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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Town and Regional Planning in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Political independence for Zimbabwe in 1980 brought about fundamental socio-conomic changes which impacted on urbanisation trends in the country. For instance the removal of colonial influx control laws and regulations which had previously served to curtail ruralurban migration marked the beginning of a new developmental era characterised by rapid urbanisation. Political and economic downturns later experienced in the country in the last decade of the twentieth century and after resulted in massive de-industrialisation, company closures and high unemployment. These changes impacted significantly on the spatial structure of cities which had to firstly adapt to socio-political integration, and had to later focus on the basic challenges of providing shelter and alternative means of employment in a depressed economy. The physical and spatial manifestations of such changes included the rapid growth of informality, the collapse of urban infrastructure and the apparent disregard for the colonially styled urban development management frameworks. This research consequently evaluates the performance of current urban planning frameworks and practices in the face of such changing circumstances. This is against a backdrop of the apparent failure by urban planning to transform in line such development trends. The study explores the theoretical framework of rapid urbanisation, urban planning, and technological innovation in urban development management systems. The main focus of the study is on the transformation of planning practices and frameworks. Geo-spatial technology (GST) is mainly used as a demonstration and methodological tool for analysis and evaluation. The methodology is made up of two contrasting case studies based in the CBD of Harare (Zimbabwe‟s capital city) and Epworth (an informal settlement on the outskirts of Harare). The CBD case study measures the performance of planning frameworks within a formally planned set up whilst the Epworth case study demonstrates the (in)effectiveness of current planning practices to contemporary urban development challenges. The main findings of the research support the need to have mobile planning frameworks and tools that have the capacity to promptly respond to fast changing developmental trends. The other main finding highlights the positive relationship between impartial participation in planning and high level of success in achieving planning objectives.

The urban population has rapidly grown in recent years, consequently creating challenges for sustainable development. To achieve sustainability, economic, ecological, and social sustainability are required to be in balance. However, social sustainability is often argued to be challenging and complex that lacks a common definition, creating a de-prioritization of social sustainability in urban development. This master’s thesis aimed to provide a higher prioritization and establish a common definition of the concept through the development of a framework for measuring social sustainability of urban space in a Swedish context. This framework aimed to benefit the spatial planning practice when developing urban spaces socially sustainable.    Through a literature review, a policy analysis, and interviews conducted with spatial planners from Stockholm and Gothenburg, a foundation of a framework was created based on a set of indicators and sub-indicators. The research resulted in one main indicator creating the foundation of Swedish social sustainability, followed by two categorizations of physical respective non-physical factors each containing several indicators and sub-indicators for social sustainability. The result indicated that Swedish social sustainability partly differed from the general approach of the concept through its emphasis within a few indicators, but generally approached similar indicators as within existing research. Further, the research redirected the stated challenge regarding the lack of a common definition of social sustainability towards the suggested main challenge regarding a lack of a common understanding. The proposed foundation of a framework was argued to meet the stated challenge through the understanding of different aspects of importance within social sustainability.    Lastly, the master’s thesis questioned the practice of measuring social sustainability and the consequences that would follow such measures. The research showed that social sustainability could be measured but the question remained whether it should. However, the research indicated that the implementation of such framework would benefit the spatial planning practice to a certain extent.

After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, urban planning was one of the main instruments for the development of national economy. In this respect, urban plans for numerous cities and towns were prepared between 1923 and 1940 in Turkey. This thesis reveals the reflections of Republican ideology to urban planning principles. The aims of this study are to clarify the political concepts that were active in the Early Republican Period, translation of political concepts to spatial context and to reveal the relation between urban planning experiences and political ideology between 1923 and 1940 in the Republic of Turkey. For this reason, this thesis study examines the construction of Republican ideology in city space via urban planning. The construction of the Republican Revolution in city space is examined in terms of planning practices and evolution of urbanism. The examples of cities planned at that period are evaluated in the context of political ideals and planning principles that were operative in urban planning between 1923 and 1940 in Turkey.

