In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by almost 200 countries in order to define targets for future work within sustainability and to reduce further climate impact. Since then, the European Union has taken these targets in earnest and implemented purposeful legislation for all of its members. The Swedish government has introduced an even more ambitious climate policy framework in order to achieve as low national pollution levels as possible. By doing so, regional and local authorities have been forced to take action in order to meet the defined targets for 2030 and 2050. This implies that the Swedish transport sector is now facing a major challenge - to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 70 % as of the level of 2010. A common opinion is that electric vehicles may play an important role in this task. To establish electric drivelines within the transport sector has been a worldwide vision for decades and it seems to be one of the most promising options today. Sweco has together with AB Volvo, Volvo Cars AB, Göteborg Energi, ABB Ltd and Vattenfall AB financed the official project PussEL. Mainly, the purpose of this project was to estimate the potential of a full electrification of the transport sector in a medium size city by 2030. For this project, it was of particular interest to use Gothenburg, Sweden, as a case study. It has been most relevant to consider the electrification of road transport, including both private and public transport as well as goods distribution. The analysis has resulted in a message to residents, businesses and politicians, that an extensive electrification is doable. However, the results also indicate that the distribution grid will require a significant extension. It will definitely require serious effort and will rely on the implementation of smart and controllable vehicle charging. Nevertheless, this might be just what it takes to become one of the world leading countries in sustainable transports. Secondly, the purpose of this thesis is also to clarify the potential of the local parking company to act as an aggregator for charging and discharging of electric vehicles. By considering local driving patterns, parking profiles in car parks, as well as prerequisites of the electricity markets, it has been possible to identify the technical potential. It has been of interest to investigate services including both smart charging (V1G) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), in order to support an extensive electrification. The estimation has been done using available software from MathWorks: MATLAB. Previous research states that battery degradation from V2G services varies according to the depth of discharge (DOD). Thus, it is desired to utilize services that require a small DOD in order to minimize the reduction of battery lifetime. Considering the economic potential, this thesis examines several available services as an aggregator. Due to the variable capacity in each car parkin combination with the requirements set by the electricity markets, some services have been excluded at an early stage of the analysis. Although, besides economic profitability, a key to success is to keep the concept user-friendly. It must be kept in mind that car owners most likely will prioritize the freedom of mobility rather than leasing their vehicles as mobile batteries. As the Swedish lawyer Thomas Thorild once said: To think freely is great, but to think rightly is greater.

Constructed Wetlands are used in many parts of the world for the treatment of wastewater from diverse sources. They are effective, low cost and sustainable alternative to most conventional wastewater treatment processes. They are engineered to mimic many of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but within a more controlled environment. The need for proper design of constructed wetlands for secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment is of utmost importance in meeting today's stringent water quality standards. Subsequently, numerous design tools have been proposed for the assessment of constructed wetland performance. Currently, applied modeling approaches include regression models, mass loading versus outflow concentration analysis, Monod type analytical models and first-order removal kinetic models. The principal objective of this research was to estimate the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using both the plug flow and complete-mix first order kinetic models. Results obtained by these models were then validated by comparing with published data from the Arcata constructed wetland. This study also investigated the sensitivity of effluent BOD quality to variation in influent concentration, temperature and hydraulic retention time. Analysis of the results revealed that variations in the field conditions influenced the removal rate of BOD in each zone of the wetland. The design reaction rate coefficient for each zone varied and was corrected for using the Arrhenius expression. The BOD removal performance of the Arcata wetland and any wetland operated under similar conditions was found to be better modeled by the plug flow model at zero background concentration. The study also found the BOD removal to be much influenced by the influent concentration and minimally influenced by temperature and hydraulic retention time.

