Os fungos do gênero Pleurotus são basidiomicetos que se destacam na degradação de substâncias recalcitrantes do ambiente, como por exemplo, os compostos nitroaromáticos, que são poluentes prioritários constituintes do efluente Água Vermelha (AV), uma água residuária gerada em uma das etapas de fabricação do explosivo comercial e militar 2,4,6-trinitrotolueno (TNT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a capacidade dos fungos Pleurotus ostreatus POS 560 e Pleurotus floridae PSP 1 de degradar os compostos nitroaromáticos presentes na AV. O potencial impactante deste efluente foi avaliado com base em antecedentes bibliográficos relevantes e através de ensaios de caracterização física, química e ecotoxicológica. Para avaliar aspectos relacionados com a ecotoxicologia dos efluentes, bioensaios foram realizados utilizando-se Daphnia magna e apresentaram o Fator de Toxicidade (FT) 16 para o efluente AV na concentração de 1% e FT 4 para o efluente AV 0,5% em 24 horas do ensaio demonstrando a toxicidade e a importância do seu tratamento. Os estudos de tratabilidade fúngica foram baseados na condução de um procedimento com planejamento fatorial de experimentos realizado em meio sólido, onde o crescimento foi medido em função da variação de: espécie do fungo, pH, concentração do efluente e concentração de glicose. Dentre os fatores mais favoráveis estatisticamente, destacaram-se a concentração de efluente (0,5%), a espécie de fungo P. floridae, o pH 6,0 e concentração de 10 g/L de glicose. Estas condições foram consideradas como base experimental para o tratamento fúngico do efluente AV da indústria de explosivos por 15 dias em meio líquido com frascos agitados. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o P. floridae nas condições de estudo foi capaz de reduzir os parâmetros de DQO, DBO e Fenóis em 55, 51 e 25% respectivamente. Obteve-se também redução da toxicidade em relação ao bioensaio realizado com D. Magna, onde o FTD baixou para 4 em 48 horas. Adicionalmente, P. floridae foi capaz de converter e degradar totalmente ambos os compostos nitroaromáticos identificados (2,4 e 2,6-dinitrotolueno) em tempos da ordem de 2 e 8 dias. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indicam e sugerem que P. floridae possui potencialidade para a remediação de efluentes contendo espécies químicas de relevância ambiental como os compostos nitroaromáticos. / The fungi of the genus Pleurotus are basidiomycetes that stand out in the degradation of recalcitrant environmental substances. For example, nitroaromatic compounds, which are priority pollutants constituents of the effluent Red Water (RW), a wastewater generated in one of the manufacturing steps of commercial and military used explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The objective of this work was to study the ability of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus floridae POS 560 PSP 1 to degrade nitroaromatic compounds of the RW. The potential impact of this effluent was evaluated based on a relevant bibliographical history and through physical, chemical and ecotoxicological testing assessment. To evaluate aspects related to effluent ecotoxicology, bioassays were conducted using Daphnia magna, showing a toxicity factor (TF) 16 in a 1% RW concentration and FT 4 in a 0.5% RW concentration during a 24 hour testing, proving its toxicity and the importance of its treatment. The fungal treatability studies were based on the conduct of a procedure with factorial planning of experiments performed on solid medium, where growth was measured considering the variation of fungal species, pH, effluent concentration and glucose concentration. Among the most favorable factors, stood out the 0.5% effluent concentration, P. floridae fungus species, pH 6.0, and 10 g/L glucose concentration. These conditions were considered as the experimental basis for the fungal treatment of RW explosives industry effluent for 15 days in liquid medium in shaker flasks. The results indicated that P. floridae was able to reduce the parameters of COD, BOD and phenols at 55, 51 and 25% respectively. It was also obtained less toxicity compared to the bioassay using D. magna, where TF decreased to 4 in 48 hours. Additionally, P. floridae was able to fully convert and degrade both nitroaromatic compounds identified (2,4 and 2,6 dinitrotoluene) between 2 and 8 days interval. The results indicate and suggest that P. floridae have potential for the remediation of wastewater containing chemical species with environmental relevance as nitroaromatic compounds.

