Con los años, el planeta se ha visto sumamente afectado por los residuos contaminantes que afectan al ecosistema, un ejemplo de ello son las bolsas de plástico que en el mundo se genera alrededor de 5 billones de bolsas plásticas (Minam, 2019) y en Lima y el Callao se generan alrededor de 886 toneladas de plástico de un solo uso como residuo diario, generando enormes daños al ecosistema y representando el 46% del total de residuos de un solo uso a nivel nacional (Andina, 2019). Estas estadísticas significan que Lima es la ciudad que más daño hace a la salud pública y al medio ambiente, con respecto a este tipo de plástico. Para combatir estas estadísticas, se creó la Ley peruana N° 30884 para desincentivar la entrega de las bolsas plásticas cuando se despachan los productos comprados, obligando a las personas a pagar por este tipo de bolsas si desean usarlos. Con ello, se busca promover la innovación, la industria alternativa y el uso del plástico sostenible. Por este motivo, creamos a “Xhira”, una cartera elegante (tipo billetera), de material biodegradable que se despliega y se convierte en carrito de compras dirigido a las damas que acuden a supermercados y centros comerciales de Lima Metropolitana para comprar víveres y productos para el hogar, y que necesitan bolsas para almacenar y transportar sus compras. Al final, y luego de evaluar los flujos de caja proyectados, se demostró que nuestro negocio es factible y rentable para todos sus inversionistas. / Over the years, the planet has been highly affected by polluting residues that affect the ecosystem, an example of this are the plastic bags that in the world generate around 5 billion plastic bags (Minam, 2019) and in Lima and Callao generates around 886 tons of single-use plastic as daily waste, generating enormous damage to the ecosystem and representing 46% of total single-use waste nationwide (Andina, 2019). These statistics mean that Lima is the city that does the most damage to public health and the environment, with respect to this type of plastic. To combat these statistics, Peruvian Law No. 30884 was created to discourage the delivery of plastic bags when purchased products are dispatched, forcing people to pay for these types of bags if they wish to use them. With this, it seeks to promote innovation, the alternative industry and the use of sustainable plastic. For this reason, we created “Xhira”, an elegant wallet (type of wallet), made of biodegradable material that unfolds and becomes a shopping cart aimed at women who go to supermarkets and shopping centers in Metropolitan Lima to buy groceries and products for the home, and who need bags to store and transport their purchases. In the end, and after evaluating the projected cash flows, it was shown that our business is feasible and profitable for all its investors. / Trabajo de investigación

The rise of cryptocurrencies over the past ten years was significant. Cryptocurrencies have changed the course of the monetary system and created a new way for people to communicate and exchange values. It started with the invention of the first successful cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, in 2008. After this moment, the explosion from which thousands of new cryptocurrencies emerged and from which a new field for digital forensics investigators happened. This thesis deals with the digital forensics of cryptocurrency wallets. The work aims to target applications running on Linux operating systems, and to introduce concepts and existing work on cryptocurrency wallets. Furthermore, the goal was to develop a tool for finding different artifacts that wallets leave on the systems. This work is divided into two parts, first encompasses an introduction and the related literature. The second part discusses the chosen methodology for this work and the result we achieved. The work is concluded with the final words in the Conclusions section.

Cryptocurrencies are gaining prominence among individuals and companies alike, resulting in the growing adoption of so-called cryptocurrency wallet applications, as these simplify carrying out transactions. These wallets are available in a myriad of different forms and specifications. For example, there are hardware and software wallets. The latter can be divided into mobile, web, and desktop wallets. All of them offer attackers various ways to exploit vulnerabilities and steal money from victims. It is hard to keep track of this multitude of options and thus choose the right cryptocurrency wallet. For this reason, in this thesis, we collect the findings from previous literature to provide an overview of the various attack surfaces, possible countermeasures, and further research. Our systematic study has shown that there is still a considerable variety of attack vectors, which we have divided into six subcategories, (i) Memory and Storage, (ii) Operating Systems, (iii) Software Layer, (iv) Network Layer, (v) Blockchain Protocol, and (vi) Others. Some of the identified vulnerabilities have currently no solutions at all or hardly applicable countermeasures. However, some are easy to fix and simple to implement. One of the essential measures is to raise awareness of the identified weaknesses and the associated mitigations, if any, among the involved stakeholders, including users, developers, and exchanges.