Plug loads—traditionally viewed as behaviorally motivated and beyond the control of designers and operations—are now seen as an integral part of achieving low-energy building targets. Higher education institutions are increasingly recognizing the environmental impacts of campus facilities through holistic approaches to energy savings including energy efficient design and occupant engagement. Residence halls are a compelling example because students bring large numbers of electronics to their rooms and have unlimited access to power for an all-inclusive room rate and resource usage competitions and campaigns are commonplace. However, limited research exists on residence halls plug loads. This dissertation asked the following of residence halls: (1) What are the measured plug loads and how do they compare with design estimates? (2) What role do building design characteristics play in plug loads? (3) What are the specific occupant behaviors that could influence future design? (4) How can plug loads be better understood in terms of behavior, design, and operations? To answer these questions, a sequential mixed methods study included field measurements and student surveys in six residence halls on three Oregon campuses followed by 24 interviews with designers, operators, and students. Findings suggest that plug loads in occupied residence halls are higher and usage profiles differ from design predictions. Results do not show significant correlations between design characteristics and plug loads but suggest that some room/suite level features may play a somewhat stronger role. Survey responses indicated that students are doing more with fewer smart devices, which suggests opportunities for students sharing energy intensive devices. Lighting emerged as both a practical and a social consideration. Finally, the data revealed “balance of power” as a coherent process that explicates the relationships between design, operations, and behavior. Designers have the power to recommend plug load strategies and technologies but are limited by costs, maintenance, and political concerns; operations personnel have the power to impose limits on student power usage but are often reluctant to interfere with the overall living experience; and students have the power to use plug load electricity with few restrictions. This suggests that the balance may be skewed toward student behavior.

Os aços inoxidáveis dúplex compõem uma família de materiais conhecidos por apresentar uma excelente combinação propriedades mecânicas e de corrosão, e por isso têm sido amplamente estudados nos últimos anos. Contudo, essa combinação de propriedades está intrinsecamente relacionada com a microestrutura desses aços, composta por iguais quantidades de ferrita e austenita, e esse equilíbrio entre as fases é extremamente dependente dos ciclos térmicos aos quais são submetidos, sob risco, inclusive, da precipitação de fases secundárias deletérias. Sendo assim, a soldagem desses materiais exige uma série de cuidados para que ela não implique em prejuízo para suas propriedades. Nesse contexto, a soldagem por fricção surge como alternativa para a união e reparo dessas ligas, justamente por apresentar um menor aporte térmico que técnicas convencionais de soldagem. Isto posto, foi realizado um reparo pelo processo de soldagem por fricção com pino consumível em uma chapa de 12mm de espessura feita em um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803. Para tanto, foram registrados os dados térmicos do processamento, analisou-se a microestrutura apresentada pela junta soldada, além de avaliar-se sua tenacidade ao impacto. Os resultados comprovaram que, embora não ocorra significativa precipitação de fases secundárias, o processo de soldagem por fricção provoca diminuição da tenacidade ao impacto do material por causar o deslocamento do equilíbrio entre as fases no sentido de formação da fase ferrítica. / Duplex stainless steels compose a family of materials known to exhibit an excellent combination of mechanical and corrosion properties, and therefore have been widely studied in recent years. However, this combination of properties intrinsically relates to the microstructure of these steels that consists of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, and this balance between phases is extremely dependent on the thermal cycles, at risk including the precipitation of deleterious secondary phases. Thus, welding of these materials requires a lot of care so that it does not result in damage to their property. In this context, the friction welding is an alternative to the union and repair of these alloys, just by having a lower heat input than conventional welding techniques. That said, a repair by the friction taper plug welding process was made on a 12 mm plate thick in a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. Thermal processing data were recorded, microstructure presented by the welded joint was analyzed, and evaluate is its impact toughness. The results proved that although not occur significant precipitation of secondary phases, the friction welding process causes decrease in the impact toughness of the material for causing the displacement of the equilibrium between the phases towards the formation of the ferritic phase.

