Cette thèse s’intéresse à la construction des pratiques tutorales dans le cadre d’une formation ouverte et à distance au sein de Campus Numériques français. L’hypothèse centrale de ce travail est que, malgré de nombreuses contraintes, les tuteurs à distance, en grande majorité, poursuivent cette activité. L’auteur commence par mettre en lumière, par le biais d’une trentaine d’ entretiens semi-directifs, les représentations des tuteurs concernant leur activité : quelles ressources et quels liens entrent dans la construction de leurs pratiques. C’est grâce au « modèle-service » quadripolaire que l’analyse s’effectue : quelles influences peuvent avoir le « système », « les pairs », « la personne-à-qui-s’adresse le service » (les étudiants) et « soi » sur la pratique tutorale à la fois individualisée et sociale. Les conclusions de ce travail permettent à l’auteur d’envisager la poursuite de l’activité tutorale comme une réponse à une ou des logique(s) individuelle(s) idiosyncrasique(s) à chacun des tuteurs dans le cadre de la sociologie de l’expérience. / This dissertation addresses the matter of constructing tutorial practices construction in e-learning French campuses. The main hypothesis of this work is that, despite numerous constraints, most cybertutors pursue their tutorial activity.The author starts her research by in highlighting tutors’ representations of their activity through about thirty semi-directed interviews : which resources and links are required in building their practices. Thanks to the four poles “service-model”, the author can analyze the influences of the “system”, “the peers”, “the students” and “oneself” on tutorial practices which are individual and social in nature.These findings lead the author to consider the pursuit of tutorial activity as an answer to individual idiosyncrasic logic(s) for every tutor. This is accomplished through experience sociology.

Statistical process control (SPC) is a toolbox to detect changes in the output of a process distribution. It can serve as a valuable resource to maintain high quality in a manufacturing process. This report is based on the work on evaluating and implementing methods for SPC in the process of chromatography instrument manufacturing at GE Healthcare, Umeå. To handle low volume and non-normally distributed process output data, non-parametric methods are considered. Eight control charts, three for for Phase I analysis, and five for Phase II analysis, are evaluated in this study. The usability of the charts are assessed based on ease of interpretation and the performance to detect distributional changes. The later is evaluated with simulations. The result of the project is the implementation of the RS/P-chart, suggested by Capizzi et al (2013), for Phase I analysis. Of the considered Phase I methods (and simulation scenarios), the RS/P-chart has the highest overall probability, of detecting a variety of distributional changes. Further, the RS/P-chart is easily interpreted, facilitating the analysis. For Phase II analysis, the use of two control charts, one based on the Mann-Whitney U statistic, suggested by Chakraborti et al (2008), and one on the Mood test statistic for dispersion, suggested by Ghute et al (2014), have been implemented. These are chosen mainly based on the ease of interpretation. To reduce the detection time for changes in the process distribution, the change-point chart based on the Cramer Von Mises statistic, suggested by Ross et al (2012), could be used instead. Using single observations, instead of larger samples, this chart is updated more frequently. However, this efficiently increases the false alarm rate and the chart is also considered much more difficult to interpret for the SPC practitioner. / Statistisk processkontroll (SPC) är en samling verktyg för att upptäcka förändringar, i fördelningen, hos utfallen i en process. Det kan fungera som en värdefull resurs för att upprätthålla en hög kvalitet i en tillverkningsprocess. Denna rapport är baserad på arbetet med att utvärdera och implementera metoder för SPC i en monteringsprocess av kromatografiinstrument på GE Healthcare, Umeå. Åtta styrdiagram, tre för för fas I analys, och fem för fas II analys, studeras i denna rapport. Användbarheten hos styrdiagrammen bedöms efter hur enkla de är att tolka och förmågan att upptäcka fördelningsförändringar. Den senare utvärderas med simuleringar. Resultatet av projektet är införandet av RS/P-metod, utvecklad av Capizzi et al (2013), för analysen i fas I. Av de utvärderade metoderna, (och simuleringsscenarier), har RS/P-diagrammet den högsta övergripande sannolikheten, för att upptäcka en mängd olika fördelningsförändringar. Vidare är metodens grafiska diagram lätt att tolka, vilket underlättar analysen. För fas II analys, har två styrdiagram, ett baserat på Mann-Whitney's U teststatistika, som föreslagits av Chakraborti et al (2008), och ett på Mood's teststatistika för spridning, som föreslagits av Ghute et al (2014), implementerats. Styrkan i dessa styrdiagram ligger främst i dess enkla tolkning. För snabbare identifiering av processförändringar kan styrdiagrammet baserat på Cramer von Mises teststatistika, som föreslagits av Ross et al (2012), användas. Baserat på enskilda observationer, istället för stickprov, har styrdiagrammet en högre uppdateringsfrekvens. Detta leder dock till ett ökat antal falska larm och styrdiagrammet anses dessutom vara avsevärt mycket svårare att tolka för SPC-utövaren.

