Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pitombo_pf_dr_botfm.pdf: 492340 bytes, checksum: 2e00b59ad524d16f61ae2f6959e10700 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As cirurgias de ombro apresentam grande potencial para causar dor pós-operatória. O bloqueio interescalênico do plexo braquial é a técnica anestésica mais utilizada para estes procedimentos. Apesar da eficácia comprovada, alguns efeitos adversos e a extensa paralisia do membro superior são motivos comuns de preocupação e desconforto por parte dos pacientes. Os nervos supraescapular e axilar são os principais responsáveis pelo suprimento sensitivo-motor da articulação. Bloqueio isolado do nervo supraescapular é bem descrito e utilizado, porém, apresenta efetividade variável. Escassas publicações em levantamentos de bancos de dados de saúde (Pubmed) descrevem e atestam a segurança e a eficácia analgésica na associação de bloqueio dos nervos axilar e supraescapular em cirurgias do ombro. Este estudo se propõe a avaliar uma nova técnica anestésica de bloqueio seletivo dos nervos supraescapular e axilar, com relação à qualidade da analgesia e, secundariamente, com relação à intensidade e desconforto do bloqueio motor, complicações e/ou efeitos adversos, satisfação, aceitabilidade e duração da analgesia, comparando-a com a abordagem interescalênica do plexo braquial. 68 pacientes portadores de lesão do manguito rotador e/ou luxação recidivante escapulo-umeral foram divididos em dois grupos de 34, de acordo com a técnica utilizada: grupo interescalênico (GI) e grupo seletivo (GS), sendo ambas as técnicas realizadas com neuroestimulador. GI foi submetido a bloqueio interescalênico do plexo braquial pela técnica de Winnie, e após haver resposta motora dos músculos deltóide ou bíceps, foram injetados 30 mL de bupivacaína em excesso enantiomérico a 0,33% com epinefrina 1:200000. GS foi submetido a bloqueio dos nervos supraescapular e axilar pelas técnicas de Feigl e Price... / Shoulder surgery carries great potential to cause post-operative pain. Interscalene brachial plexus block is the anaesthetic technique most utilized in these procedures. Despite its proven efficacy, certain adverse effects and the extensive paralysis of the upper limb are common causes of concern and discomfort for the patient. The suprascapular and axillary nerves are the main nerves responsible for the sensory-motor supply of the joint. Isolated suprascapular nerve block is well described and utilized, its effectiveness, however, is variable. In a survey of health databases (Pubmed) few publications describe and attested to the safety and analgesic efficacy in associating suprascapular and axillary nerve block with shoulder surgery. This study aims to assess selective suprascapular and axillary nerve block compared to the interscalene brachial plexus block approach, primarily in terms of analgesic quality and secondly in relation to motor block intensity and discomfort, complications and/or adverse effects, satisfaction, acceptability and analgesic duration. Sixty-eight patients with rotator cuff injury and/or recurrent scapulohumeral dislocation were divided into two groups of 34 each, depending on the technique utilized: interscalene group (IG) and selective group (SG). Both groups were subjected to neurostimulation techniques. The IG was subjected to the interscalene brachial plexus block using the Winnie technique. Following motor response from the deltoid or biceps muscles we injected 30 mL of 0.33% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine with 1:200000 epinephrine. The SG was subjected to the suprascapular and axillary nerve block using the Feigl and Price techniques respectively. Following response from the supraspinatus, and/or infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) and deltoid (axillary nerve) we injected 15 mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo / Banca: Eliana Marisa Ganem / Banca: Leandro Gobbo Braz / Banca: Luiz Vicente Garcia / Banca: Tolomeu Artur Assunção Casali / Resumo: As cirurgias de ombro apresentam grande potencial para causar dor pós-operatória. O bloqueio interescalênico do plexo braquial é a técnica anestésica mais utilizada para estes procedimentos. Apesar da eficácia comprovada, alguns efeitos adversos e a extensa paralisia do membro superior são motivos comuns de preocupação e desconforto por parte dos pacientes. Os nervos supraescapular e axilar são os principais responsáveis pelo suprimento sensitivo-motor da articulação. Bloqueio isolado do nervo supraescapular é bem descrito e utilizado, porém, apresenta efetividade variável. Escassas publicações em levantamentos de bancos de dados de saúde (Pubmed) descrevem e atestam a segurança e a eficácia analgésica na associação de bloqueio dos nervos axilar e supraescapular em cirurgias do ombro. Este estudo se propõe a avaliar uma nova técnica anestésica de bloqueio seletivo dos nervos supraescapular e axilar, com relação à qualidade da analgesia e, secundariamente, com relação à intensidade e desconforto do bloqueio motor, complicações e/ou efeitos adversos, satisfação, aceitabilidade e duração da analgesia, comparando-a com a abordagem interescalênica do plexo braquial. 