Os fungos do gênero Pleurotus são basidiomicetos que se destacam na degradação de substâncias recalcitrantes do ambiente, como por exemplo, os compostos nitroaromáticos, que são poluentes prioritários constituintes do efluente Água Vermelha (AV), uma água residuária gerada em uma das etapas de fabricação do explosivo comercial e militar 2,4,6-trinitrotolueno (TNT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a capacidade dos fungos Pleurotus ostreatus POS 560 e Pleurotus floridae PSP 1 de degradar os compostos nitroaromáticos presentes na AV. O potencial impactante deste efluente foi avaliado com base em antecedentes bibliográficos relevantes e através de ensaios de caracterização física, química e ecotoxicológica. Para avaliar aspectos relacionados com a ecotoxicologia dos efluentes, bioensaios foram realizados utilizando-se Daphnia magna e apresentaram o Fator de Toxicidade (FT) 16 para o efluente AV na concentração de 1% e FT 4 para o efluente AV 0,5% em 24 horas do ensaio demonstrando a toxicidade e a importância do seu tratamento. Os estudos de tratabilidade fúngica foram baseados na condução de um procedimento com planejamento fatorial de experimentos realizado em meio sólido, onde o crescimento foi medido em função da variação de: espécie do fungo, pH, concentração do efluente e concentração de glicose. Dentre os fatores mais favoráveis estatisticamente, destacaram-se a concentração de efluente (0,5%), a espécie de fungo P. floridae, o pH 6,0 e concentração de 10 g/L de glicose. Estas condições foram consideradas como base experimental para o tratamento fúngico do efluente AV da indústria de explosivos por 15 dias em meio líquido com frascos agitados. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o P. floridae nas condições de estudo foi capaz de reduzir os parâmetros de DQO, DBO e Fenóis em 55, 51 e 25% respectivamente. Obteve-se também redução da toxicidade em relação ao bioensaio realizado com D. Magna, onde o FTD baixou para 4 em 48 horas. Adicionalmente, P. floridae foi capaz de converter e degradar totalmente ambos os compostos nitroaromáticos identificados (2,4 e 2,6-dinitrotolueno) em tempos da ordem de 2 e 8 dias. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indicam e sugerem que P. floridae possui potencialidade para a remediação de efluentes contendo espécies químicas de relevância ambiental como os compostos nitroaromáticos. / The fungi of the genus Pleurotus are basidiomycetes that stand out in the degradation of recalcitrant environmental substances. For example, nitroaromatic compounds, which are priority pollutants constituents of the effluent Red Water (RW), a wastewater generated in one of the manufacturing steps of commercial and military used explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The objective of this work was to study the ability of fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus floridae POS 560 PSP 1 to degrade nitroaromatic compounds of the RW. The potential impact of this effluent was evaluated based on a relevant bibliographical history and through physical, chemical and ecotoxicological testing assessment. To evaluate aspects related to effluent ecotoxicology, bioassays were conducted using Daphnia magna, showing a toxicity factor (TF) 16 in a 1% RW concentration and FT 4 in a 0.5% RW concentration during a 24 hour testing, proving its toxicity and the importance of its treatment. The fungal treatability studies were based on the conduct of a procedure with factorial planning of experiments performed on solid medium, where growth was measured considering the variation of fungal species, pH, effluent concentration and glucose concentration. Among the most favorable factors, stood out the 0.5% effluent concentration, P. floridae fungus species, pH 6.0, and 10 g/L glucose concentration. These conditions were considered as the experimental basis for the fungal treatment of RW explosives industry effluent for 15 days in liquid medium in shaker flasks. The results indicated that P. floridae was able to reduce the parameters of COD, BOD and phenols at 55, 51 and 25% respectively. It was also obtained less toxicity compared to the bioassay using D. magna, where TF decreased to 4 in 48 hours. Additionally, P. floridae was able to fully convert and degrade both nitroaromatic compounds identified (2,4 and 2,6 dinitrotoluene) between 2 and 8 days interval. The results indicate and suggest that P. floridae have potential for the remediation of wastewater containing chemical species with environmental relevance as nitroaromatic compounds.