With over half of the world’s population living in urban settlements and an ongoing urbanization, cities today offer a unique opportunity to tackle climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases derive from all products and services used, and in Sweden the average inhabitant emit 7 tons of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents every year from privately acquired products and services, calculated from a consumption perspective. Long-term climate goals, and international climate agreements sets a limit of 1-2 tons. Lifestyle changes are important to achieve sustainable development, but planning practices today generally do not try to influence citizens’ consumption, and is presumed cannot affect inhabitants’ consumption of food, clothes, electronics, furniture, etc.  This thesis investigates how planning and the built environment can practically encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, and which of these practices would be suitable to implement in the current sustainability project of Norra Kymlinge. The study concludes that sustainable consumption patterns could be encouraged in Norra Kymlinge through: collaborative living, sharing infrastructure, green leases, food production, personal measurement, and semi self-built apartments. For future research, more quantitative studies on the topic are suggested.

Submitted by Fernando Antonio França Sette Pinheiro Júnior (fafspj7@gmail.com) on 2018-03-26T20:10:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Fernando, Para que possamos aprovar seu trabalho é necessário alguns ajustes conforme norma ABNT/APA. * Seu titulo esta diferente da ATA, caso realmente exista essa alteração é preciso o professor orientador vir até a secretaria para fazer a alteração no verso da ATA com o titulo atual. Caso contrário não poderei aprovar. (PRÁTICAS DE "REPLANEJAMENTO" DAS AÇÕES GOVERNAMENTAIS: CASOS SETORIAIS NO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS) * A Capa deve ter o nome da FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS - ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO. * Contra Capa, não deve ter o nome da FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS - ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO, apenas seu nome e o titulo. Após os ajustes você deve submete-lo novamente para analise e aprovação. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2018-03-27T18:18:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Fernando Antonio França Sette Pinheiro Júnior (fafspj7@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T15:14:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Tese VBiblioteca.pdf: 1219691 bytes, checksum: ebef912117a4ea1680b1042de013f704 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Fernando, Você tem dois arquivos submetidos, porem o arquivo correto não tem a ficha catalográfica. Por favor, peço que faça a correção, assim como a nova submissão. Lembrando que deve excluir os dois arquivos errados. Desde ja agradeço. Att, on 2018-03-28T18:00:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Fernando Antonio França Sette Pinheiro Júnior (fafspj7@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T18:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Tese VBiblioteca.pdf: 1219691 bytes, checksum: ebef912117a4ea1680b1042de013f704 (MD5) Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-03-28T18:58:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Tese VBiblioteca.pdf: 1219691 bytes, checksum: ebef912117a4ea1680b1042de013f704 (MD5) Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-02T13:54:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Tese VBiblioteca.pdf: 1219691 bytes, checksum: ebef912117a4ea1680b1042de013f704 (MD5) Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T13:54:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Tese VBiblioteca.pdf: 1219691 bytes, checksum: ebef912117a4ea1680b1042de013f704 (MD5) Tese Versão Impressa.pdf: 1095249 bytes, checksum: a3bc9cd03ddbb2bd9348b0934190c82d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Analisa-se aqui as estratégias de planejamento frente à rigidez do Plano Plurianual, por meio da análise da relação entre as práticas complementares de planejamento governamental frente aos engessamentos advindos do PPA, de forma a verificar como essas práticas são capazes de superar os engessamentos advindos do PPA. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a tese constitui-se de um estudo de caso comparado de duas secretarias de Estado de Minas Gerais, a Secretaria de Estado de Educação (SEE) e a Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento e Integração do Norte e Nordeste (SEDINOR), no período de 2011 a 2014. O trabalho demostrou a partir da trajetória das práticas de planejamento governamental, que o mesmo deixou de se ser visto coo um instrumento meramente técnico, e passando a ser visto como um instrumento de ação política. A trajetória demonstrou existência de duas concepções de planejamento governamental: um de caráter estritamente tecnocrático e outro de caráter técnico-político, que pode ser analisado pela metodologia do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional. Ao se analisar o atual planejamento governamental brasileiro se solidifica sob a estruturação do PPA, de caráter tecnocrático, não condizente a concepção de planejamento governamental como um instrumento de ação política, fazendo com que seja necessário a adoção de práticas complementares de planejamento governamental que se adequem a essa concepção. A partir das entrevistas se constatou que essas práticas complementares são capazes de se adaptar ao contexto político- institucional, uma vez que abarcam as os fatos sobre o quais os políticos não apresentam governabilidade e/ou a real capacidade estatal de ação do Estado. Além disso, essas práticas complementares não apresentam caráter legal ou burocrático, o que permite as mudanças. Entretanto, é válido ressaltar que o PPA tem o papel fundamental de definir as ações de governo e de pactuar um compromisso entre representantes e representados, cabendo as práticas complementares apenas realizar os ajustes necessários. / We analyze the planning strategies against the rigidity of the Pluriannual Plan, by analyzing the relationship between the complementary practices of government planning in relation to the plasters from the PPA, in order to verify how these practices are able to overcome the engagements coming from the PPA. From a methodological point of view, the thesis is a comparative case study of two Minas Gerais state secretariats, the State Secretariat of Education (SEE) and the State Secretariat for Development and Integration of the North and Northeast (SEDINOR) in the period from 2011 to 2014. The work showed from the trajectory of the practices of governmental planning, that it ceased to be seen as a merely technical instrument, and began to be seen as an instrument of political action. The trajectory showed two conceptions of governmental planning: one of strictly technocratic character and the other of a technicalpolitical nature, which can be analyzed by the methodology of Situational Strategic Planning. When analyzing the current Brazilian government planning solidifies under the structuring of the PPA, of a technocratic character, not fitting the conception of governmental planning as an instrument of political action, making necessary the adoption of complementary practices of governmental planning that fit to this conception. From the interviews it was found that these complementary practices are able to adapt to the political-institutional context, since they cover the facts about which politicians do not present governability and / or the real State capacity of State action. In addition, these complementary practices are not legal or bureaucratic, which allows changes. However, it is worth mentioning that the PPA has the fundamental role of defining the actions of government and of agreeing a compromise between representatives and represented, and complementary practices should only make the necessary adjustments.

La pénurie de personnel enseignant qualifié constatée dans les écoles québécoises depuis plus d’une décennie serait engendrée par de multiples facteurs dont un manque d’attraction de la profession enseignante, un grand nombre d’abandons de la formation initiale, le décrochage enseignant, l’augmentation des effectifs scolaires et des difficultés rencontrées par les Centres de services scolaires (CSS) pour combler des postes vacants en enseignement dans un contexte où la pénurie de main-d’œuvre bat son plein dans divers secteurs économiques au Québec. Des études menées antérieurement ont cherché à comprendre cette situation de pénurie du point de vue de l’enseignant et de celui des établissements scolaires. Cependant, peu de recherches québécoises, voire aucune, n’ont étudié le phénomène sous l’angle de la planification stratégique des ressources humaines au palier intermédiaire. Ainsi, dans la présente recherche, nous avons entrepris d’analyser un corpus de 13 documents stratégiques élaborés par trois CSS francophones entre 1998 et 2022 afin de répondre à la question suivante : quelles actions ont été planifiées dans ces documents pour assurer la disponibilité des ressources humaines en enseignement ou pour contrer la pénurie de main-d’œuvre en enseignement ? Nous avons également cherché à connaître, par entretien semi-dirigé, les points de vue des planificateurs ou gestionnaires des ressources humaines sur les liens qui pourraient exister entre les pratiques de planification des RH en enseignement et la pénurie des personnes enseignantes actuelle. L’analyse documentaire nous a permis de produire une compréhension de la pénurie de