68 pacientes portadores de lesão do manguito rotador e/ou luxação recidivante escapulo-umeral foram divididos em dois grupos de 34, de acordo com a técnica utilizada: grupo interescalênico (GI) e grupo seletivo (GS), sendo ambas as técnicas realizadas com neuroestimulador. GI foi submetido a bloqueio interescalênico do plexo braquial pela técnica de Winnie, e após haver resposta motora dos músculos deltóide ou bíceps, foram injetados 30 mL de bupivacaína em excesso enantiomérico a 0,33% com epinefrina 1:200000. GS foi submetido a bloqueio dos nervos supraescapular e axilar pelas técnicas de Feigl e Price... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Shoulder surgery carries great potential to cause post-operative pain. Interscalene brachial plexus block is the anaesthetic technique most utilized in these procedures. Despite its proven efficacy, certain adverse effects and the extensive paralysis of the upper limb are common causes of concern and discomfort for the patient. The suprascapular and axillary nerves are the main nerves responsible for the sensory-motor supply of the joint. Isolated suprascapular nerve block is well described and utilized, its effectiveness, however, is variable. In a survey of health databases (Pubmed) few publications describe and attested to the safety and analgesic efficacy in associating suprascapular and axillary nerve block with shoulder surgery. This study aims to assess selective suprascapular and axillary nerve block compared to the interscalene brachial plexus block approach, primarily in terms of analgesic quality and secondly in relation to motor block intensity and discomfort, complications and/or adverse effects, satisfaction, acceptability and analgesic duration. Sixty-eight patients with rotator cuff injury and/or recurrent scapulohumeral dislocation were divided into two groups of 34 each, depending on the technique utilized: interscalene group (IG) and selective group (SG). Both groups were subjected to neurostimulation techniques. The IG was subjected to the interscalene brachial plexus block using the Winnie technique. Following motor response from the deltoid or biceps muscles we injected 30 mL of 0.33% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine with 1:200000 epinephrine. The SG was subjected to the suprascapular and axillary nerve block using the Feigl and Price techniques respectively. Following response from the supraspinatus, and/or infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) and deltoid (axillary nerve) we injected 15 mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Regional anestesi är en uppskattad metod inom operationssjukvård för sina fördelar; patienten är vaken och kan kommunicera, operationsområdet är väl smärtlindrat och förekomst av illamående och kräkningar är minimal. Patienten kan även komma hem samma dag, vilket är både kostnadseffektivt för Hälso- och sjukvården och till fördel för patienten. Dock läggs det ett stort ansvar på patienten och egenvården blir omfattande i samband med dagkirurgiska ingrepp som innebär att patienten lämnar sjukhuset med en pågående nervblockad. Efter att en operationsmottagning i södra Sverige har börjat lägga blockader på patienter inför operation i övre och nedre extremiteter, har det blivit viktigt att utvärdera den nya metoden för postoperativ smärtlindring. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att lämna sjukhuset och att vara postoperativt smärtlindrad med regional anestesi. Studien genomfördes i form av ett frågeformulär som utformats av operationsmottagningen. Urvalet utgjordes av patienter (n=30) som opererats för handledsfrakturer, ligament i knäled och operationer i axel/överarm. En sjuksköterska genomförde datainsamlingen via telefonintervjuer. Analysen var kvantitativ och dataprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistic Software (SPSS) tillämpades. Resultatet visar att patienterna var nöjda och påvisar vidare att patienterna inte upplevde några större problem med illamående/kräkning, förband eller information. Emellertid framkom, att smärtlindringen var otillfredsstillande såväl vid hemgång som på första postoperativa dagen. Diskussionen fokuserar därför på bristande smärtlindring och hur smärtlindringen kan förbättras, samt tänkbara orsaker till varför patienterna förefaller acceptera postoperativ smärta. Ett förbättringsarbete i behandlingsstrateginer för postoperativ smärtlindring efter regional anestesi rekommenderas därför i yttersta syfte att stödja patientens egenvård. Urvalet av patienter (n=30) anses inte kunna ge en generaliserbar bild men är statiskt signifikant beträffande postoperativ smärta, vilket understryker vikten av att identifiera förbättringspotentialer.

