h de tratamento com ambos os inibidores. A MAG apresentou um aumento na concentração próximo ao núcleo depois de 30 min de tratamento com forscolina e SQ. O tratamento com SQ também reduziu a distribuição da MAG nos véus de membrana. A mesma redução foi observada depois de 24 h de tratamento com H-89. Esses resultados reforçam a participação da via do AMPc/PKA no desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia, incluindo a formação dos prolongamentos, suas ramificações e ainda a formação dos véus de membrana, com prováveis consequências na formação e manutenção da bainha de mielina. / Oligodendroglial differentiation depends on coordinated changes in the cytoskeleton and on its relationship with the plasmatic membrane, a critical site regarding the formation of the myelin sheath. 23cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is related to cytoskeleton modulation, anchoring microtubules to the plasmatic membrane. In vitro, CNPase composes, together with F-actin and microtubules, the vein-like structures or radial components in myelin sheath. Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) is important to membrane vellum formation and is associated with CNPase and tubulin. Besides, the AMPc/PKA pathway can regulate these three proteins. In order to evaluate the effects of the cAMP/PKA pathway modulation on oligodendroglial differentiation, cultures of cerebral hemispheres were treated for 30 min or 24 h with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 SQ [1 lM] or with its activator forskolin [10 lM], or with the PKA inhibitor H-89 [1 lM]. Oligodendroglia was identified using anti-CNPase antibody as also by morphology. At 30 min, the cells treated with forskolin showed bigger processes and a shorter membrane vellum when compared to control cultures, the treatment with SQ caused an increase in the processes length, the H-89 treatment reduced the processes length and the membrane vellum. At 24 h, cultures treated with forskolin showed few processes when compared to control cultures. Cultures treated with SQ showed an increase in the processes length and after H89 treatment oligodendroglial cells presented a reduction in the membrane vellum. We also observed alterations in the distribution of CNPase, tubulin and MAG, the first showed an increase in the distribution closest to nucleus in both periods of H-89 treatment, the same pattern occurred for tubulin. The CNPase acquired a punctiform pattern after 24 hours of treatment with both inhibitors. The MAG also showed an increase closest to nucleus after 30 minutes of treatment with forskolin and SQ. The SQ treatment also caused a reduction in the protein distribution to membrane vellum. The same reduction is observed after 24 hours of treatment with H-89.These findings reinforce a role for AMPc/PKA pathway in oligodendroglial differentiation including the processes extension and arborization as also the formation of membranar vellum, with possible consequences in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheath.