Territoires français à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, les archipels des Mascareignes, Seychelles et Chagos ont connu un destin politique différent. L’ensemble de ce vaste espace insulaire, La Réunion exceptée, est devenu anglophone. On fait pourtant un constat essentiel, paradoxal en apparence : ces îles ont aujourd’hui encore une toponymie majoritairement francophone. Cette constatation est à l’origine de cette recherche, appuyée sur la constitution d’une base de données thématique et géo-référencée d’environ 6600 toponymes. À l’aide de cet outil, ce corpus toponymique est analysé suivant plusieurs critères, tels que les langues, les valeurs sémantiques, les natures et importances des éléments désignés et de la répartition spatiale. La question de l’appropriation et l’évolution des toponymes est également abordée et analysée. Ce travail constitue une base, évolutive et ouverte, pour des travaux complémentaires ultérieurs. / French territories in the late eighteenth century, the archipelagos of Mascarene, Seychelles and Chagos experienced a different political destiny. All of these islands except Reunion became English-speaking. Yet today, we make an essential observation, paradoxical in appearance: these islands still have a mostly French-speaking toponymy. This ascertainment is at the origin of this research supported by a thematic and georeferenced database of about 6600 place names. Thanks to this tool, an analyse has been carried according to several criteria such as the languages, the semantic values, the natures and importance of designated elements and the spatial distribution. The question about appropriation and evolution of place names is also examined and analysed. This work constitutes a base, open and evolutive, for further works.

El tema que le interesa a este trabajo está relacionado con el aspecto teórico del quehacer lingüístico. Le importa destacar su relevancia, en especial, cuando se trata de una disciplina que trabaja sobre un objeto como la lengua, producto mismo de la reflexión teórica. Para esto, se propone un ejercicio metateórico en el que se distinguen el objeto de estudio de la materia de una subdisciplina de la lingüística como la toponimia. El objetivoes demostrar cómo, desde la supuesta homogeneidad de una misma área de interés, el objeto y la materia de estudio con que se suele trabajar es, en realidad, el resultado de una elaboración teórica y metodológica guiada por los intereses y objetivos particulares del investigador. / The following paper is interested in the theoretical aspect of linguistic work. That is why it points out its importance when dealing with disciplines such as linguistics, which work on objects that are the product of theoretical reflections. For this purpose, we try to distinguish which are the different objects of study used in a field of linguistics such as toponymy. The main objective is to demonstrate how the objects used for linguistic analysis are, in reality, the result of a theoretical and methodological elaboration guidedby the particular interests and objectives of the researcher

Geographische Namen können als ‘verdichtete Erzählungen’ über das geographische Objekt, das sie bezeichnen, sowie über die namengebende Gemeinschaft betrachtet werden. In Richtung des Objekts gilt dies jedoch nur für deskriptive Namen, nicht für Gedenknamen wie Namen nach Personen oder Ereignissen oder für neutrale Namen wie Namen nach Blumen oder Tieren. Die Zuschreibung der Qualität ‘verdichteter Erzählungen’ beruht auf der Annahme, dass jeder Name mit Bedacht gewählt wurde und ein wesentliches oder auffallendes Merkmal eines Objekts hervorhebt. Allerdings kann dieses Merkmal heute nicht mehr so wichtig sein und ist die Bedeutung eines Namens auch nicht immer transparent, weil Namen oft aus früheren Sprachen oder älteren Schichten einer heute an einem Ort gesprochenen Sprache stammen. Für die heutige Geographie ist dieser Aspekt geographischer Namen deshalb besonders interessant, weil ihr heute vorherrschender konstruktivistischer Ansatz die menschliche Wahrnehmung der Umwelt, des geographischen Raumes und geographischer Objekte in den Mittelpunkt stellt und dafür geographische Namen eine wichtige Informationsquelle besonders über heute nicht mehr existierende Gesellschaften und ältere Schichten der Kulturlandschaft sind. Der Artikel illustriert diesen Gedanken anhand von Beispielen aus Mitteleuropa und dem adriatischen Raum.

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This thesis offers an interdisciplinary approach to the period between c. AD 400 and 650 in the Lincoln region, considering in depth not only the archaeological evidence, but also the historical, literary and linguistic. It is argued that by using all of this material together, significant advances can be made in our understanding of what occurred in these centuries, most especially with regard to Anglian-British interaction in this period. It is contended that this evidence, when taken together, requires that a British polity named *Lindēs was based at Lincoln into the sixth century, and that the seventh-century Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Lindsey (Old English Lindissi < Late British *Lindēs-) had an intimate connection to this British political unit. In addition to investigating the evidence for Anglian-British interaction in this region and the potential legacies of British *Lindēs, this thesis also provides a detailed analysis of the nature of the Anglo-Saxon population-groups that were present in the Lincoln region from the mid-fifth century onwards, including those of *Lindēs-Lindissi and also more southerly groups, such as the Spalde/Spaldingas. The picture which emerges is arguably not simply of importance from the perspective of the history of the Lincoln region but also nationally, helping to answer key questions regarding the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the nature and extent of Anglian-British interaction in the core areas of Anglo-Saxon immigration, and the conquest and settlement of Northumbria.

This diploma thesis extends the bachelor thesis research that analysed whether and what characteristic features appear in ordinary language of native speaker who come from Jiratice. The goal of this thesis is linguistic analysis of official, unofficial personal names, minorplace and local names in Jiratice or in its nearby vicinity. These names are collected from written sources and from interviews with witnesses. The collected material is organized into a dictionary that analyses primarily the motivation of each name. The complex of names is also classified according to various criteria. The aim of the diploma thesis is to contribute partially to the Czech onymic research.

The aim of this thesis is to present and examine the names of the islands in the archipelago of Luleå innorthern Sweden. The basis for the studies is a collection of names, which contains written forms excerpted fromsources from the 14th to the 20th century and local pronunciations of old as well as modern names. The names ofthe islands in the collection have been studied from three aspects.The first study (chapter 2) deals with the structure of the names and especially that of names of islands in doublecompound. The lack of s in names like Storhäll-gründet, where dialects in the south of S weden and StandardSwedish would have Storhälls gründet, is the starting point of the investigation. (Some double compounds have sin the compounding link like Bullerskärs-grundet. They are also discussed.)The hypothesis advanced is that the dialectal distribution of the accent in the names in northern Sweden makes itpossible to show where the link in the double compound is, so the 5, which in Standard Swedish and in thedialects in the south of Sweden is needed to mark the semantic limit between the parts of the compound, is notneeded in the dialects of northern Sweden.The stress in double compounds of th e type AB-C (see above) is on the last element of the name or word: -——. Names in double compound of the type A-BC like Lill-Kvarnören have a different type of accent: — — 1with the stress on the first element of the name or word. The two different main accents in double compounds ofthe type AB-C and A-BC: J— — and — —1 have the status of markers showing where the compounding link inthe compound is, so the s is not needed in the compounds of the type AB-C in the dialects of northern Sweden.The study includes names of isl ands containing double compounds in the whole of Norrbotten and appellativedouble compounds from a collection of words from a village in Nederluleå.The second study (chapter 3) deals with the relationship between the names and the land uplift. The BothnianBay is an area of rapid land uplift. The land uplift has its highest estimated values, 0,9 meters in 100 years, on thecoast north of Skellefteå up to Luleå. Many names of islands have disappeared because the islands have beenuplifted, especially in what used to be large bays, now large shallow lakes like Persöfjärden. New water-surroundedareas have on the other hand been named like Sandgrönnorna, described from old maps from 1790 and fromphotographs from 1946.Chapter 3 consists of three sections, in which separate studies of names in relation to the land uplift are presented.The first section deals with the names ending in -gründet, -grunden. Originally names of under-water localities,they are now names of small islands and gründet has changed its denotation to 'small island' in the area.The second section in chapter 3 presents a method for the dating of names of island in uplifted areas. Many largeislands, now uplifted, still have the names they had as water-surrounded islands. By following the equidistancecurves around the locality it is possible to find out at what equidistance it was surrounded by water. Before thattime it must have been named as an island. That is terminus ante quem, TAO, for the name. The third sectiondeals with the names of vattung, which can be dated from the time of th eir rise above the sea level. A vattung, 5meters high, can thus be about 500 years old, terminus post quem, TPQ, about 1450. The studies presentedabove show that some names can be dated to the Viking Age.The third study (chapter 4) deals with the names of large islands and the colonization. The colonization period ofthe northern part of Sweden is reflected in many names of large islands containing personal names like Hertsönand Germandön. No archipelago in Scandinavia shows such an amount of names of islands containing personalnames. Most personal names are Nordic and can be compared to those in the names ending in -mark in Västerbottenand the south of Norrbotten. - Some of t he names of islands containing personal names have also beendated in chapter 3. They are among the oldest names in Nederluleå.In chapter 5 the names in the studies are put in relation to the historical and archaeological records in Norrbottenand can thus contribute to throwing light upon the colonization period of northern Sweden. / digitalisering@umu