<p>  </p> <p>Mushrooms, unique edible fungi, contain several essential nutrients and bioactive compounds including L-ergothioneine, beta-glucans, and lovastatin, which may improve cardiometabolic health through their anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and antioxidant properties, respectively. Despite a long history of consumption, the chemical composition and health benefits of mushrooms are not well documented. Research included in this dissertation aims to document the unique properties of dietary mushrooms and their effects on cardiometabolic disease risk factors in middle-aged and older adults. Thematically, this research describes mushrooms from a nutrient, food, and dietary pattern perspective. Using untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics, we detected over 10,000 compounds in seven mushroom varieties, each sourced from two farms (3 replicates/farm). Over 1,300 compounds were detected in all seven mushroom varieties, supporting some level of similarity. In contrast, each variety had tens-to-hundreds of unique-to-mushroom variety compounds, ranging from 29 for crimini to 854 for lion’s mane. Amino acid analysis revealed <em>Agaricus bisporus</em> varieties (white button, crimini, portabella) had similar amino acid profiles, including detection of all nine essential amino acids, while other varieties (lion’s mane, maitake, oyster, shiitake) had less methionine and tryptophan. Collectively, these findings highlight not all mushrooms are chemically comparable. From a food/dietary pattern perspective, experimental evidence from a systematically searched literature review indicate greater mushroom consumption reduces blood triglycerides and hs-CRP. Evidence from observational research indicate mixed, albeit neutral to positive, associations between mushroom consumption and most cardiometabolic health outcomes. Results from our randomized controlled trial indicate adoption of a healthy dietary pattern with mushrooms improves fasting blood glucose and dense LDL III. Adoption of a healthy dietary pattern, independent of mushroom consumption, improves total cholesterol and non-LDL cholesterol. Results from the research presented in this dissertation confirm mushrooms are nutritionally unique and may improve several risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases with regular consumption.</p>

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Enzymatic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its oxidized derivatives was studied using three fungal enzymes: wild-type aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) from three fungal species, wild-type peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO), and recombinant galactose oxidase (GAO). The effect of pH on different reaction steps was evaluated and apparent kinetic data (Michaelis-Menten constants, turnover numbers, specific constants) were calculated for different enzyme-substrate ratios and enzyme combinations. Finally, the target product, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), was prepared in a multi-enzyme cascade reaction combining three fungal oxidoreductases at micro-scale. Furthermore, an oxidase-like reaction is proposed for heme-containing peroxidases, such as UPO, horseradish peroxidase, or catalase, causing the conversion of 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid into FDCA in the absence of exogenous hydrogen peroxide.

Submitted by AMANDA SOUZA CALIXTO DA SILVA null (amanda.calixto2@gmail.com) on 2016-04-21T01:44:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_amanda_final _com logo_3.pdf: 2555705 bytes, checksum: 4071ad8030f63db30d1fed65bffab925 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-26T19:11:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_asc_me_rcla.pdf: 2555705 bytes, checksum: 4071ad8030f63db30d1fed65bffab925 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T19:11:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_asc_me_rcla.pdf: 2555705 bytes, checksum: 4071ad8030f63db30d1fed65bffab925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os cogumelos são definidos como macrofungos que tem papel essencial na decomposição da matéria orgânica. Além de sua função ecológica os cogumelos são apontados como alimentos de valor nutricional e medicinal. Estes fatores têm estimulado a produção e o comércio de cogumelos, sobretudo de Pleurotus ostreatus por sua facilidade de cultivo e alta produtividade. Sob este contexto, são necessárias pesquisas que avaliem os fatores que interferem diretamente na produtividade. Frente ao exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar e comparar o efeito dos fatores ambientais e nutricionais sobre a produtividade e resposta à indução dos primórdios de duas linhagens de P. ostreatus cultivadas em ambientes protegidos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os substratos cultivo apresentaram alta heterogeneidade. A caracterização das diferentes formulações indicaram mudanças sutis sobre a relação C/N do substrato, tendo em vista a C/N sofre diminuição ao final do processo devido à degradação da matéria orgânica. Quanto à produtividade registrou-se diferenças entre linhagens e formulações. A formulação F1, apresentou produtividade de 14,65% e eficiência biológica de 72,58 mediante inoculação da linhagem SB, à diferença do observado na linhagem MB que apresentou produtividade de 17,40% e eficiência biológica de 86,20%. Diferenças foram também registradas na formulação B, na qual obteve-se produtividade de 13,79% e eficiência biológica de 79,91% referente a linhagem SB e produtividade de 13,42% e eficiência