INTRODUÇÃO: Não há tratamento ideal para o bócio multinodular (BMN). A cirurgia é o método mais utilizado, por proporcionar uma redução imediata do volume tiroidiano (VT), dos sintomas compressivos e permitir um diagnóstico histológico definitivo. O iodo radioativo (I¹³¹) é considerado uma excelente opção terapêutica em situações de contra-indicação cirúrgica ou recusa do paciente a este método. Entretanto doses elevadas de I¹³¹ são utilizadas para obtenção de resultados satisfatórios na redução do VT. Esta estratégia leva a uma maior exposição dos pacientes à radiação ionizante e a um maior custo devido à necessidade de internações. Administração prévia do TSH humano recombinante (rhTSH) ao I¹³¹ no tratamento do BMN, permite a utilização de doses menores deste radiofármaco, obtendo resultados satisfatórios na redução do VT e em menor tempo. Porém esta associação pode acentuar efeitos colaterais descritos neste tipo de terapia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade e segurança de pequenas e diferentes doses do estímulo prévio do rhTSH ao I¹³¹ em dose fixa, no tratamento do BMN. PACIENTES e MÉTODOS: Trinta portadores de BMN foram divididos em três grupos de 10 pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo I foram estimulados previamente com 0,1 mg de rhTSH ; Os pacientes do grupo II com 0,01 mg e o grupo III foi caracterizado como controle. Todos os participantes do estudo foram submetidos à mesma dose terapêutica de I¹³¹. As variáveis medidas foram: captação do I¹³¹ às 24 horas; VT e a menor área seccional transversal da traquéia (MATT) avaliados através da ressonância magnética (RM), antes, 2, 7, 180 e 360 dias, após o tratamento; dosagens seriadas de T3 total, T4 livre, TSH e anticorpos anti-tiroidianos. RESULTADOS: Após seis meses da terapia actínica houve redução no VT de 30,3 ± 16,5 % no grupo I, 22,6 ± 14,5 % no grupo II e 5,0 ± 14,6 % no grupo controle (p=0,01). Aos 12 meses de seguimento o VT reduziu 39,2 ± 16,9 % no grupo I, 38,8 ± 24,4% no grupo II e 23,4 ± 23,59 % no grupo controle (p=0,205). Houve elevação dos níveis dos hormônios tiroidianos e consequente redução das medidas de TSH nos primeiros trinta dias de maneira similar entre os grupos, porém em valores não considerados como tireotoxicose na maioria dos pacientes. Após doze meses do I¹³¹, oito pacientes desenvolveram hipotiroidismo, sendo três no grupo I, três no grupo II e dois no grupo placebo, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos. Os níveis de anticorpos antitireoglobulina (AATg) elevaram-se no sexto mês do estudo e retornaram aos níveis basais aos doze meses. Os níveis de anticorpos antitireoperoxidase (ATPO) foram mais elevados no grupo I que nos demais ao final do estudo. Não houve alteração significativa do VT e da MATT durante a primeira semana após o I¹³¹, em nenhum dos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: O estímulo prévio do rhTSH a uma dose fixa de I¹³¹ levou a uma redução maior e mais significativa do bócio aos 6 meses de tratamento, que o uso isolado do I¹³¹. Após 12 meses esta tendência se manteve, entretanto sem significância estatística. / BACKGROUND: There is not an optimal treatment for multinodular goiter (MNG). Surgery is the main therapeutic option because it decreases thyroid volume, reduces compression symptoms and provide histological diagnosis. Radioiodine (131I) is an efficient therapeutic option for the treatment of MNG mainly when surgery is not indicated or when the patient refused it. However, high activities of 131I are frequently required for clinically significant results. This procedure increases the body radiation exposure and the hospitalization costs. Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) allows a reduction in the administered activity of ¹³¹ I with effective thyroid volume (TV) reduction. However, this combination therapeutic can increase collateral effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low and intermediate doses of rhTSH compared to placebo, associated with a fixed activity of 131I in MNG treatment. PATIENTS and METHODS: Thirty patients with MNG received 0.1 mg of rhTSH (group I, n=10), 0.01 mg of rhTSH (group II, n=10), or placebo (control group, n=10). After 24 hours, 30 mCi of 131I was given to all patients. Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) was determined before and 24 hours after rhTSH. Before and 2, 7, 180 and 360 days after the TV was measured by magnetic resonance image (MRI). The smallest cross-sectional area of traqueal lumen (Scat) was also measured with MRI before, 2 and 7 days after treatment. Antithyroid antibodies, TSH, T3 and free T4 were assessed regularly. RESULTS: After 6 months, the decrease in TV was more significant in groups I (30.3±16.5%) and II (22.6±14.5%), than in control group (5.0±14.6%; p=0.01). After 12 months, TV decreased more in group I (39.2±16.9%) and group II (38.8±24.4%) than in group III (23.4±23.59%) but it was not statistically significant (p=0.205). During the first 30 days,total T3 and free T4 increased, without reaching thyrotoxic levels and TSH decreased. After 12 months, 8 patients developed hypothyroidism (3 in group I, 3 in group II and 2 in group III). Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG) titers increased after 6 months and returned to basal levels after 12 months similarly in all groups. There was more patients with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies ( anti-TPO) titers incresead after 12 months on group I. There was not TV increase after ¹³¹I on the first week ,with or without rhTSH. CONCLUSION: The previous stimulus with rhTSH using a fixed 131I activity lead to a greater and more significant goiter reduction after six months of treatment than 131I alone. After twelve months this tendency was maintained, but without statistic relevance.

O desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica como decorrência do uso de psicofármacos vem recebendo grande atenção da literatura nos últimos anos. O uso de antipsicóticos atípicos foi fortemente associado a ganho de peso, desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes esquizofrênicos. Já o uso de antidepressivos, embora associado a alterações de peso, não foi suficientemente estudado quanto ao risco de desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica. Este estudo objetivou investigar alterações do peso corporal e de parâmetros relacionados à síndrome metabólica em pacientes com transtorno de pânico tratados com clomipramina, fluoxetina ou placebo. Foi realizado um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado com 83 pacientes seguidos ao longo de 24 semanas. Foram obtidas medidas de peso, relação cintura-quadril, glicemia, e níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL e LDL colesteróis e triglicérides. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que, no tratamento do transtorno de pânico, não foram observadas alterações significativas de peso ou dos parâmetros bioquímicos associados à síndrome metabólica / The development of metabolic syndrome as a result of psychopharmacological treatment has been a highlight in medical literature on recent years. Atypical antipsychotics have been strongly associated with weight gain, type 2 diabetes and elevated mortality rates in schizophrenic patients. Although related to weight gain, antidepressants have not been as well studied concerning the risk of metabolic syndrome development. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in weight and in parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome in patients with panic disorder treated with clomipramine, fluoxetine or placebo. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled study with 83 patients during 24 weeks. Measures were obtained for weight, waist-hip rate, glicemia and serum levels of total, HDL and LDL cholesterols, and triglycerides. The results of this study allowed the conclusion that, in the treatment of panic disorder, changes on weight or on the biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome were not significant

INTRODUÇÃO: Não há tratamento ideal para o bócio multinodular (BMN). A cirurgia é o método mais utilizado, por proporcionar uma redução imediata do volume tiroidiano (VT), dos sintomas compressivos e permitir um diagnóstico histológico definitivo. O iodo radioativo (I¹³¹) é considerado uma excelente opção terapêutica em situações de contra-indicação cirúrgica ou recusa do paciente a este método. Entretanto doses elevadas de I¹³¹ são utilizadas para obtenção de resultados satisfatórios na redução do VT. Esta estratégia leva a uma maior exposição dos pacientes à radiação ionizante e a um maior custo devido à necessidade de internações. Administração prévia do TSH humano recombinante (rhTSH) ao I¹³¹ no tratamento do BMN, permite a utilização de doses menores deste radiofármaco, obtendo resultados satisfatórios na redução do VT e em menor tempo. Porém esta associação pode acentuar efeitos colaterais descritos neste tipo de terapia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade e segurança de pequenas e diferentes doses do estímulo prévio do rhTSH ao I¹³¹ em dose fixa, no tratamento do BMN. PACIENTES e MÉTODOS: Trinta portadores de BMN foram divididos em três grupos de 10 pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo I foram estimulados previamente com 0,1 mg de rhTSH ; Os pacientes do grupo II com 0,01 mg e o grupo III foi caracterizado como controle. Todos os participantes do estudo foram submetidos à mesma dose terapêutica de I¹³¹. As variáveis medidas foram: captação do I¹³¹ às 24 horas; VT e a menor área seccional transversal da traquéia (MATT) avaliados através da ressonância magnética (RM), antes, 2, 7, 180 e 360 dias, após o tratamento; dosagens seriadas de T3 total, T4 livre, TSH e anticorpos anti-tiroidianos. RESULTADOS: Após seis meses da terapia actínica houve redução no VT de 30,3 ± 16,5 % no grupo I, 22,6 ± 14,5 % no grupo II e 5,0 ± 14,6 % no grupo controle (p=0,01). Aos 12 meses de seguimento o VT reduziu 39,2 ± 16,9 % no grupo I, 38,8 ± 24,4% no grupo II e 23,4 ± 23,59 % no grupo controle (p=0,205). Houve elevação dos níveis dos hormônios tiroidianos e consequente redução das medidas de TSH nos primeiros trinta dias de maneira similar entre os grupos, porém em valores não considerados como tireotoxicose na maioria dos pacientes. Após doze meses do I¹³¹, oito pacientes desenvolveram hipotiroidismo, sendo três no grupo I, três no grupo II e dois no grupo placebo, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos. Os níveis de anticorpos antitireoglobulina (AATg) elevaram-se no sexto mês do estudo e retornaram aos níveis basais aos doze meses. Os níveis de anticorpos antitireoperoxidase (ATPO) foram mais elevados no grupo I que nos demais ao final do estudo. Não houve alteração significativa do VT e da MATT durante a primeira semana após o I¹³¹, em nenhum dos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: O estímulo prévio do rhTSH a uma dose fixa de I¹³¹ levou a uma redução maior e mais significativa do bócio aos 6 meses de tratamento, que o uso isolado do I¹³¹. Após 12 meses esta tendência se manteve, entretanto sem significância estatística. / BACKGROUND: There is not an optimal treatment for multinodular goiter (MNG). Surgery is the main therapeutic option because it decreases thyroid volume, reduces compression symptoms and provide histological diagnosis. Radioiodine (131I) is an efficient therapeutic option for the treatment of MNG mainly when surgery is not indicated or when the patient refused it. However, high activities of 131I are frequently required for clinically significant results. This procedure increases the body radiation exposure and the hospitalization costs. Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) allows a reduction in the administered activity of ¹³¹ I with effective thyroid volume (TV) reduction. However, this combination therapeutic can increase collateral effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low and intermediate doses of rhTSH compared to placebo, associated with a fixed activity of 131I in MNG treatment. PATIENTS and METHODS: Thirty patients with MNG received 0.1 mg of rhTSH (group I, n=10), 0.01 mg of rhTSH (group II, n=10), or placebo (control group, n=10). After 24 hours, 30 mCi of 131I was given to all patients. Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) was determined before and 24 hours after rhTSH. Before and 2, 7, 180 and 360 days after the TV was measured by magnetic resonance image (MRI). The smallest cross-sectional area of traqueal lumen (Scat) was also measured with MRI before, 2 and 7 days after treatment. Antithyroid antibodies, TSH, T3 and free T4 were assessed regularly. RESULTS: After 6 months, the decrease in TV was more significant in groups I (30.3±16.5%) and II (22.6±14.5%), than in control group (5.0±14.6%; p=0.01). After 12 months, TV decreased more in group I (39.2±16.9%) and group II (38.8±24.4%) than in group III (23.4±23.59%) but it was not statistically significant (p=0.205). During the first 30 days,total T3 and free T4 increased, without reaching thyrotoxic levels and TSH decreased. After 12 months, 8 patients developed hypothyroidism (3 in group I, 3 in group II and 2 in group III). Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG) titers increased after 6 months and returned to basal levels after 12 months similarly in all groups. There was more patients with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies ( anti-TPO) titers incresead after 12 months on group I. There was not TV increase after ¹³¹I on the first week ,with or without rhTSH. CONCLUSION: The previous stimulus with rhTSH using a fixed 131I activity lead to a greater and more significant goiter reduction after six months of treatment than 131I alone. After twelve months this tendency was maintained, but without statistic relevance.

O desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica como decorrência do uso de psicofármacos vem recebendo grande atenção da literatura nos últimos anos. O uso de antipsicóticos atípicos foi fortemente associado a ganho de peso, desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes esquizofrênicos. Já o uso de antidepressivos, embora associado a alterações de peso, não foi suficientemente estudado quanto ao risco de desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica. Este estudo objetivou investigar alterações do peso corporal e de parâmetros relacionados à síndrome metabólica em pacientes com transtorno de pânico tratados com clomipramina, fluoxetina ou placebo. Foi realizado um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado com 83 pacientes seguidos ao longo de 24 semanas. Foram obtidas medidas de peso, relação cintura-quadril, glicemia, e níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL e LDL colesteróis e triglicérides. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que, no tratamento do transtorno de pânico, não foram observadas alterações significativas de peso ou dos parâmetros bioquímicos associados à síndrome metabólica / The development of metabolic syndrome as a result of psychopharmacological treatment has been a highlight in medical literature on recent years. Atypical antipsychotics have been strongly associated with weight gain, type 2 diabetes and elevated mortality rates in schizophrenic patients. Although related to weight gain, antidepressants have not been as well studied concerning the risk of metabolic syndrome development. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in weight and in parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome in patients with panic disorder treated with clomipramine, fluoxetine or placebo. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled study with 83 patients during 24 weeks. Measures were obtained for weight, waist-hip rate, glicemia and serum levels of total, HDL and LDL cholesterols, and triglycerides. The results of this study allowed the conclusion that, in the treatment of panic disorder, changes on weight or on the biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome were not significant

The ultimate goal of personalized or precision medicine is to identify the best treatment for each patient. An N-of-1 trial is a multiple-period crossover trial performed within a single individual, which focuses on individual outcome instead of population or group mean responses. As in a conventional crossover trial, it is critical to understand carryover effects of the treatment in an N-of-1 trial, especially in situations where there are no washout periods between treatment periods and high volume of measurements are made during the study. Existing statistical methods for analyzing N-of-1 trials include nonparametric tests, mixed effect models and autoregressive models. These methods may fail to simultaneously handle measurements autocorrelation and adjust for potential carryover effects. Distributed lag model is a regression model that uses lagged predictors to model the lag structure of exposure effects. In the dissertation, we first introduce a novel Bayesian distributed lag model that facilitates the estimation of carryover effects for single N-of-1 trial, while accounting for temporal correlations using an autoregressive model. In the second part, we extend the single N-of-1 trial model to multiple N-of-1 trials scenarios. In the third part, we again focus on single N-of-1 trials. But instead of modeling comparison with one treatment and one placebo (or active control), multiple treatments and one placebo (or active control) is considered. In the first part, we propose a Bayesian distributed lag model with autocorrelated errors (BDLM-AR) that integrate prior knowledge on the shape of distributed lag coefficients and explicitly model the magnitude and duration of carryover effect. Theoretically, we show the connection between the proposed prior structure in BDLM-AR and frequentist regularization approaches. Simulation studies were conducted to compare the performance of our proposed BDLM-AR model with other methods and the proposed model is shown to have better performance in estimating total treatment effect, carryover effect and the whole treatment effect coefficient curve under most of the simulation scenarios. Data from two patients in the light therapy study was utilized to illustrate our method. In the second part, we extend the single N-of-1 trial model to multiple N-of-1 trials model and focus on estimating population level treatment effect and carryover effect. A Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag model (BHDLM-AR) is proposed to model the nested structure of multiple N-of-1 trials within the same study. The Bayesian hierarchical structure also improve estimates for individual level parameters by borrowing strength from the N-of-1 trials of others. We show through simulation studies that BHDLM-AR model has best average performance in terms of estimating both population level and individual level parameters. The light therapy study is revisited and we applied the proposed model to all patients’ data. In the third part, we extend BDLM-AR model to multiple treatments and one placebo (or active control) scenario. We designed prior precision matrix on each treatment. We demonstrated the application of the proposed method using a hypertension study, where multiple guideline recommended medications were involved in each single N-of-1 trial.

