Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) coursed many deaths worldwide according to World Health Organization. Disease burden of IPD among adults were estimated in western countries. However, relative information is lacking in Asia, which occupies over 60% of global population. The objective of this review is to address the disease burden of IPD among adults in Asian and totally 15 articles was reviewed in this paper. The burden of IPD in Asia among adults is hard to estimate but generally in the high level. The highest case fatality rate was occurred in Taiwan about 30.2% in 2007. The most common antibiotic resistance is penicillin and serotypes among Asian countries is similarly; the most common types are 23F, 3, 6B following by 14, 19F, 4, 18C. The factors affect disease burdens are complexity. In the same time, these reference papers only cover 7 regions or countries among Asian; data from other countries and regions was not enough for analysis. Further study about disease burden of IPD among Asian population in adults is necessarily. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Objectives: By summarizing and comparing the pattern of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the 4 areas (namely Hong Kong, other parts of China, United States and Thailand) at different stages of implementation of universal pneumococcal vaccination, a snapshot picture could be obtained to visualize how pneumococcal vaccination has impacted upon various important measures, including the burden of IPD, prevalent serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, risk factors of IPD, to guide us on the next step to optimize our ability to combat against IPD. Methods: To achieve the objective, a systematic search through PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EmBase, CINAHL, and the China Journal Net (for Chinese journal articles to obtain a more comprehensive data for “other parts of mainland) has been performed. Articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and in straight accordance to the literature search and article retrieval steps as described in the methodology. The quality of the articles was assessed by the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) checklists. Results: In general, there was decline in IPD incidence after PCV vaccination, but the problem of serotype replacement and antimicrobial resistance was still an ongoing problem, which differs geographically. Conclusion: From the above data, we could see the significant impact on PCV on reduction of incidence in IPD as shown in United States, however, it was also very clear that unless development of non-serotype specific vaccine become available to us, we are still facing the problem of serotype replacement and that we need to have regular surveillance, as in the case of United States, to supply the data for timely replacement of new PCV combating the emerging serotypes, such that we would still be in the safe ground. In Hong Kong, the statutory reporting of IPD to Centre for Health and Protection (CHP) has been effective since 2/1/201443, after the start of universal immunization since October 2008, followed by PCV10 in 2009 and PCV13 in December 2011, we seems lacking behind on the surveillance. With the surveillance started by CHP, we hope to understand the Hong Kong situation better and with more published data for our local burden and serotype pattern of IPD. It is interesting to note that the antimicrobial pattern does vary geographically, even in US with universal immunization. This suggests that while PCV was helping us to reduce the penicillin resistant strain, another more important factor – the practice of use of antibiotics- is still operating to effect on the overall antibiotic resistance. The pattern that rural Thailand was having much much less penicillin resistance as compared to urban Bangkok, where antibiotic is more readily available, also supports this explanation. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed Mar. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 36 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2006. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 86 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