Methods of regional anaesthesia and regional postoperative analgesia are common in perioperative management of patients in traumatology-orthopaedics. One of most challenging fields of traumatology-orthopaedics is shoulder surgery. Shoulder surgery is associated with intense and long-lasting postoperative pain. It affects patients’ well-being, limits limb function and worsens results of surgical treatment. Determination of optimal methods for postoperative pain relief is very important in clinical practice. Several modern studies compared methods of systemic analgesia with continuous interscalene infusion of bupivacaine 0,15 - 0,25 % solution. Application of these concentrations of bupivacaine resulted in sufficient analgesia but profound motor blockade and anaesthetic toxicity were observed. There are few studies on interscalene infusions of small concentrations of bupivacaine. Data on effects of small doses of bupivacaine on intensity of motor blockade and adjuvant drugs on postoperative analgesia is lacking. AIM OF THE STUDY: to evaluate the quality of post-operative pain treatment after shoulder surgery using continuous perineural infusions of different concentrations (0.1% and 0.15%) of bupivacaine and bupicacaine (0.1%) in combination with adjuvant clonidine and effects on operated hand motor function. To assess clinical advisability of interscalene brachial plexus identification and catheterization using G. Meier’s technique. 159 patients scheduled for elective... [to full text]

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Neurólises de plexos simpáticos têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da dor oncológica, mostrando ser um recurso terapêutico bastante eficaz e seguro. Alguns estudos apontam a utilização da neurólise de plexos simpáticos em estágios iniciais da doença por prevenir a dor e melhorar a qualidade de vida, contrariando a OMS que preconiza o uso de métodos invasivos em última instância. Em estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado, neurólise de plexos simpáticos realizada em estágios diferentes do tratamento da dor oncológica foi comparada com o tratamento farmacológico. Foram selecionados 60 pacientes com câncer abdominal ou pélvico e alocados em três grupos. No grupo I (precoce) os pacientes estavam em uso de AINEs e opióides fracos ou fortes (dose inferior a 90mg/dia de morfina) e reportavam dor (VAS  4) quando foram submetidos a neurólise plexo celíaco (NPC), neurólise do plexo hipogástrico superior (NPHS) ou neurólise plexo simpático lombar (NPSL) de acordo com o sítio de dor. No grupo II (tardio) a neurólise foi realizada quando a utilização de AINEs e morfina foram iguais ou superiores a 90mg/dia de morfina e VAS>4. No grupo III (controle) os pacientes fizeram uso somente de medicação analgésica. Os pacientes foram observados durante 8 semanas e avaliados quanto à intensidade da dor (VAS), consumo de opióides e qualidade de vida. Imediatamente após as neurólises e durante todo o tempo de observação, os pacientes dos grupos precoce e tardio apresentaram redução da intensidade da dor e do consumo de opióides, além disso melhora da qualidade de vida quando comparados com o grupo controle. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos precoce e tardio nestes aspectos. Efeitos adversos correlacionados com o uso de opióide, como náuseas e/ou vômitos, perda do apetite e constipação foram significativamente maiores no grupo controle. Complicações relacionadas às neurólises, tais como hipotensão e diarréia, foram transitórias e não deferiram significativamente do grupo controle. Não foram encontradas complicações sérias em nenhum dos grupos experimentais. A neurólise de plexos simpáticos foi efetiva na redução da intensidade da dor e do consumo