A double-blind, placebo controlled research technique was used to determine the effects of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, meclofenamate and diclofenac, in combination with physiotherapy treatment, on the rate and extent of healing of acute hamstring muscle tears. Sixty patients were recruited and treated at No's 1 and 2 Military Hospitals in Voortrekkerhoogte and Wynberg, Cape Town, respectively. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: meclofenamate, diclofenac and placebo. Patient assessments were performed on days 1, 3 and 7 of the 7-day study period. These assessments included pain assessment (visual analogue scale), swelling measurement (thigh circumference measurement at the site of the muscle tear) and muscle performance test (Cybex isokinetic dynamometer and data reduction computer). All patients received physiotherapy treatment on all 7 days of the study. This comprised early rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE), and later, ultrasound and deep transverse friction massage. An intensive regime of strengthening and stretching exercises was used throughout the study, beginning with stretching and isometric exercises gradually moving onto isotonic exercises and aerobic exercise including swimming, running and cycling. No competitive sport was allowed during the study period. Statistical significance was determined using the analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) test with an acceptance level of p<0.05. No differences in pain, swelling or muscle performance were demonstrated between the three treatment groups. In terms of the pain and swelling assessments, the injuries did not appear to be very severe. Accordingly, the groups were divided into severe and non-severe sub-groups and statistical significance was determined using the ANOVA test with an acceptance level of p<0.05. A significant difference was found in the severe hamstring injury sub-group. In this group, pain reduction was greater in the placebo group than in the meclofenamate group on day 7. There were no other significant differences found in this sub-group analysis. Relatively few side effects were encountered, and those encountered were mild. No patients were withdrawn from the study as a result of these adverse events. Drowsiness and gastro-intestinal disturbance were the most common side effects reported. In conclusion, the study found that no benefit was gained from the use of meclofenamate or diclofenac in combination with physiotherapeutic modalities as compared to the use of physiotherapeutic modalities on their own. Thus, the widespread use of NSAIDs in the treatment of acute muscle injuries may not be justified.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Placebo has been found to be an important component of treatments including psychological and pharmacological treatment of depression, transplant surgery for Parkinson’s, acupuncture, smoking cessation interventions, and analgesic treatment of pain. Although the placebo effect has been observed across a wide range of disciplines, the effect sizes vary widely and it is not well understood how placebo effects are produced. The current study draws upon research in perception and motivation to propose a more comprehensive model of the placebo effect. Specifically, the model proposes that more motivated persons pay greater attention to bodily sensations and other stimuli, which are then interpreted according to expectations, producing a placebo response. In the current study, both motivation and outcome expectancy were manipulated, creating a 2x2 study design. College students (N=152) were asked to evaluate a series of placebo pheromone substances (slightly scented water) and attention/task diligence was assessed as the amount of time spent on the rating task and the number of evaluations made. The placebo response was assessed as the attractiveness rating of the chosen sample and the variability in ratings, with greater variability and higher attractiveness ratings indicating greater placebo response. It was predicted that those in the high motivation group would have greater diligence on the rating task, which would, in turn, lead to greater placebo response. It was further predicted that there would be a main effect for expectancy on placebo response. Consistent with hypothesized effects, more highly motivated students had greater placebo responses, and the relationship was mediated by task diligence. Thus, as students spent greater time on the evaluation task, they found the scent of their chosen sample to be more pleasing and perceived greater differences among samples. No effect was found for expectancy. These findings are important because they suggest possible mechanisms for maximizing treatment effects in medical and psychological settings, where factors such as nonspecific treatment effects and placebo are believed to influence outcomes. Future research should seek to further clarify the relationship of expectancy and motivation to placebo outcomes by examining mediating factors such as attention and carefully manipulating both variables to ensure maximum effects.