A doença pneumocócica invasiva é um grande desafio global. Bacteremia está fortemente relacionada às condições clínicas de imunodepressão. Pacientes com câncer raramente são alvo de estudos clínicos. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo primário foi avaliar os fatores prognósticos em pacientes com câncer com bacteremia pneumocócica. Os objetivos secundários foram descrever os episódios de bacteremia e as características fenotípicas das cepas isoladas. O desenho foi uma coorte retrospectiva, que incluiu pacientes com câncer com mais de 18 anos de idade que tiveram bacteremia pneumocócica, de janeiro de 2009 a junho de 2015, no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo. Os critérios de infecção foram aqueles delineados pelo NHSN/CDC. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade em 48h e em 10 dias, e sobrevida dos pacientes. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: idade, sexo, etnia, ECOG, Karnofsky escore, SOFA, diagnóstico do câncer, presença de metástases, quimioterapia, radioterapia, neutropenia, uso prévio de antibióticos, internação hospitalar prévia, internação prévia em UTI, comorbidades (DPOC sistêmica, Hipertensão Arterial, Diabetes Mellitus e Insuficiência Cardíaca), tabagismo, vacinação antipneumocócica prévia, sítio de infecção, infecção polimicrobiana, suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, sorotipo e tratamento. A associação das características com os desfechos foi verificada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, teste de razão de verossimilhança ou teste exato de Fisher. A análise multivariada foi realizada por regressão logística stepwise, incluindo todas as variáveis com P < 0,10. A sobrevida foi estimada de acordo com cada característica avaliada pela função de Kaplan-Meier, seguida de testes log-rank para comparar a sobrevida entre as categorias das variáveis qualitativas. As Razões de Risco (HR) foram calculadas com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% usando regressão de Cox bivariada. Todas as variáveis que apresentaram nível de significância de 0,10 (p < 0,1) foram testadas no modelo múltiplo, e as variáveis do modelo final foram selecionadas pelo método stepwise com critério de seleção Backward com entrada e saída de 5%. Os testes foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Foram detectadas 165 bacteremias pneumocócicas no período do estudo em 161 pacientes oncológicos; destas, 4 episódios foram excluídos por se tratarem de recidivas. Assim, 161 episódios foram incluídos para análise descritiva e estatística. A casuística foi composta em sua maioria por homens (62,7%), com uma média de idade de 61,3 anos. A maioria da casuística foi composta por indivíduos com tumores sólidos (121/75,2%). Entre os tumores sólidos, os mais prevalentes foram os do trato gastrointestinal, seguido dos tumores de cabeça e pescoço e trato respiratório. Entre as neoplasias hematológicas (40/24,8%), as mais prevalentes foram mieloma múltiplo (20/50,0%), seguidos de linfomas não Hodgkin (14/35,0%). A mortalidade em 48h e em 10 dias foi, respectivamente, de 20,5% e 33,5%. Entre 120 cepas testadas, 61 (50,8%) corresponderam aos encontrados na vacina VCV13 e 89 (74,2%) na VPV23. As variáveis associadas a mortalidade em 48h, na análise multivariada, foram: SOFA (OR 1,37, p < 0,001) bacteremia polimicrobiana (OR 3,78, p0,018). Na análise multivariada para mortalidade em 10 dias, os fatores associados foram: febre 48h antes da bacteremia (OR 0,35, p0,026), neutropenia vigente (OR 4,01, p0,011), ECOG ¾ (OR 5,83, p0,001), SOFA (OR 1,41, P < 0,001 - um aumento unitário do SOFA resultou em um aumento de 59% na chance de mortalidade) e uso de quinolonas (OR 0,08, p0,023). Na sobrevida global, as variáveis relacionadas detectadas foram: presença de metástases (HR 1,97, p < 0,001), KARNOFSKY < 90 (HR 1,56, p0,021), SOFA (HR 1,27, p < 0,001), uso de anticorpos no último mês (HR 3,25, p0,026) e bacteremia polimicrobiana (HR 1,69, p0,046). Em conclusão, a bacteremia pneumocócica apresentou alta mortalidade em pacientes oncológicos, com prognóstico relacionado a fatores intrínsecos do hospedeiro e aos episódios de infecção, como o SOFA presente como preditor de mortalidade em 48h, 10 dias e piora da sobrevida global. A presença de bacteremia polimicrobiana associou-se a mortalidade em 48h e piorou a sobrevida. Presença de febre e uso de quinolonas foram fatores de proteção para a mortalidade em 10 dias; a presença de febre provavelmente encurtou o tempo entre o início da sepse e a demanda por serviços de saúde, com antibioticoterapia mais precoce. Não foi possível estimar o efeito protetor da vacinação antipneumocócica devido ao pequeno número de pacientes vacinados / Invasive pneumococcal disease is a major global challenge. Bacteremia is strongly related to the clinical conditions of immunodepression. Patients with cancer are rarely the target