In March 2022, OECD published a public consultation document entitled Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and Amendments to the Common Repoting Standard (CARF). This doucment proposed new and amended requirements covering reporting and exchange of information of crypto-assets as well as containing broader revisions to the existing Common Reporting Standard (CRS) for the automatic exhange of informaiton (AEOI) between countries. In recent years, there has been a mass adoption of crypt-assets for a range of invesment and financial activities. OECD believes that the use of crypto-assets threatens the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) since crypto-assets can be easily transferred without a central administrator and held inaccessbile crypto "wallets." In reponse, OECD drafted CARF in an attempt to retrofit regulations made for traditional financial institutions, a regulatory "choke point model," onto the nascent and quickly developing crypto-asset space. The thesis argues that CARF is flawed in several ways. First, the CARF's requirements deviate from CRS for unexplained reasons created extra costs and administrative burden for cryto-asset service providers (CASPs). Second, as crypto-assets are more in the nature of moveable assets, CARF's inartful attempt to retrofit CRS is onto the crypto-asset space is likely stifle innovation and technological development, especially critical for the developing world and shifting power away from banks and other large financial institutions back to individual consumers and merchants. Finally, CARF may not even materially meet its goal of increasing tax revenues and ensuring tax compliance.

Syfte – Examensarbetets syfte  är att beskriva utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar inom en konsultverksamhet utifrån kundorderpunktsmodeller som används inom tillverkande verksamheter. Syftet har brutits ned i två delmål: Delmål: Att beskriva utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar inom en konsultverksamhet. Delmål: Att placera in utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningar i kundorder­punkts­modellerna. Metod – För att uppfylla examensarbetets syfte genomfördes en fallstudie på teknikkonsultföretaget Combitech AB i Jönköping. För att ge en grund till det teoretiska ramverket gjordes en litteraturstudie. Empiri samlades in genom en fallstudie, innehållande intervjuer och dokumentstudie. Empirin har sedan analyserats mot det teoretiska ramverket och genom mönsterjämförelse placerades kundorderpunkterna in i modellerna. Analysen har bidragit till att uppnå examensarbetets syfte. Resultat – De utvecklingsprocesser som identifierades för de tre utbildnings­kategorierna saknade ett standardiserat arbetssätt. I stället var utbildningarna ofta enskilt framtagna och hårt knutna till de enskilda konsulterna. Examensarbetet visar att de två kundorderpunktsmodellerna från tillverkande verksamhet fungerade olika bra för att visualisera graden av kundorderstyrning i utvecklingsprocessen för en konsultverksamhet. Som visualiseringsverktyg fungerade den tvådimensionella kundorderpunktsmodellen lite sämre då den inte visade så stor skillnad mellan de beskrivna processerna. Modellen för utvecklings- och designprocessen var mer nyanserad och fungerade bättre för att indikera vilken aktivitet i utvecklingsprocessen som var kundorderdriven. Implikationer – Kundorderpunktsmodellerna är skapade för en tillverkande verksamhet som producerar fysiska varor och genom att testa modellerna på en tjänsteverksamhet utmanas modellens ramverk och funktion. Detta examensarbete har bidragit till att täcka en del av det identifierade teoretiska gapet i användningen av kundorderpunktsmodeller mellan tillverkande verksamhet och tjänsteverksamhet. Vidare forskning – För att bidra till att täcka det teoretiska gapet kan förslagsvis den tvådimensionella kundorderpunktsmodellen vidareutvecklas och anpassas helt för tjänsteverksamhet. En person med akademisk kunskap om tjänsteverksamhet och kundorderpunktsteorier skulle kunna bidra med ny teori inom området. Det skulle också vara intressant att undersöka om det går att kombinera de två kundorderpunktsmodellerna som presenterats i detta examensarbete. / Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to describe the development process for educations within consulting with customer order decoupling point models commonly used within manufacturing operations. The purpose has been broken down into two parts: Objective: To describe the development process for educations within a consultancy. Objective: To position the development process for educations based on the customer order decoupling point models. Method – In order to meet the thesis purpose, a case study was conducted on the engineering consultancy Combitech AB in Jönköping. To provide a basis for the theoretical framework a literature study was performed. To collect empirical data a case study including interviews and a document study was conducted. The empirical data were then analysed against the theoretical framework, and through pattern matching the customer order decoupling points were positioned into the models. The analysis has helped to achieve the thesis purpose. Findings – The engineering process that was identified for the three educational categories lacked a standardized approach. Instead, programs were often individually designed and tightly tied to the individual consultants. The thesis shows that the two customer order decoupling point models from manufacturing operations varied in usefulness to visualize the degree of customer order management in the engineering process of a consultancy business. As a visualization tool the two-dimensional customer order decoupling point model was of limited value because it didn’t show much difference between the processes described. The model for the engineering and design process was more nuanced and worked better to indicate which activities in the engineering process that were customer order driven. Implications – The customer order decoupling point models are created for manufacturing operations that produce physical goods and by testing these models on a service, the model framework and function is challenged. This thesis has helped to cover a part of the identified theoretical gap in the use of customer order decoupling point models between manufacturing operations and service operations. Limitations – To help cover the theoretical gap the two-dimensional customer order decoupling point model can tentatively be further developed and fully customized for service operations. A person with an academic knowledge of service and customer order decoupling point theories could help create new theory in the field. It would also be interesting to investigate whether it is possible to combine the two customer order decoupling point models presented in this thesis. / KOPtimera