Os aços inoxidáveis dúplex compõem uma família de materiais conhecidos por apresentar uma excelente combinação propriedades mecânicas e de corrosão, e por isso têm sido amplamente estudados nos últimos anos. Contudo, essa combinação de propriedades está intrinsecamente relacionada com a microestrutura desses aços, composta por iguais quantidades de ferrita e austenita, e esse equilíbrio entre as fases é extremamente dependente dos ciclos térmicos aos quais são submetidos, sob risco, inclusive, da precipitação de fases secundárias deletérias. Sendo assim, a soldagem desses materiais exige uma série de cuidados para que ela não implique em prejuízo para suas propriedades. Nesse contexto, a soldagem por fricção surge como alternativa para a união e reparo dessas ligas, justamente por apresentar um menor aporte térmico que técnicas convencionais de soldagem. Isto posto, foi realizado um reparo pelo processo de soldagem por fricção com pino consumível em uma chapa de 12mm de espessura feita em um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803. Para tanto, foram registrados os dados térmicos do processamento, analisou-se a microestrutura apresentada pela junta soldada, além de avaliar-se sua tenacidade ao impacto. Os resultados comprovaram que, embora não ocorra significativa precipitação de fases secundárias, o processo de soldagem por fricção provoca diminuição da tenacidade ao impacto do material por causar o deslocamento do equilíbrio entre as fases no sentido de formação da fase ferrítica. / Duplex stainless steels compose a family of materials known to exhibit an excellent combination of mechanical and corrosion properties, and therefore have been widely studied in recent years. However, this combination of properties intrinsically relates to the microstructure of these steels that consists of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, and this balance between phases is extremely dependent on the thermal cycles, at risk including the precipitation of deleterious secondary phases. Thus, welding of these materials requires a lot of care so that it does not result in damage to their property. In this context, the friction welding is an alternative to the union and repair of these alloys, just by having a lower heat input than conventional welding techniques. That said, a repair by the friction taper plug welding process was made on a 12 mm plate thick in a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. Thermal processing data were recorded, microstructure presented by the welded joint was analyzed, and evaluate is its impact toughness. The results proved that although not occur significant precipitation of secondary phases, the friction welding process causes decrease in the impact toughness of the material for causing the displacement of the equilibrium between the phases towards the formation of the ferritic phase.

Abstract The program analysis tool, VizzAnalyzer, works good for visualizing the program structure as graphs, but currently it does not allow for a UML conform visualization, which allows a effective communication among software engineers. In this thesis we describe the extension of the VizzAnalyzer to allow the visualization of software systems as UML class diagrams. The Eclipse platform provides an open source platform for creating an extensible integrated development environment. We create a plug-in that can be seamlessly integrated in the Eclipse platform through the third party tools in Eclipse to visualize the graph in VizzAnalyzer as UML class diagrams. The third party tools that are used in this thesis are the Graphical Editing Framework (GEF) and Draw2D. They are mainly used to create the UML class diagram view. In order to get a clear view on the diagram in the limited screen size, it is necessary to provide an appropriate layout for the diagram and drag and zoom actions on its figures. We provide the necessary means and document altogether in this thesis. We implement our solution as Eclipse plug-in and demonstrate feasibility.

Reverse Engineering of software is a complex task. It is supported by various analyses and the computation of certain software quality metrics. To get an overview of the structure of the analysed software it is often necessary to visualize the relations between different components of software. The VizzAnalyzer tool was developed for these purposes and allows visualizing the internal structure of software systems as UML2.0 class diagrams. The existing Eclipse-based visualization plug-in does not allow to automatically lay out the computed graph. Applying the layout manually is not feasible for larger graphs. A proper layout is needed to understand the provided information intuitively and the usefulness of the visualization is, on top of that, strongly connected to its layout. In this thesis, we first state requirements for the development and implementation process of a suitable layout algorithm. We further describe the development, design, and implementation of the Sugiyama layout algorithm into the existing Eclipse-based visualization plug-in. We add these new functionalities to be able to automatically compute a layout for given UML2.0 class diagrams achieving a proper Sugiyama layout for this type of diagrams. At the end of this thesis, we compare the results achieved by the implemented algorithm with the results achieved by yEd given the same diagrams as input.