Bitcoin har framträtt som den mest igenkännbara kryptovalutan sedan igångsättningen 2009 och har vid skrivande tillfälle ett börsvärde på 1,6 biljoner svenska kronor. Detta ihop med den ekonomiska friheten som Bitcoin erbjuder gör att användarantalet ständigt ökar. Likt all ny teknik så tar det tid innan teknologin är fullt utvecklad och anpassad för den bredda massan. I följd av detta kan säkerheten lida vilket kan resultera till ekonomiska förluster. Denna forskningsinsats undersöker vad för åtgärder och strategier som kan användas för att öka säkerheten via en litteraturstudie. Insatsen undersöker även med hjälp av en enkätundersökning ställd till ett Bitcoin-forum om hur användare av Bitcoin hanterar sina privata nycklar. Arbetet visar att det finns åtgärder som bidrar till ökad säkerhet såsom kryptering och multisignatur men att det hänger mycket på vad användarna själva väljer för typ av bäst strategi för deras användningsområde. Enkätundersökning redovisar att majoriteten av användarna gör säkerhetsmedvetna beslut för hur de använder Bitcoin men att en andel nyttjar mindre önskade tillvägagångssätt. / Bitcoin has emerged as the most recognizable cryptocurrency since its inception in 2009 and, at the time of writing has a market capitalization of 165 billion dollars. This together with the financial freedom that Bitcoin offers means that the number of users is constantly increasing. Like all new technology, it takes time for the technology to be fully developed and adapted to the wider mass. As a result, security can suffer which can result in financial losses. This research effort explores what measures and strategies can be used to increase safety through a literature study. The effort also investigates with the help of a survey conducted at a Bitcoin forum on how users of Bitcoin manage their private keys. The work shows that there are measures that contribute to increased security such as encryption and multi-signature but that much depends on what the users themselves choose for the type of best strategy for their area of use. The survey shows that the majority of users make security-conscious decisions about how to use Bitcoin but that aproportion uses less desirable approaches.

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Digital wallets have become a trendy topic, and a popular method of paying in physical stores. The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of the attitude of Swedish consumers towards digital wallets Apple Pay and Samsung Pay. With the help of semi-structured interviews and previous research, users' attitudes could be more thoroughly established and the question asked for the study was answered. Factors that influence the user's attitude are based on previous research and theory. The factors that have been identified are usability, availability and security. With the help of the semi-structured interviews, it is possible to determine that most user's attitudes to the security of the services are poor. A poorer attitude to one or more factors will make the user's attitude to the whole of the services less favorable. The results also show that respondents feel some uncertainty when it comes to loss of account information. / Digitala plånböcker har blivit ett högaktuellt ämne, och en populär metod för att betala i fysiska butiker. Syftet med studien är att få en mer djupgående förståelse för svenska konsumenters inställning gentemot digitala plånböckerna Apple Pay och Samsung Pay. Med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och tidigare forskning har användarnas inställning kunnat fastställas grundligare och frågeställningen för studien besvarats. Faktorer som påverkar användarens inställning är baserade på tidigare forskning samt teori. De faktorer som har identifierats är användarvänlighet , tillgänglighet samt säkerhet. Med hjälp av de semistrukturerade intervjuerna går det att fastställa att de flesta användares inställning till säkerheten i tjänsterna är dåliga. En sämre inställning till en eller flera faktorer, leder till att användarens inställningen till helheten av tjänsterna blir mindre bra. Resultatet visar även att respondenterna känner en viss osäkerhet när det kommer till förlust av kontoinformation.

In March 2022, OECD published a public consultation document entitled Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and Amendments to the Common Repoting Standard (CARF). This doucment proposed new and amended requirements covering reporting and exchange of information of crypto-assets as well as containing broader revisions to the existing Common Reporting Standard (CRS) for the automatic exhange of informaiton (AEOI) between countries. In recent years, there has been a mass adoption of crypt-assets for a range of invesment and financial activities. OECD believes that the use of crypto-assets threatens the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) since crypto-assets can be easily transferred without a central administrator and held inaccessbile crypto "wallets." In reponse, OECD drafted CARF in an attempt to retrofit regulations made for traditional financial institutions, a regulatory "choke point model," onto the nascent and quickly developing crypto-asset space. The thesis argues that CARF is flawed in several ways. First, the CARF's requirements deviate from CRS for unexplained reasons created extra costs and administrative burden for cryto-asset service providers (CASPs). Second, as crypto-assets are more in the nature of moveable assets, CARF's inartful attempt to retrofit CRS is onto the crypto-asset space is likely stifle innovation and technological development, especially critical for the developing world and shifting power away from banks and other large financial institutions back to individual consumers and merchants. Finally, CARF may not even materially meet its goal of increasing tax revenues and ensuring tax compliance.

The main objective of this work is to analyze current trends in contactless payments and consequently implement it on the Czech market. On this base this thesis deals with several wearable devices. Furthermore on this base is also working in the application part, where is one of the secondary objectives of the work to determine consumer preferences on the market of the Czech Republic. One of the secondary objectives is create a brief summary of the history of payment cards and within the sociological aspect to find a certain analogy in introducing innovations in the field of payments towards current trends in contactless methods. Within the secondary objectives there are simultaneously defined key assumptions forms of payment for success on the market. The following section focuses on electronic payments. Specifically, it deals with trends in electronic payment services, where for its implementation aren´t required the physical presence of the card or chip. Furthermore there are analyzed alternative paths in the current payment methods, namely peer-to-peer platforms. On these platforms is based shared economy, which also represents an interesting potential for the possible development of payment field. Chapter with alternative methods for cashless is finished by analyzing digital currencies. The hypothesis of this thesis is whether Apple can have an impact on the area of contactless payments and how it can affect the entire sector. Part of the hypothesis is the claim that Apple manages to change the area of contactless payments, such as happenede in the music industry with iTunes and then in the telecommunications industry with a revolutionary iPhone. Potential benefit of Apple is defined by the method of description. Potential contribution of Apple Pay is characterized by logical deduction base on previous relationships. Conclusion is by quantitative research method, namely through the consumer research, assessed consumer preferences in the Czech Repulic and is also evaluated the hypothesis of potential benefits of Apple contactless payments.