biológica de 41,39% referente a linhagem MB. Após a colheita, análises bromatológicas foram realizadas com o substrato exaurido. Os resultados revelaram teores de proteína total de 6,82%, 34,13% de cinzas, 1,41% de lipídeos totais e 84,12% de umidade, para a formulação A e 5,73% de proteína total, 22,93% de cinzas, 2,53% de lipídeos totais e 71,85% de umidade para formulação B. Concluiu-se que a satisfatória produtividade de P. ostreatus está diretamente ligada a qualidade de substrato. Para tanto deve-se estabelecer e parâmetros de qualidade no preparo do composto. Quanto ao substrato exaurido sua composição nutricional avaliada indicou a possibilidade de sua utilização em formulações de ração para ruminantes como fonte de proteína de qualidade. / The mushrooms are defined as Macrofungi that play an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter. Besides to their ecological function, mushrooms are well-known to have nutritional and medicinal value as foods. These factors have been boosting the outputs and trading of mushrooms, especially, Pleurotus ostreatus, due to its facility of cultivation and high productivity. In this context, research is needed in order to evaluate the factors that can directly interfere in their productivity. In face to this issue, this work aimed to evaluate and to compare the effects of environmental and nutritional factors in their productivity. In addition, to assess the responses of the induction of the primordial two strains of P. ostreatus cultivated in protected environments. The obtained results showed that the growing substrates displayed high heterogeneity. The characterization of different formulations showed subtle changes regarded to the substrate C/N, knowing that the C/N suffer a decrease at the end of the process due to the degradation of organic matter. There were registered productivity differences among strains and formulations. The formulation A showed 14.65% of productivity and 72.58% of biological efficiency by inoculation of the SB strain. Differently, the strain MB showed 17.40% of productivity and 86.20% of biological efficiency. Differences were noticed in the strain B as well, in which the productivity was 13.79% and biological efficiency was 79.91% regarded to SB strain and productivity of 13.42% and biological efficiency of 41.39% regarded to MB. After the harvest, bromatological analyzes were made with the depleted substrate. The results showed contents of 6.82% of total protein, 34.12% of ashes, 1.41% of total lipids and 84.12% of humidity to the formulation A and 5.37% of total protein, 22.93% of ashes, 2.53% of total lipids and 71.85% of humidity to the formulation B. In conclusion, the satisfactory productivity of P. ostreatus is straightforward related to the quality of the substrate. Therefore, quality parameters should be established to the preparation of the compost. The evaluated nutritional composition of the depleted substrate pointed out the possibility to be used as an item in the formulation of ruminant feed as a high quality source protein.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-06T14:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-06T14:24:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-06T14:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-21 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This work presents the analysis of mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq .: Fr.) Kumm. DPUA 1533, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Quél. cv. Florida DPUA 1534, Lentinus citrinus Walleyn & Rammeloo DPUA 1535 and Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns DPUA 1536, in natural and complex media under different growing conditions to verify production of biocompounds against fungi and bacteria, to evaluate vertical mycelial growth, to analyze the production of proteases and biomass in agroindustrial residues selected by solid fermentation. Antimicrobial activity of mushrooms against Candida albicans DPUA 1336, Cryptococcus laurentii DPUA 1501, Aspergillus flavus DPUA1836, Escherichia coli DAUPE 224 and Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 was determined by the Gelose Block Method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. For the production of Pleurotus and Lentinus proteases by solid state fermentation, the cultivations were realized on 200 g of cupuaçu shell + rice husk (CC+CA); cupuaçu shell + bran rice (CC+FA), in flask of transparent glass, humidity 60% and pH 6,0 and the sterilization of the substrates was accomplished at 121 °C/90 minutes for two consecutive days. Each flask was inoculated with 12 agar disks (10 mm in diameter) from stock culture and allowed to fermented for 15 days at 25 °C, without light and mycelial growth was determined in centimeters every 24 hours. For determination of proteolityc activity at 440 nm solution of azocasein 1% (p/v), pH 7,2 was used. L. citrinus was the specie selected for biomass production. In this stage for the accomplishment of the fermentation in the solid-state were prepared 5 kg plastic bags containing different combinations and proportions of cupuaçu shell, rice husk and rice bran. Methods were carried out to evaluate the formation, development of the primordia, total culture time, number of production flows and analysis of centesimal composition of basidiomas of L. citrinus in triplicate. The results demonstrate that the composition of culture media, the time of cultivation, the light and the temperature influence significantly in the growth of Lentinus and Pleurotus species, on culture media analyzed. In the experimental conditions, those