Foram analisadas a capacidade seladora e a adaptação marginal de tampões apicais confeccionados com diferentes materiais, sob a influência de três técnicas de obturação de canais radiculares. Foram utilizados cento e vinte dentes permanentes de humanos, unirradiculados e portadores de um canal, superiores ou inferiores, com raízes íntegras e ápices completamente formados. Após a abertura coronária, foi realizado o preparo dos canais radiculares pela técnica coroa-ápice, com brocas de Gates Glidden em ordem numérica decrescente, partindo-se da broca número 5 até a de número 1, sendo que esta sempre ultrapassou o forame apical em 1mm. Após esse procedimento, os canais foram dilatados, ainda, com limas do tipo K, iniciando-se com a de número 50 até a de número 90, padronizando-se, assim, o diâmetro do forame. Durante a instrumentação, todas as limas ultrapassaram o forame apical em 1mm. Após esse procedimento, realizou-se a impermeabilização da superfície externa das raízes, com uma camada de Araldite e duas de esmalte para unhas. Na seqüência, os dentes foram divididos em 4 grupos de 30 espécimes cada, de acordo com os materiais utilizados na confecção dos tampões apicais, com 5mm de espessura: Grupo 1 - pasta L & C, Grupo 2 - cimento MTA-Angelus® cinza, Grupo 3 - cimento CPM® e Grupo 4 - cimento MBPc. A seguir, cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos, com 10 dentes cada, de acordo com a técnica obturadora utilizada: condensação lateral, híbrida de Tagger e sistema Ultrafil. Realizadas as obturações, os 10 dentes de cada subgrupo, devidamente identificados, foram imersos em solução corante de Rodamina B a 0,2%, pH 7,0 e levados à estufa a 37oC, onde permaneceram por 48 horas. Após a lavagem dos dentes e a retirada da impermeabilização, os mesmos foram desgastados longitudinalmente, na face mesial ou na distal, utilizando-se discos de carburundum, de modo a expor o tampão apical e a obturação. A análise da infiltração marginal foi feita utilizando-se fotografias digitalizadas, com o auxílio do software Image Tool 3.0. Como medida de infiltração, considerou-se o traço de maior extensão do corante, na interface tampão apical-parede dentinária, desde a porção mais apical do material até a sua porção mais cervical. Para a realização do teste de adaptação marginal às paredes dentinárias dos materiais utilizados como tampão apical, foram utilizados os mesmos dentes submetidos ao teste de infiltração de Rodamina B a 0,2%, com exceção dos dentes do grupo 1 (pasta L & C). Assim, os 90 espécimes dos grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram seccionados transversalmente a 7mm do ápice. Esses segmentos foram metalizados e levados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (M.E.V.), obtendo-se fotomicrografias com aumentos de 35X e 150X. Para a análise da adaptação marginal dos cimentos testados, as fotomicrografias com aumento de 35X foram levadas ao software Image Tool 3.0 e a mensuração da desadaptação foi feita de forma linear, medindo-se, em micrometros, a extensão da mesma. Os resultados obtidos, tanto da análise da infiltração como da adaptação marginal, foram tabulados e submetidos aos testes estatísticos de Kruskal- Wallis e de Dunn. Os resultados mostraram que o cimento MBPc apresentou os menores índices de infiltração de Rodamina B a 0,2%, com diferença estatística significante para os demais materiais; o cimento CPM® apresentou os melhores resultados quando avaliada a adaptação às paredes do canal radicular, porém sem significância estatística; as três técnicas obturadoras utilizadas não tiveram influência sobre a capacidade seladora e nem na adaptação dos tampões apicais. / This study evaluated the sealing ability and marginal adaptation of apical plugs fabricated with different materials, under the influence of three root canal filling techniques. The study sample was composed of 120 single-rooted permanent teeth with a single canal, either maxillary or mandibular, with intact roots and completely formed apices. After coronal opening, root canal preparation was performed by the crown-down technique with Gates Glidden burs in decreasing order, from bur #5 to #1; the latter always surpassed the apical foramen in 1mm. After this procedure, the root canals were enlarged with K files #50 to #90, therefore standardizing the foramen diameter. During instrumentation, all files surpassed the apical