Introdução: Especula-se que a Oniomania ou Compras Compulsivas (CC) compartilhe características clínicas e substratos neurobiológicos com a dependência de substâncias psicoativas, assim como outros comportamentos denominados dependências comportamentais. Os estudos mais recentes para tratamento das dependências têm explorado o potencial clínico de fármacos capazes de bloquear o efeito reforçador dessas substâncias ou comportamentos através da modulação direta ou indireta da atividade dopaminérgica na via córtico-límbico-estriatal. Seguindo esta linha de raciocínio, o topiramato vem sendo investigado para o tratamento do transtorno do jogo, compulsão alimentar e dependência de álcool. Relatos preliminares sugerem potencial desta medicação no tratamento de pacientes com CC. Método: Nosso estudo é um ensaio clínico duplo cego, randomizado e controlado com placebo que visa a testar a eficácia do topiramato administrado oralmente no tratamento das CC ao longo de 12 semanas. Foram analisados 43 pacientes, alocados aleatoriamente no grupo experimental (que recebeu doses flexíveis de topiramato de 25 a 300 mg/dia) ou grupo controle (que recebeu dose correspondente de substância inativa). Ambos os grupos receberam intervenções psicoeducacionais em quatro sessões. Os comportamentos e a psicopatologia das CC, além de fenômenos associados, especificamente impulsividade, sintomas depressivos e adequação social foram avaliados como desfecho. Resultados: As escalas de avaliação não apresentaram significância quando analisadas em conjunto pela MANOVA. Todavia, na análise do desempenho isolado de cada variável incluída no modelo múltiplo, encontrou-se uma redução significativa do comportamento de comprar compulsivo e desejo de aquisição em favor do topiramato, quando comparado ao placebo. Entre as escalas de avaliação de fenômenos associados, houve uma melhora ao longo do tempo em ambos os grupos para as variáveis que medem impulsividade e depressão, com tamanhos de efeito elevados (H2 > 0,14). Os achados devem ser analisados com cautela, uma vez que nossa amostra foi pequena e portanto com baixo poder amostral. Conclusão: Analisados em conjunto, os dados não permitem concluir que o topiramato seja superior ao placebo no tratamento das CC. Porém, esta análise encoraja futuras investigações / Introduction: It is speculated that Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD), similar to other behavior addictions, shares clinical and neurobiologic characteristics with substance use disorders. Recent research for treatment of addictions has explored the therapeutic potential of drugs capable of blocking the reinforcing properties of substances or behaviors through the direct or indirect modulation of the dopaminergic pathway in the cortico-limbic-striatal circuit. In line with this reasoning, topiramate has been investigated for the treatment of gambling disorder, binge eating and alcohol addiction. Preliminary case reports suggest that this drug can be beneficial for the treatment of CBD. Methods: We followed a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled model to test the efficacy and safety of topiramate during a period of 12 weeks. We analyzed 43 patients randomly assigned to the experimental group (who received flexible doses of topiramate from 25 to 300mg/day) or control group (who received the correspondent dose of inactive substance). Both groups received psychoeducational intervention in 4 sessions. Results: The variables we used to evaluate the symptomatology of CBD showed no significant variations over time when analyzed together through MANOVA. However, among the scales used to evaluate associated phenomena, there was an improvement over time for the variables that measure impulsivity and depression, with high effect sizes (H2 > 0.14). In the analysis of the isolated performance of each variable included in the multiple model we found a superior and statistically significant response of the group topiramate for the CBFS and the subscore acquisition of SI-R. These findings should be analyzed with caution since our sample was small, with low power, and composed by an under-representative sample of individuals. Conclusion: These findings point to a possible utility of topiramate for the treatment of CBD, supporting further studies with larger and more representative samples of patients with CBD

