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Abstract The purpose of this essay is to shed light on why the democratic developments in Botswana and Zimbabwe, despite their many similarities, have gone in very different directions. By the time of their respective independence, both countries proclaimed themselves democratic states. However, only Botswana succeeded in the transition, while Zimbabwe soon fell back into an autocratic regime. The method used is a comparative case study. By comparing the cases Botswana and Zimbabwe in according to five selected democratic variables, this method makes it possible to explain why only Botswana succeeded. The research questions are: How have Botswana’s and Zimbabwe’s respective democratic transitions happened? What factors have influenced and guided the direction of the democratic development in Botswana and Zimbabwe? The following democratic variables will guide the comparison: “Economic development”, “Market economy”, “Strong middleclass”, “External influences” and “Political leaders dedicated to democracy”.                 The results show considerable differences between the democratic transitions of Botswana and Zimbabwe as regards all the selected democratic variables. The comparative method thus proved to be an effective tool to explain the democratic development in the two countries investigated in this case study. However, these factors potentially just scratch the surface and, in a theory-developing spirit, more democratic factors can broaden the explanation even more.

SOUZA, Vládia da Silva. Emancipações político-administrativas no Ceará: uma reflexão sobre o caso de Jurema / Caucaia – CE. 2015. 143 f. Dissertação (mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T20:11:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_vssouza.pdf: 9814716 bytes, checksum: 96e615dc29c33db7e5f1db2735e11989 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-18T22:48:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_vssouza.pdf: 9814716 bytes, checksum: 96e615dc29c33db7e5f1db2735e11989 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T22:48:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_vssouza.pdf: 9814716 bytes, checksum: 96e615dc29c33db7e5f1db2735e11989 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The creation of municipalities in Brazil was influenced by power politics strategies. Prior to the 1988 Federal Constitution, the formation of local political units occurred, usually driven by the desire of the great land owners interested in maintaining control over politics and the state's economy. Currently, issues such as constitutional transfers and the possibility of taking local leaders to power are the new interests that determine municipal emancipation. Considering these strategies, is responsible for evaluating the need for the emancipation process, because we understand that in some places, emancipation is required so that its inhabitants have access to public services with higher quality. For this reason, this study proposes to reflect on municipal emancipation that occurred in Ceará, through a case study on the break-up of Jurema district in relation to the Caucaia. To meet this claim, it was defined as a general objective to analyze the emancipatory process Jurema district in order to understand whether the emancipation purpose has as major premise to meet the basic needs of the population living in this area and ensure the maintenance strategies local political power. In order to meet this goal, we sought to: investigate the criteria established in the legislation for the creation of municipalities; discuss the reasons that are pointed to justify the emancipation of Jurema and to identify political actors involved in this process; evaluate the possible social, political and economic consequences for Jurema if made effective municipalization. The methodology consisted of a qualitative study based on a theoretical and practical approach that allowed use the following research techniques: literature review on the topic in question; analysis of the laws governing municipal emancipation; interviews with local political groups favorable to the emancipation of Jurema and scholars who have opposite view to the process; questionnaires by the resident in that electoral district population; analysis of the statements contained in digital media such as blogs, political debates, among others; and data collection in public bodies. The methodology allowed to realize that the desire for emancipation of Jurema district did not come from people but from the will of a local political group. In addition, the degree of information of the people on the emancipation process is still low, and there is a desire by the people break up, what people want is that your needs are met. Therefore, it is concluded that the case of Jurema is not a question of emancipation, but a matter of improving the municipal management. / A criação de municípios no Brasil esteve influenciada por estratégias políticas de poder. Antes da Constituição Federal de 1988, a formação de unidades políticas locais ocorria, geralmente, orientada pelo desejo dos grandes proprietários de terras interessados em manter o controle sobre a política e a economia do Estado. Atualmente, questões como repasses constitucionais e a possibilidade de levar lideranças locais ao poder são os novos interesses que condicionam as emancipações municipais. Considerando essas estratégias, cabe avaliar a necessidade do processo de emancipação, pois se entende que, em algumas localidades, a emancipação é necessária para que seus habitantes tenham acesso aos serviços públicos com maior qualidade. Por esta razão, este estudo propõe refletir sobre as emancipações municipais que ocorreram no Ceará, através de um estudo de caso sobre o desmembramento do distrito de Jurema em relação à Caucaia. Para atender a essa pretensão, definiu-se como objetivo geral analisar o processo emancipatório do distrito de Jurema, a fim de compreender se o propósito emancipacionista tem como premissa maior a satisfação das necessidades básicas da população residentes nessa área ou assegurar as estratégias de manutenção do poder político local. Com o fim de atender a esse objetivo, buscou-se: investigar os critérios estabelecidos na legislação para a criação de municípios; discutir os motivos que são apontados para justificar a emancipação de Jurema, bem como identificar os atores políticos envolvidos nesse processo; avaliar as possíveis consequências sociais, políticas e econômicas para Jurema, caso se efetive a municipalização. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em estudo qualitativo fundamentado em uma abordagem teórico-prática que permitiu utilizar as seguintes técnicas de investigação: revisão de literatura sobre a temática em questão; análise da legislação que regulamenta as emancipações municipais; entrevistas com os grupos políticos locais favoráveis à emancipação de Jurema e com estudiosos que apresentam opinião contrária ao processo; aplicação de questionários junto à população eleitoral residente nesse distrito; análise dos discursos contidos em mídias digitais como: blogs, debates políticos, entre outros; e coleta de dados em órgãos públicos. A metodologia adotada permitiu perceber que o desejo de emancipação do distrito de Jurema não partiu da população, mas da vontade de um grupo político local. Além disso, o grau de informação das pessoas sobre o processo de emancipação é ainda baixo, e não existe nos habitantes um desejo pelo desmembramento, o que as pessoas querem é que suas necessidades sejam atendidas. Portanto, conclui-se que o caso de Jurema não é uma questão de emancipação, mas uma questão de melhorar a gestão municipal.