foramen in 1mm. Afterwards, the external root surfaces were impermeabilized by application of one coat of Araldite and two coats of nail enamel. Following, the teeth were divided into 4 groups with 30 specimens each, according to the materials employed to fabricate the apical plugs, with 5-mm thickness: Group 1 - L & C paste; Group 2 - gray MTA-Angelus -sealer; Group 3 - CPM - sealer; and Group 4 - MBPc sealer. Each group was then divided into three subgroups with 10 teeth each, according to the root canal filling technique adopted: lateral condensation, Tagger hybrid technique, and Ultrafil system. Then, the 10 teeth from each subgroup, properly labeled, were immersed into 0.2% Rhodamine B, pH 7.0 and placed in an oven at 37oC for 48 hours. After rinsing and removal of the impermeable coat, the teeth were longitudinally worn with carborundum discs on the mesial or distal aspect, with a view to expose the apical plug and root canal filling. Analysis of marginal leakage was performed with aid of digitized photographs on the software Image Tool 3.0. Leakage was measured on the most extensive trace of dye leakage at the interface between the apical plug and dentinal wall, from the most apical to the most cervical portions of material. The marginal adaptation of materials employed for fabrication of the apical plug to the dentinal walls was investigated on the same teeth submitted to the 0.2% Rhodamine B leakage test, except for the teeth in Group 1 (L & C paste). For that purpose, the 90 specimens in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were transversely sectioned at 7mm from the apex. These segments were gold-sputtered and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, with achievement of photomicrographs at 35X and 150X magnifications. For analysis of the marginal adaptation of sealers, the photomicrographs at 35X magnification were analyzed on the software Image Tool 3.0 and the extent of misfit was measured linearly, in micrometers. The results achieved for both leakage and marginal adaptation analyses were tabulated and statistically analyzed by the Kruskal- Wallis and Dunn\'s tests. The results revealed that the sealer MBPc exhibited the lowest values of leakage of 0.2% Rhodamine B, with statistically significant difference compared to the other materials; the sealer CPM - presented the best results as to adaptation to the root canal walls, yet without statistical significance; the three root canal filling techniques employed did not have any influence on the sealing ability or the adaptation of apical plugs.

Orientador: Teresa Massako Kakuta Ravagnani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Possani_Germano_M.pdf: 3312667 bytes, checksum: 30058f7ade4b339ee579a28950283ff8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Dentre os termoplásticos mais utilizados atualmente na indústria, pode-se mencionar o estireno, principal responsável pela produção de plásticos e borrachas. No processo de fabricação de estireno, a principal rota química é por meio da desidrogenação de etilbenzeno, com o hidrogênio como subproduto. A conversão de etilbenzeno nesta reação é em torno de 50,0 %, devido ao equilíbrio termodinâmico. Para deslocar esse equilíbrio e aumentar a produtividade de estireno,foram desenvolvidas novas configurações de reatores, tal como os reatores com membrana. eatores equipados com membranas de paládio fornecem uma seletividade maisalta ao estireno uando comparados com reatores equipados apenas com membranas porosas. Para explorar o otencial desse tipo de reator, modelagens matemáticas foram desenvolvidas a fim de determinar os parâmetros cruciais que regem esses processos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e simular um reator de leito fixo catalítico, envolto por uma membrana inerte permseletiva ao hidrogênio com transferência de calor e massa, sendo composta por uma camada de aço inoxidável de 1,6 mm de espessura, a qual serviu de suporte para a deposição de um filme de 20 µm de paládio. Para essa modelagem foram utilizados os métodos de Runge-Kutta-Gill para o cálculo das variáveis no sentido axial, tanto no retentato quanto no permeado, considerando no retentato um leito fixo catalítico descrito pelo modelo Pseudo-homogêneo, e para os cálculos das equações não lineares das frações molares das espécies e do fluxo mássico de hidrogênio na direção radial do reator foi utilizado