Introdução: A literatura mostra que cerca de 30% dos pacientes com esquizofrenia não respondem de forma completa ao tratamento com os antipsicóticos convencionais. Tais pacientes são chamados de refratários, e a medicação de eleição é a clozapina, porém, entre os pacientes refratários e em uso de clozapina na dose e tempo adequados, ainda existe uma parcela, também de 30%, que mantém prejuízo funcional e sintomatologia psicótica incapacitante. Estes pacientes são conhecidos como respondedores parciais à clozapina ou super-refratários, sem suporte na literatura a alternativas realmente eficazes por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) como potencializador da clozapina na esquizofrenia super-refratária (ESR) comparada ao placebo do ECT, conhecido como sham ECT. Método: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes em uso de clozapina por tempo e dose adequados que apresentavam ainda prejuízo funcional e sintomas psicóticos. As medidas de desfecho primário seriam a diminuição da pontuação na escala da PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) e CGI (Clinical Global Impression) com base no índice acima de 60 na PANSS e de 4 na CGI. Todos pacientes realizaram a dosagem do nível sérico de clozapina para conferência de nível terapêutico, bateria de testes neuropsicológicos para avaliação da cognição pré-intervenção, avaliação clínica/pré-anestésica, psiquiátrica e odontológica pré-ECT. Após isso, foram randomizados em dois grupos (ECT e sham ECT), sendo encaminhados para o respectivo grupo sem o conhecimento do avaliador final, que permaneceu cego. Ao término das 12 sessões de ECT ou sham ECT, feitas 3 vezes na semana por 4 semanas, os pacientes foram reavaliados por meio da PANSS e da CGI. Resultados: Foram tratados dez pacientes no grupo ECT, seis no grupo sham ECT, e houve quatro drop-outs. Na análise estatística, foi verificado que os grupos eram comparáveis no baseline, exceto para as variáveis de desfecho: o grupo sham ECT apresentou scores médios significativamente maiores na PANSS total e subescalas positiva e geral, além da CGI. Apesar das significativas reduções nas variáveis de desfecho depois da intervenção em ambos os grupos, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, mesmo quando a diferença foi estatisticamente corrigida para um nível de significância p<= 0,05. Recomenda-se cautela na interpretação dos resultados, levando-se em consideração o pequeno tamanho da amostra e as limitações da PANSS como medida de desfecho do tratamento da esquizofrenia com ECT, bem como os possíveis efeitos a longo prazo não medidos pelo estudo. O ideal é que este estudo seja replicado com um número maior de pacientes e de medidas de desfecho / Introduction: About 30% of schizophrenic patients, according to the literature, do not respond properly to therapy and these patients are defined as having treatment resistant or refractory schizophrenia. Clozapine is the medication of choice for such condition. However, about 30% of patients with refractory schizophrenia do not respond to clozapine satisfactorily and remain with functional impairment and disabling psychotic symptoms. These patients are termed incomplete responders, partial responders or super-refractory patients, with still no reliable randomized controlled trials to support their treatment options. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as an augmenting strategy to clozapine in super- refractory schizophrenia (ESR) as compared to placebo ECT, known as sham ECT. Methods: 20 patients on adequate clozapine therapy, but still presenting functional impairment and psychotic symptoms were selected. The primary outcome measures would be reducing scores on PANSS scale (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) and CGI (Clinical Global Impression) respectively from above 60 and 4. Before treatment, all patients underwent clozapine drug level monitoring, neuropsychological cognitive assessment, clinical/preanaesthetic assessment, odontology assessment and psychiatric assessment. The patients were randomized into 2 groups (ECT and sham ECT), referred to the respective treatment group without the knowledge of the responsible researcher, who remained blind. After 12 treatment sessions, performed 3 times a week for 4 weeks, the patients were reassessed using PANSS and CGI. Results: Ten patients on ECT group and six on sham ECT group were treated, being reported 4 dropouts. Statistical analysis have shown comparable groups, except for outcome variables: on baseline sham ECT group had significant higher mean scores on PANSS total and subscales positive and general, besides CGI. Albeit significant reductions on the outcome variables after intervention in both groups, there was no statistical difference between them, even when the baseline differences were controlled, to a significance level p<= 0,05. Caution is advised in interpreting these results, considering the small sample size, PANSS limitations to measure outcomes on ECT treatment for schizophrenia, as well as possible long-term effects not measured by this study. The ideal would be to replicate this trial with a greater number of patients and outcome measures