de analgésicos e dos efeitos adversos relacionados com a administração de drogas, e na melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Embora não havendo diferenças entre os grupos precoce e tardio, os resultados apontam a necessidade de utilizar esta técnica como recurso não somente em fase terminal da doença. / Neurolytic sympathetic plexus blocks (NSPB) have been used as a quite effective and safe therapeutic resource for the treatment of cancer pain. Studies point to the use of NSPB in the early phases of the disease to prevent pain and to improve the life quality, contradicting WHO that extols the use of invasive methods ultimately. We compared the use of neurolytic plexus block in two different phases of the treatment of oncology pain with the pharmacological therapy. In prospective study, randomized and controlled, sixty patients with abdominal or pelvic oncology pain were allocated to tree groups. In group I (early block) the patients using NSAID and weak opioid or oral morphine at a dose of less than 90 mg/day and reporting pain (VAS  4) were submitted to a neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB), superior hypogastric plexus block (SHPB) or lumbar sympathetic ganglionic chain (LSGCB), in accordance to the site of pain. In group 2 (late block) the patients were submitted neurolysis when using NSAID and oral morphine at a dose equals to or more than 90 mg/day and VAS  4. In group 3 (control), patients were treated with pharmacological therapy only. The patients were observed for 8 weeks and appraised for the intensity of the pain (VAS), opioid consumption and quality of live. The patients of groups I and II had reduction of the intensity of the pain, opioid consumption and get better quality of live immediately after to the neurolytic and during the whole time of observation when compared with the group control. There were no significant differences between groups I and II with these aspects. Adverse effects correlated with the use of opioids, as nauseas and/or vomits, loss of the appetite and constipation were significantly larger in the group control. Neurolysis related complications such as hypotension and diarrhea, were transitory and statistically similar to these found in the control group. They were not found serious complications. The neurolysis of sympathetic plexus was shown to be effective to reduce the intensity of pain, analgesic consumption and adverse effects related to the use of opioids, and in the improvement of the quality of life. The results point to the usefulness of indicating neurolytic procedure for the management of cancer pain not only in terminal phase of the disease.

Neurólises de plexos simpáticos têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da dor oncológica, mostrando ser um recurso terapêutico bastante eficaz e seguro. Alguns estudos apontam a utilização da neurólise de plexos simpáticos em estágios iniciais da doença por prevenir a dor e melhorar a qualidade de vida, contrariando a OMS que preconiza o uso de métodos invasivos em última instância. Em estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado, neurólise de plexos simpáticos realizada em estágios diferentes do tratamento da dor oncológica foi comparada com o tratamento farmacológico. Foram selecionados 60 pacientes com câncer abdominal ou pélvico e alocados em três grupos. No grupo I (precoce) os pacientes estavam em uso de AINEs e opióides fracos ou fortes (dose inferior a 90mg/dia de morfina) e reportavam dor (VAS  4) quando foram submetidos a neurólise plexo celíaco (NPC), neurólise do plexo hipogástrico superior (NPHS) ou neurólise plexo simpático lombar (NPSL) de acordo com o sítio de dor. No grupo II (tardio) a neurólise foi realizada quando a utilização de AINEs e morfina foram iguais ou superiores a 90mg/dia de morfina e VAS>4. No grupo III (controle) os pacientes fizeram uso somente de medicação analgésica. Os pacientes foram observados durante 8 semanas e avaliados quanto à intensidade da dor (VAS), consumo de opióides e qualidade de vida. Imediatamente após as neurólises e durante todo o tempo de observação, os pacientes dos grupos precoce e tardio apresentaram redução da intensidade da dor e do consumo de opióides, além disso melhora da qualidade de vida quando comparados com o grupo controle. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos precoce e tardio nestes aspectos. Efeitos adversos correlacionados com o uso de opióide, como náuseas e/ou vômitos, perda do apetite e constipação foram significativamente maiores no grupo controle. Complicações relacionadas às neurólises, tais como hipotensão e diarréia, foram transitórias e não deferiram significativamente do grupo controle. Não foram encontradas complicações sérias em nenhum dos grupos experimentais. A neurólise de plexos simpáticos foi efetiva na redução da intensidade da dor e do consumo de analgésicos e dos efeitos adversos relacionados com a administração de drogas, e na melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Embora não havendo diferenças entre os grupos precoce e tardio, os resultados apontam a necessidade de utilizar esta técnica como recurso não somente em fase terminal da doença. / Neurolytic sympathetic plexus blocks (NSPB) have been used as a quite effective and safe therapeutic resource for the treatment of cancer pain. Studies point to the use of NSPB in the early phases of the disease to prevent pain and to improve the life quality, contradicting WHO that extols the use of invasive methods ultimately. We compared the use of neurolytic plexus block in two different phases of the treatment of oncology pain with the pharmacological therapy. In prospective study, randomized and controlled, sixty patients with abdominal or pelvic oncology pain were allocated to tree groups. In group I (early block) the patients using NSAID and weak opioid or oral morphine at a dose of less than 90 mg/day and reporting pain (VAS  4) were submitted to a neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB), superior hypogastric plexus block (SHPB) or lumbar sympathetic ganglionic chain (LSGCB), in accordance to the site of pain. In group 2 (late block) the patients were submitted neurolysis when using NSAID and oral morphine at a dose equals to or more than 90 mg/day and VAS  4. In group 3 (control), patients were treated with pharmacological therapy only. The patients were observed for 8 weeks and appraised for the intensity of the pain (VAS), opioid consumption and quality of live. The patients of groups I and II had reduction of the intensity of the pain, opioid consumption and get better quality of live immediately after to the neurolytic and during the whole time of observation when compared with the group control. There were no significant differences between groups I and II with these aspects. Adverse effects correlated with the use of opioids, as nauseas and/or vomits, loss of the appetite and constipation were significantly larger in the group control. Neurolysis related complications such as hypotension and diarrhea, were transitory and statistically similar to these found in the control group. They were not found serious complications. The neurolysis of sympathetic plexus was shown to be effective to reduce the intensity of pain, analgesic consumption and adverse effects related to the use of opioids, and in the improvement of the quality of life. The results point to the usefulness of indicating neurolytic procedure for the management of cancer pain not only in terminal phase of the disease.