personnel enseignant au Québec, en mettant en évidence des facteurs potentiels du phénomène dans des pratiques de planification ainsi que des tendances résidant dans ces pratiques durant la période de référence susmentionnée. Ainsi, dans les documents stratégiques des trois CSS, nous avons identifié neuf activités d’attraction, 11 activités de rétention et quatre activités de développement professionnel. Considérées généralement comme des pratiques en raison de leur transversalité et leur fréquence d’apparition dans une période de référence, elles constituent un cadre d’analyse empiriquement construit de la planification des RH en enseignement dans les CSS. À la lumière des écrits scientifiques recensés, il est justifié d’avancer que l’absence ou la négligence de ces pratiques dans les processus de planification et de mise en œuvre des actions relatives à la gestion du personnel enseignant, pourrait, en quelque sorte, contribuer à créer ou à renforcer des situations de pénurie de personnel enseignant qualifié dans les trois CSS et d’autres. Pour prévenir ces situations, nous formulons cinq recommandations à l’attention à la fois des décideurs, des planificateurs, des gestionnaires, et des chercheuses et chercheurs. En outre, pour dépasser une des limites de cette recherche, à savoir un corpus documentaire exclusivement basé sur des plans stratégiques et d’autres documents accessibles, il serait utile d’y ajouter les documents produits et utilisés à l’interne par les CSS dans l’évaluation et la planification des besoins de personnel enseignant. Enfin, il est souhaitable de s’entretenir avec un plus grand nombre de planificateurs et gestionnaires des CSS afin de recueillir plus d’informations sur les pratiques réelles de planification. Cela permettrait de mettre en lumière des pratiques gagnantes de certains CSS transférables et applicables dans d’autres. / The shortage of qualified teachers observed in Quebec schools for more than a decade is attributed to multiple factors, including lack of attraction of the teaching profession, large numbers of dropouts from initial teacher education programs, teacher dropout, increased school enrollment and difficulties encountered by School Service Centers (SSC) to fill vacant teaching positions in a context where the labor shortage is in full swing in various economic sectors in Quebec. Previous studies have tried to understand this situation of shortage from the point of view of teachers and schools. However, little or no research in Quebec has studied the phenomenon from the perspective of strategic human resource planning at the middle level. Thus, in this research, we undertook to analyze a corpus of 13 strategic documents drawn up by three French-speaking SSCs between 1998 and 2022 in order to answer the following question: what actions were planned in these documents to ensure the availability of human resources in teaching or to counter the shortage of qualified teachers? We also sought to know, by semi-directed interview, the points of view of the planners or managers of human resources on the links which could exist between the planning practices of HR in education and the current shortage of teachers in Quebec schools. The documentary analysis allowed us to produce an understanding of the shortage of teaching staff in Quebec, by highlighting potential factors of the phenomenon in planning practices as well as trends residing in these practices during the reference period. Thus, in the strategic documents of the three SSCs, we identified nine attraction activities, 11 retention activities and four professional development activities. Considered mostly as practices because of their transversality and their frequency of occurrence in a reference period, they constitute an empirically constructed framework of analysis of the planning of HR in education in the SSCs. Considering the scientific literature surveyed, it is justified to suggest that the absence or neglect of these practices in the planning and implementation processes of actions relating to the management of teaching staff could, in a way, contribute to creating or reinforcing situations of shortage of qualified teaching staff in the three SSCs and others. To prevent these situations, we formulate five recommendations for the attention of decision-makers, planners, managers, and researchers. In addition, to overcome one of the limitations of this research, namely a documentary corpus exclusively based on strategic plans and other accessible documents, it would be useful to add the documents produced and used internally by the SSCs in assessing and planning teaching staff needs. Finally, it is desirable to interview a larger number of SSC planners and managers to gather more information on actual planning practices. This would help highlight the winning practices of certain SSCs that can be transferred and applied in others.