mushrooms express antimicrobial activity against most fungi and bacteria tested, however L. citrinus and N. lepideus didn't express antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus. The mixture of cupuaçu shell and rice husk (1: 1) stimulated the vertical growth rate of L. citrinus (13 cm), P. ostreatus (12.6 cm) and N. lepideus (12.3 cm). The best averages of the activity and effect of the proteolytic enzyme extraction conditions were determined in the crude extract of P. ostreatus (24.0 U / g) and L. citrinus (22.0 U / g) obtained in the NaCl 2 solution % at 36 °C and with distilled water at 25 °C. In the biomass production, the best averages of biological efficiency (61.0%), productivity (0.86%), production rate (32.0%) and protein (13.44%) were observed in the formulations different agroforestry substrates that depending on the concentration have demonstrated the viability of the process for the growth and production of L. citrinus DPUA 1535. / Este trabalho apresenta a análise do crescimento de Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. DPUA 1533, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Quél. cv. Florida DPUA 1534, Lentinus citrinus Walleyn & Rammeloo DPUA 1535 e Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns DPUA 1536, em meios natural e complexo sob diferentes condições de cultivo, para verificar a produção de biocompostos contra fungos e bactérias, avaliar o crescimento micelial vertical, analisar a produção das proteases e biomassa em resíduos agroindustriais selecionados por fermentação sólida. A atividade antimicrobiana dos cogumelos frente à Candida albicans DPUA 1336, Cryptococcus laurentii DPUA 1501, Aspergillus flavus DPUA 1836, Escherichia coli DAUPE 224 e Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 foi determinada pelo Método do Bloco de Gelose e pela Concentração Mínima Inibitória. Para a produção de proteases de Pleurotus e Lentinus por fermentação no estado sólido, os cultivos foram realizados em 200 g de casca de cupuaçu + casca de arroz (CC+CA); casca de cupuaçu + farelo de arroz (CC+FA), em frasco de vidro transparente, umidade 60% e pH 6,0. A esterilização dos substratos foi realizada a 121 °C/90 minutos/dois dias consecutivos. Em cada frasco foram inoculados 12 discos de 10 mm de diâmetro e a fermentação foi conduzida a 25 oC, sem luminosidade por 15 dias, determinando-se a velocidade de crescimento micelial em centímetros, a cada 24 horas. Para determinação da atividade proteolítica a 440 nm foi utilizado solução de azocaseina 1% (p/v), pH 7,2. L. citrinus foi a espécie selecionada para produção de biomassa. Nesta etapa para a realização da fermentação no estado sólido foram preparados sacos plásticos de 5 kg contendo diferentes combinações e proporções de casca de cupuaçu, casca de arroz e farelo de arroz. Efetuaram-se processos para avaliar a formação, desenvolvimento dos primórdios, tempo total de cultivo, número de fluxos de produção e análises de composição centesimal de basidiomas de L. citrinus em triplicata. Os resultados demonstraram que a composição dos meios de cultura, o tempo de cultivo, a luz e a temperatura influenciam significativamente no crescimento das espécies de Lentinus e Pleurotus, nos meios de cultura analisados. Nas condições experimentais, esses cogumelos expressaram atividade antimicrobiana contra a maioria dos fungos e bactérias testados, contudo L. citrinus e N. lepideus não expressaram atividade antimicrobiana frente Aspergillus flavus. A mistura de casca de cupuaçu com casca de arroz (1:1) estimulou a velocidade de crescimento vertical de L. citrinus (13 cm), P. ostreatus (12,6 cm) e N. lepideus (12,3 cm). As melhores médias da atividade e efeito das condições de extração de enzimas proteolíticas foram determinadas no extrato bruto de P. ostreatus (24,0 U/g) e L. citrinus (22,0 U/g), obtidos na solução de NaCl 2%, a 36 °C e com água destilada, a 25 °C. Na produção de biomassa, as melhores médias de eficiência biológica (61,0 %), produtividade (0,86 %), taxa de produção (32,0 %) e proteína (13,44 %) foram observadas nas formulações realizadas com os diferentes substratos agroflorestais que dependendo da concentração têm demonstrando a viabilidade do processo para o crescimento e produção de L. citrinus DPUA 1535.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of important organic pollutants which undergo very slow degradation and tend to persist for a long time in the environment. PCBs have various negative effects on living organisms, human health and the environment in general. A method for determining PCB levels in aqueous matrices was developed consisting of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and GC/MS determination. The average recoveries of PCB congeners from artificially spiked deionized water were around 85%. The PCB concentration of 3.3±0.1 μg·l-1 (a sum of selected congeners) was detected in contaminated groundwater originated from the area of a former asphalt concrete producing plant. The most abundant PCBs were trichlorinated congeners which together comprised about 80% of the total PCB content. The optimised SPE method was further applied together with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) to assess the degradation potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) which shows high degradation efficiency of various organic pollutants including PCBs. P. ostreatus belongs to ligninolytic (white-rot) fungi, which is a very promising group of microorganisms frequently studied due to their bioremediation potential. P. ostreatus, strain KRYOS was able to remove 41±8% of the initial amount (50 μg) of the...