of clinical trials. In this study, our primary objective was to evaluate the prognostic factors in patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. The secondary objectives were to describe the episodes of bacteremia and the phenotypic characteristics of the isolated strains. The design was a retrospective cohort that included cancer patients over 18 years of age who had pneumococcal bacteremia from January 2009 to June 2015 at the \"Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo\". The criteria for infection were those outlined by the NHSN / CDC. The outcomes evaluated were mortality in 48h and 10 days and overall survival. The independent variables analyzed were: age, sex, ethnicity, ECOG, Karnofsky score, SOFA, diagnosis of cancer, presence of metastasis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, neutropenia, previous use of antibiotics, previous hospital admission, previous ICU admission, comorbidities (systemic COPD, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus and Congestive Heart Failure), smoking, previous antipneumococcal vaccination, site of infection, polymicrobial infection, antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype and treatment. The association of the characteristics with the outcomes was verified using chi-square tests, likelihood ratio test or Fisher\'s exact test. Multivariate analysis was performed by stepwise logistic regression, including all variables with P < 0.10. Survival was estimated according to each characteristic assessed by the Kaplan-Meier function, followed by log-rank tests to compare survival between categories of qualitative variables. The Hazard Ratios (HR) were calculated with the respective 95% confidence intervals using bivariate Cox regression. All variables that presented a significance level of 0.10 (p < 0.1) were tested in the multiple model, and the variables of the final model were selected by stepwise method with Backward selection criterion with input and output of 5%. The tests were performed with a significance level of 5%. We detected 165 pneumococcal bacteremias during the study period in 161 cancer patients; of these, 4 episodes were excluded because they were recurrences. Thus, 161 episodes were included for descriptive and statistical analysis. Our study consisted mostly of men (62.7%), with a mean age of 61.3 years. The majority of cases were individuals with solid tumors (121 / 75.2%). Among the solid tumors, the most prevalent tumors were those of the gastrointestinal tract, followed by tumors of the head and neck and respiratory tract. Among the hematological malignancies (40/24.8%), the most prevalent were multiple myeloma (20 / 50.0%), followed by non-Hodgkin\'s lymphomas (14 / 35.0%). Mortality in 48h and 10 days was, respectively, 20.5% and 33.5%. Among 120 strains tested, 61 (50.8%) corresponded to those found in the VCV13 vaccine and 89 (74.2%) in the VPV23. The variables associated with 48-h mortality in the multivariate analysis were: SOFA (OR 1.37, p < 0.001) and polymicrobial bacteremia (OR 3.78, p 0.018). In the multivariate analysis for 10-day mortality, the associated factors were: fever 48h before bacteremia (OR 0.35, p 0.026), current neutropenia (OR 4.01, p 0.011), ECOG ¾ (OR 5.83 , p 0.001), SOFA (OR 1.41, P < 0.001 - a unit increase of SOFA resulted in a 59% increase in chance of mortality) and use of quinolones (OR 0.08, p0.023). In the overall survival, the related variables detected were: presence of metastases (HR 1.97, p < 0.001), KARNOFSKY < 90 (HR 1.56, p0.021), SOFA (HR 1.27, p < 0.001), use of antibodies in the last month (HR 3.25, p0.026) and polymicrobial bacteremia (HR 1.69, p0.046). In conclusion, pneumococcal bacteremia presented high mortality in cancer patients, with a prognosis related to intrinsic host factors and infection episodes, such as SOFA present as a predictor of mortality in 48h, 10 days and worsening of overall survival. The presence of polymicrobial bacteremia was associated with 48-h mortality and worsened survival. Presence of fever and use of quinolones were protective factors for mortality in 10 days; the presence of fever probably shortened the time between the onset of sepsis and the demand for health services, with earlier antibiotic therapy. It was not possible to estimate the protective effect of anti-pneumococcal vaccination due to the small number of patients vaccinated

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, The School of Population Health and Department of Medicine, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-186).