o método de Newton-Raphson. Foram analisados os perfis de temperatura, pressão e concentração dos componentes da reação axialmente, considerando a transferência de massa e energia através da membrana, além dos valores para a conversão do etilbenzeno e produtividade em relação ao estireno. Como resultados das simulações foram obtidos valores para a conversão e produtividade de 50,3 % e 35,2 %, respectivamente, para o reator na condição de reator de leito fixo catalítico convencional, e 71,2 % e 60,2 %, para o reator na condição de reator de leito fixo catalítico envolto por uma membrana permseletiva ao hidrogênio, sendo estes valores 41,6 % maiores para a conversão do etilbenzeno e 71,0 % maiores para a produtividade em relação ao estireno. Concluiu-se que com a implementação da membrana no reator em estudo, considerando também a troca térmica na membrana, esta é uma boa opção como nova alternativa para o processo de fabricação do estireno / Abstract: Among the most widely used thermoplastics in the industry, styrene can be mentioned, the main responsible for the production of plastics and rubbers. In the manufacturing process of styrene, the principal chemical route is by means of dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, with hydrogen as a byproduct. The conversion of ethylbenzene in this reaction is around 50,0 % due to thermodynamic equilibrium. To overcome this equilibrium and increase the productivity of styrene, new reactor configurations were developed such as membrane reactors. Membrane reactors equipped with a palladium membrane provide a higher selectivity compared with reactors that are equipped only with a porous membrane. To explore the potential of this type of reactor, mathematical models were developed to determine the crucial parameters governing these processes. The aim of this study was to model and simulate a fixed bed catalytic reactor, surrounded by a permselective to hydrogen inert membrane with heat and mass transfer, composed by a layer of stainless steel of 1,6 mm thickness, which served as support for deposition of a 20 µm film of palladium. For this modeling the Runge-Kutta-Gill method was used to calculate the variables in the axial direction, both in tube side and in permeate side, considering in tube side a catalytic fixed bed described by Pseudo-homogeneous model, and for the calculations of nonlinear equations of the mole fractions of species and the mass flow of hydrogen in the radial direction it was used the method of Newton-Raphson. Profiles of temperature, pressure and concentration of reaction components on axial toward were analyzed considering the heat and mass transfer across the membrane, besides the values for ethylbenzene conversion, selectivity and productivity in relation to styrene. As the simulation results, values were obtained for the conversion and productivity of 50,3 % and 35,2 %, respectively, putting the reactor on condition of conventional catalytic fixed bed reactor, and 71,2 % and 60,2 % for the reactor on condition of catalytic fixed bed reactor surrounded by a permselective membrane to hydrogen, then , the obtained values were 41,6 % higher for the conversion of ethylbenzene and 71,0 % higher for the productivity of styrene. It was concluded that with the implementation of a membrane in reactor under study, also considering the heat transfer in the membrane, this technology is a good option as new alternative to the styrene manufacturing process / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Stereoscopy is a technique that can create an illusion of depth in a flat image. There are many different methods to do this, and here is explained some of the most common and popular ways, with a bigger focus on the anaglyphic method. Since stereoscopy is an old technique, the discovery of it by Charles Wheatstone is explained briefly. In Autodesk Maya 2009, a new stereoscopic plug-in was included which makes the creation of stereoscopic imagery easier. An animated project is made during the course of this research which takes advantage of and tests the functions of the new plug-in. The main purpose of the project is to create a stereoscopic movie which utilized the anaglyph stereoscopic technique. The result is rendered stereoscopic material that is edited with Adobe Premiere Pro to create anaglyphic imagery and a full color alternative using the Infitec technique.