Introdução: A literatura mostra que cerca de 30% dos pacientes com esquizofrenia não respondem de forma completa ao tratamento com os antipsicóticos convencionais. Tais pacientes são chamados de refratários, e a medicação de eleição é a clozapina, porém, entre os pacientes refratários e em uso de clozapina na dose e tempo adequados, ainda existe uma parcela, também de 30%, que mantém prejuízo funcional e sintomatologia psicótica incapacitante. Estes pacientes são conhecidos como respondedores parciais à clozapina ou super-refratários, sem suporte na literatura a alternativas realmente eficazes por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) como potencializador da clozapina na esquizofrenia super-refratária (ESR) comparada ao placebo do ECT, conhecido como sham ECT. Método: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes em uso de clozapina por tempo e dose adequados que apresentavam ainda prejuízo funcional e sintomas psicóticos. As medidas de desfecho primário seriam a diminuição da pontuação na escala da PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) e CGI (Clinical Global Impression) com base no índice acima de 60 na PANSS e de 4 na CGI. Todos pacientes realizaram a dosagem do nível sérico de clozapina para conferência de nível terapêutico, bateria de testes neuropsicológicos para avaliação da cognição pré-intervenção, avaliação clínica/pré-anestésica, psiquiátrica e odontológica pré-ECT. Após isso, foram randomizados em dois grupos (ECT e sham ECT), sendo encaminhados para o respectivo grupo sem o conhecimento do avaliador final, que permaneceu cego. Ao término das 12 sessões de ECT ou sham ECT, feitas 3 vezes na semana por 4 semanas, os pacientes foram reavaliados por meio da PANSS e da CGI. Resultados: Foram tratados dez pacientes no grupo ECT, seis no grupo sham ECT, e houve quatro drop-outs. Na análise estatística, foi verificado que os grupos eram comparáveis no baseline, exceto para as variáveis de desfecho: o grupo sham ECT apresentou scores médios significativamente maiores na PANSS total e subescalas positiva e geral, além da CGI. Apesar das significativas reduções nas variáveis de desfecho depois da intervenção em ambos os grupos, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, mesmo quando a diferença foi estatisticamente corrigida para um nível de significância p<= 0,05. Recomenda-se cautela na interpretação dos resultados, levando-se em consideração o pequeno tamanho da amostra e as limitações da PANSS como medida de desfecho do tratamento da esquizofrenia com ECT, bem como os possíveis efeitos a longo prazo não medidos pelo estudo. O ideal é que este estudo seja replicado com um número maior de pacientes e de medidas de desfecho / Introduction: About 30% of schizophrenic patients, according to the literature, do not respond properly to therapy and these patients are defined as having treatment resistant or refractory schizophrenia. Clozapine is the medication of choice for such condition. However, about 30% of patients with refractory schizophrenia do not respond to clozapine satisfactorily and remain with functional impairment and disabling psychotic symptoms. These patients are termed incomplete responders, partial responders or super-refractory patients, with still no reliable randomized controlled trials to support their treatment options. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as an augmenting strategy to clozapine in super- refractory schizophrenia (ESR) as compared to placebo ECT, known as sham ECT. Methods: 20 patients on adequate clozapine therapy, but still presenting functional impairment and psychotic symptoms were selected. The primary outcome measures would be reducing scores on PANSS scale (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) and CGI (Clinical Global Impression) respectively from above 60 and 4. Before treatment, all patients underwent clozapine drug level monitoring, neuropsychological cognitive assessment, clinical/preanaesthetic assessment, odontology assessment and psychiatric assessment. The patients were randomized into 2 groups (ECT and sham ECT), referred to the respective treatment group without the knowledge of the responsible researcher, who remained blind. After 12 treatment sessions, performed 3 times a week for 4 weeks, the patients were reassessed using PANSS and CGI. Results: Ten patients on ECT group and six on sham ECT group were treated, being reported 4 dropouts. Statistical analysis have shown comparable groups, except for outcome variables: on baseline sham ECT group had significant higher mean scores on PANSS total and subscales positive and general, besides CGI. Albeit significant reductions on the outcome variables after intervention in both groups, there was no statistical difference between them, even when the baseline differences were controlled, to a significance level p<= 0,05. Caution is advised in interpreting these results, considering the small sample size, PANSS limitations to measure outcomes on ECT treatment for schizophrenia, as well as possible long-term effects not measured by this study. The ideal would be to replicate this trial with a greater number of patients and outcome measures