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by Chan Sze Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-218). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.v / Contents --- p.viii / List of figures --- p.xv / List of tables --- p.xix / Abbreviations --- p.xxii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The North Tsing Yi Abandoned Shipyard area --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the site --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Characteristics of PAHs --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental fates of PAHs --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Biodegradation of PAHs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- PAHs contamination in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Soil decontamination assessment in Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Environmental standards of PAHs --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.9 --- Remediation technology of PAHs --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.9.1 --- Bioremediation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Heavy metals in the site --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Characteristics of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Sources of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.32 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- "Environmental fates of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.34 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Toxicities of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- "Copper, lead and zinc contamination in Hong Kong" --- p.39 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- "Environmental standards of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.40 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Remediation technology of heavy metal --- p.42 / Chapter 1.3.7.1 --- Chemical method --- p.42 / Chapter 1.3.7.2 --- Biological method --- p.43 / Chapter 1.3.7.3 --- Stabilization and Solidification --- p.45 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of study --- p.47 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.47 / Chapter 1.6 --- Research Strategy --- p.47 / Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of study --- p.48 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1 --- Soil Collection --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of soil --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Soil pH, electrical conductivity & salinity" --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Total organic carbon contents --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Soil texture --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Moisture --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Available nitrogen --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Available phosphorus --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Soil bacterial and fungal population --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Extraction of PAHs and organic pollutants --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Extraction procedure --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- GC-MS condition --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Preparation of mixed PAHs stock solution --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Oil and grease content --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Total heavy metal analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3 --- Production of mushroom compost --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Enzyme assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Laccase assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5 --- Addition of mushroom to soil on site --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Transportation of mushroom compost to Tsing Yi --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Mixing of mushroom compost and soil --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6 --- Soil Monitoring --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- On site air and soil measurements --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.1 --- Air temperature and moisture --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.2 --- Light intensity --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.3 --- UV intensity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.4 --- Rainfall --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.5 --- Soil temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Relative residue pollutant (%) --- p.65 / Chapter 2.7 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.66 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.66 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.67 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.3.1 --- Preparation of ergosterol standard solution --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8 --- Soil Washing --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Optimization of soil washing --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1.1 --- Effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1.2 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9 --- Phytoremediation --- p.71 / Chapter 2.10 --- Mycoextraction --- p.72 / Chapter 2.11 --- Integrated bioextraction --- p.72 / Chapter 2.12 --- Cementation --- p.73 / Chapter 2.13 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.73 / Chapter 2.14 --- Statistical analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soils --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Soil temperature and air temperature --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of type of treatment on total petroleum hydrocarbon content --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of type of treatment on oil and grease content --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Soil pH --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Moisture --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3.6 --- Salinity --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.3.7 --- Microbial population --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3.8 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatment --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at Day 4 --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.11 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual organopollutants at the end of treatments --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.3.12 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.3.13 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.113 / Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.120 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.125 / Chapter 3.5 --- Soil washing --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimisation of soil washing --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The effect of incubation time --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6 --- Mycoextraction --- p.139 / Chapter 3.7 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.146 / Chapter 3.8 --- Cementation --- p.153 / Chapter 3.9 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.158 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.160 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.160 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.162 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.162 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soil --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil pH --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Moisture --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Salinity --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Microbial population in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3.3.7 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.3.8 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual oil and grease and TPH contents --- p.171 / Chapter 4.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.172 / Chapter 4.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of the soil --- p.173 / Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.174 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom compost on organopollutant remediation --- p.177 / Chapter 4.6 --- Soil washing --- p.178 / Chapter 4.7 --- Mycoextraction --- p.180 / Chapter 4.8 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.182 / Chapter 4.9 --- Cementation --- p.184 / Chapter 4.10 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.185 / Chapter 4.11 --- "Summary of physical, chemical and biological heavy metal removal treatments" --- p.186 / Chapter 4.12 --- Future studies --- p.187 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.190 / Chapter 6 --- References --- p.193