Nous nous intéressons à des modèles statistiques pour les données indexées par des arborescences. Dans le contexte de l'équipe Virtual Plants, équipe hôte de cette thèse, les applications d'intérêt portent sur le développement de la plante et sa modulation par des facteurs environnementaux et génétiques. Nous nous restreignons donc à des applications issues du développement de la plante, à la fois au niveau microscopique avec l'étude de la lignée cellulaire du tissu biologique servant à la croissance des plantes, et au niveau macroscopique avec le mécanisme de production de branches. Le catalogue de modèles disponibles pour les données indexées par des arborescences est beaucoup moins important que celui disponible pour les données indexées par des chemins. Cette thèse vise donc à proposer un cadre de modélisation statistique pour l'étude de patterns pour données indexées par des arborescences. À cette fin, deux classes différentes de modèles statistiques, les modèles de Markov et de détection de ruptures, sont étudiées. / We address statistical models for tree-indexed data.Tree-indexed data can be seen as a generalization of path-indexed data since directed path graphs are directed tree graphs where there is at most one child per vertex.In the context of the Virtual Plants team, host team of this thesis, applications of interest focus on plant development and its modulation by environmental and genetic factors.We thus focus on plant developmental applications, both at the microscopic level with the study of the cell lineage in the biological tissue responsible for the plant growth, and at the macroscopic level with the mechanism of production of branches. The catalog of models available for tree-indexed data is far less important than the one available for path-indexed data.This thesis therefore aims at proposing a statistical modeling framework for studying patterns in tree-indexed data.To this end, two different classes of statistical models, Markov and change-point models, are investigated.

Ce travail est consacré aux problèmes d’estimation paramétriques, aux tests d’hypothèses et aux tests d’ajustement pour les processus de Poisson non homogènes.Tout d’abord on a étudié deux modèles ayant chacun deux sauts localisés par un paramètre inconnu. Pour le premier modèle la somme des sauts est positive. Tandis que le second a un changement de régime et constant par morceaux. La somme de ses deux sauts est nulle. Ainsi pour chacun de ces modèles nous avons étudié les propriétés asymptotiques de l’estimateur bayésien (EB) et celui du maximum de vraisemblance(EMV). Nous avons montré la consistance, la convergence en distribution et la convergence des moments. En particulier l’estimateur bayésien est asymptotiquement efficace. Pour le second modèle nous avons aussi considéré le test d’une hypothèse simple contre une alternative unilatérale et nous avons décrit les propriétés asymptotiques (choix du seuil et puissance ) du test de Wald (WT)et du test du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé (GRLT).Les démonstrations sont basées sur la méthode d’Ibragimov et Khasminskii. Cette dernière repose sur la convergence faible du rapport de vraisemblance normalisé dans l’espace de Skorohod sous certains critères de tension des familles demesure correspondantes.Par des simulations numériques, les variances limites nous ont permis de conclure que l’EB est meilleur que celui du EMV. Lorsque la somme des sauts est nulle, nous avons développé une approche numérique pour le EMV.Ensuite on a considéré le problème de construction d’un test d’ajustement pour un modèle avec un paramètre d’échelle. On a montré que dans ce cas, le test de Cramer-von Mises est asymptotiquement ”parameter-free” et est consistent. / This work is devoted to the parametric estimation, hypothesis testing and goodnessof-fit test problems for non homogenous Poisson processes. First we consider two models having two jumps located by an unknown parameter.For the first model the sum of jumps is positive. The second is a model of switching intensity, piecewise constant and the sum of jumps is zero. Thus, for each model, we studied the asymptotic properties of the Bayesian estimator (BE) andthe likelihood estimator (MLE). The consistency, the convergence in distribution and the convergence of moments are shown. In particular we show that the BE is asymptotically efficient. For the second model we also consider the problem of asimple hypothesis testing against a one- sided alternative. The asymptotic properties (choice of the threshold and power) of Wald test (WT) and the generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) are described.For the proofs we use the method of Ibragimov and Khasminskii. This method is based on the weak convergence of the normalized likelihood ratio in the Skorohod space under some tightness criterion of the corresponding families of measure.By numerical simulations, the limiting variances of estimators allows us to conclude that the BE outperforms the MLE. In the situation where the sum of jumps is zero, we developed a numerical approach to obtain the MLE.Then we consider the problem of construction of goodness-of-test for a model with scale parameter. We show that the Cram´er-von Mises type test is asymptotically parameter-free. It is also consistent.