Au cours des vingt dernières années, l’anesthésie régionale est devenue, autant en médecine vétérinaire qu’humaine, un outil essentiel à l’élaboration de protocoles analgésiques péri-opératoires. Parmi l’éventail de techniques mises au point en anesthésie canine, le bloc paravertébral du plexus vertébral (PBPB) et sa version modifiée sont d’un grand intérêt pour toute procédure du membre thoracique, dans sa portion proximale. Toutefois, l’essentiel des données publiées à ce jour provient d’études colorimétriques, sans évaluation clinique, et peu d’information est disponible sur les techniques de localisation nerveuse envisageables à ce site. Notre étude visait à décrire une approche échoguidée du PBPB modifié, puis à caractériser ses paramètres pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques après administration de lidocaïne (LI) ou lidocaïne adrénalinée (LA). Huit chiens ont été inclus dans un protocole prospectif, randomisé, en aveugle et croisé, réparti sur trois périodes. L’impact pharmacodynamique du bloc effectué avec LI ou LA a été évalué régulièrement pour 180 min suivant son exécution. Le traitement à l’adrénaline n’a pas démontré d’impact significatif (P = 0,845) sur la durée du bloc sensitif, tel qu’évalué par un stimulus douloureux mécanique appliqué aux dermatomes ciblés. À l’opposé, l’atteinte proprioceptive évaluée par la démarche a été trouvée prolongée (P = 0,027) et le bloc moteur mesuré par le pic de force verticale (PVF) au trot sur la plaque de force s’est avéré plus marqué (PVF réduit; P = 0,007) sous LA. À l’arrêt comme au trot, le nadir de la courbe PVF-temps a été trouvé retardé (P < 0,005) et la pente ascendante de retour aux valeurs normales adoucie (P = 0,005). Parallèlement aux évaluations cliniques, des échantillons plasmatiques ont été collectés régulièrement afin de quantifier et décrire le devenir pharmacocinétique de la lidocaïne. Parmi les trois élaborés, un modèle bi-compartimental doté d’une double absorption asynchrone d’ordre zéro a finalement été sélectionné et appliqué aux données expérimentales. Sous LA, la Cmax a été trouvée significativement diminuée (P < 0,001), les phases d’absorption prolongées [P < 0,020 (Dur1) et P < 0,001 (Dur2)] et leurs constantes réduites [P = 0,046(k01) et P < 0,001 (k02)], le tout en concordance avec les effets proprioceptifs et moteurs rapportés. Bien que l’extrapolation du dosage soit maintenant théoriquement envisageable à partir du modèle mis en lumière ici, des études supplémentaires sont encore nécessaires afin d’établir un protocole de PBPB d’intérêt clinique. L’analyse sur plaque de force pourrait alors devenir un outil de choix pour évaluer l’efficacité du bloc dans un cadre expérimental. / Over the last decade, regional anaesthesia has become a gold standard for peri-surgical management in veterinary medicine. Among the many techniques developed for analgesia in dogs, the paravertebral brachial plexus block (PBPB) is of great interest when targeting the proximal half of the thoracic limb. Yet, most available data on this technique is based on colorimetric protocols rather than clinical evaluation, and there are very few published results for PBPB execution using nerve location techniques. Through this work, we wished to describe an ultrasound-guided approach of the PBPB and characterize its pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic parameters when executed with either lidocaine alone (LI) or combined to adrenaline (LA). Eight dogs were included in a prospective, randomised, blinded, crossover protocol performed over three distinct periods. Pharmacodynamic impact of LI and LA was compared for 180 minutes after block administration. No significant difference (P = 0.845) was noted between treatments regarding length of the sensitive block, as evaluated regularly through a mechanical painful stimulus applied to selected dermatomes. On the opposite, gait examination showed a longer proprioceptive deficit using LA (P = 0.027). Motor block measured with dynamic force plate analysis showed a lower peak vertical force with LA than LI (P = 0.007). For both dynamic and static evaluations, nadir was clearly delayed (P < 0.005) and the ascending slope back to baseline significantly softened (P = 0.005) in the LA group. Throughout block execution and evaluation, blood samples were collected regularly in order to quantify and describe lidocaine kinetics. Models where developed and compared. A two-compartment model with dual zero-order absorption processes was selected as the best fit for our experimental data. Cmax proved to be significantly reduced with LA (P < 0.001), thus reducing potential toxicity. Absorption phase was prolonged [P < 0.020 (Dur1) and P < 0.001 (Dur2)] and zero-order absorption constant rates lowered [P = 0.046(k01) and P < 0.001 (k02)] following adrenaline addition, in accordance with the previously noted prolonged gait and motor effects. Though dosage extrapolation is now possible using the model developed and tested here, further studies would be needed to establish a PBPB protocol of more clinical interest. Then, force plate analysis could become a key tool for block quality assessment, as both dynamic and static measurements proved to be the reliable ways to collect ground reaction force (GRF) data.