The archipelago at the Swedish Baltic coast belonging to the landscapes Södermanland och Östergötland consists of many thousands of islands today. However, about 10 000 years ago, the first islands broke the sea surface due to the land uplift. Despite of the very exteme maritime environment at that time there exist archaeological remains from the mesolitical period from the first visitors. Since that time the maritime landscape has been used for several reasons, such as providing food, establishing industry, defence and trade. In the viking and medieval age the activity was high in the archipelago. This could only be possible with a safe journey between the islands with help from local fishermen who were the experts of the archipelago and severed as pilots as they know the safe routes and the placenamnes. The intention of this essay is to test if the phenomena called "name user circle" is present along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast of Södermanland and Östergötland. This means that a limitid group of people, geographically located, used the same placenamn for, in this case the placenamne Hamnskär (harbour islet). The frequensy and locality of Hamnskär will be studied as well as the historical och archaeological materiel. Other questions will be answered, such as common factors for Hamnskär, who used them, what were they used for, where did the users come from and who gave the islands their placenamnes. The result of the test is that ten Hamnskär have been found relatively frequently along the tested coast, except outside Södertörns coast, a part of Södermanland. Five "Bodskär" ("hut-islet") were located here. To go fishing in the outer archipelago you need a boat, a harbour and a hut, the use of these islets is the same. Archaeological materiel exits on some islets. The islets were used for fishing and for self-sufficiency. As the fishing was very income-generating a lot of people came to fish, even the Crown and burghers. Some other placenames have been found along the tested coast, Björkskär 18 and Alskär 26. The conclusion is that Hamnskär is a part of a local name user circle.

The aim of the thesis is to theoretically and empirically describe and explain the phenomenon of place-name adaptation which does not necessarily end with the borrowing or replication of place-names but can continue further. 48 Wendish place-names in Knýtlinga saga, including their attestations and variants in a selection of the saga’s text carriers and corresponding text witnesses, constitute the primary material for the investigation. The thesis seeks to combine place-name research, contact linguistics and philology with the theory of name adaptation in contact onomastics as its overall framework. The most important contribution of the thesis is the proposed demarcation between place-name replication and adaptation. In discussing the factors that can influence adaptation and its results, the focus is on the decisive role of the language user in contact-induced change. It is argued that the choice of adaptation strategy is primarily dependent upon the needs, competence and attitudes of the name user. The resulting form of adaptation is in most cases governed by the linguistic system of the target language, which is reflected in the model employed in the thesis to describe the results of the adaptation process. Two studies, one etymological and one philological, have been undertaken. Phonological, morphological, lexical, onomastic and semantic adaptations with and without epexegetic additions can be discerned in the toponymic material, which comprises 29 names of Slavic origin. Phonological adaptation dominates, which confirms the observations on place-name adaptation in previous research. Further adaptation of the replicated names in the post-medieval copies of Knýtlinga saga is admittedly insignificant; nevertheless scribes here make greatest use of lexical and onomastic adaptation in copying. The lack of transparency, which has been pointed out as the trigger for these types of adaptation, seems to create only the possibility of adaptation, but it is the name user who determines whether adaptation will occur and which strategy should then be employed.

The dissertation describes the names related to justice and places in the landscape where justice was administered, applying an interdisciplinary perspective with place names as the chief source material. One aim is to collect and describe place names in Skåne designating or indirectly associated with meeting places and districts of the court, and to study the named places. The study covers many different periods, but especially the Middle Ages and the transition from the Late Iron Age to the Middle Ages. The analysis raises questions such as: Was there continuity in judicial sites between prehistoric and historic times? How old are the hundreds (härader)? Is there a spatial link between judicial sites and other central functions such as cult, markets, or rulers’ estates? The work is permeated by material-based onomastic research in combination with current perspectives in text research, historical geography, and archaeology. Nine case studies are conducted to describe the interaction between place, linguistic expression, and meaning. The study demonstrates the existence of a large corpus of names reflecting the early administration of justice. Most of the many field names which contain ting ‘court’ and galge ‘gallows’ can be related to the actual administration of justice. The medieval sites where courts assembled and people were executed stand out in particular, but in many cases these have prehistoric roots. Both unbroken continuity and the reuse of earlier places of assembly may be assumed. Close to sites with names indicating the administration of justice there are also landscape features with names that grant epic and mythical status to the locale. The special quality of these places was handed down, incorporated in larger narratives, based on changing ideas and circumstances in different periods. The landscape of the hundred courts (häradsting) is archaic, magnificent and mythical, and shared, qualities that contributed to the maintenance and legitimation of judicial practice. A division into a general, public judicial sphere and a more limited and exclusive sphere can be seen. In the medieval exercise of justice this division is manifested in two different judicial districts – härad and birk – but the phenomenon can be traced back to the Late Iron Age. The study also problematizes a traditional image of the names of the hundreds.