This research focuses on the effectiveness of the leadership roles played by political leaders in guiding the implementation of government processes to attain the required objectives and goals. The Constitution vests the National Assembly and provincial legislatures with the power to exercise oversight of their respective executives in addition to their legislative and other powers. In order to facilitate Parliament’s oversight of the national executive organs of state, section 92(3)(b) of the Constitution requires of members of the Cabinet to provide Parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under their control. Parliament and the legislatures have a critical role to play in overseeing effective performance by organs of state. Political leadership, through Parliament, ensures that the objectives of the state are always at the forefront of any activities that government departments and public entities engage in. The delivery of services by the government and the reporting of any achievements are also crucial and ensure that citizens know what services the government is delivering. The challenge facing the government is whether the delivery of services is effectively done and whether people for whom the services are intended do actually benefit from them. This calls for an effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism to determine whether the objectives of the government have indeed been met. Before the monitoring process can commence, effective financial management and reporting systems should be put in place to ensure that the delivery of essential services can be correctly accounted for. The South African Government has developed a financial management policy, the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), No. 1 of 1999, the implementation of which is aimed at ensuring effective financial management processes that will help safeguard public resources. Through the oversight process of Parliament, the politicians are able to oversee the government functions being performed by government departments and public entities through the process of analysing these reports as and when they receive them. In the exercising of its oversight function, Parliament has been successful in some areas and unsuccessful in others as identified in this report. It is the aim of this report to identify those areas that have not produced good results and to make recommendations on how to deal with these areas in order to produce better results. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

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La presente ricerca mira ad approfondire la natura strategica e gli effetti del ragionamento controfattuale utilizzato in discorsi di natura conflittuale tra avversari politici, con l'obiettivo implicito di persuadere un pubblico di ascoltatori. A questo scopo, sono stati condotti due studi. La prima ricerca quantitativa mira a comprendere quanto un attacco controfattuale possa minare l'immagine dei politici nei confronti dei cittadini, a dispetto dell’importanza dell’orientamento ideologico del pubblico stesso. Nella seconda ricerca quantitativa si sono approfonditi gli effetti di diverse tipologie di attacchi controfattuali sull’immagine dei leader politici; gli attacchi controfattuali sono mossi a diversi livelli di astrazione e sottendono la violazione di una norma di competenza o di integrità da parte del leader target. / This study aims at deepening the strategic nature and the effects of counterfactual reasoning used in dialectical discourses among politicians, whose implicit goal consists in persuading receivers. For this purpose, two studies have been realized. The first quantitative research aims at understanding if the use of counterfactual attacks can harm politicians' image, in spite of the importance of political attitudes of citizens. The second quantitative research studies the effects of different counterfactuals on politicians’ image; these counterfactual attacks (at different levels of abstraction) can evoke the violation of a norm of agency or communion by the leader.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A criaÃÃo de municÃpios no Brasil esteve influenciada por estratÃgias polÃticas de poder. Antes da ConstituiÃÃo Federal de 1988, a formaÃÃo de unidades polÃticas locais ocorria, geralmente, orientada pelo desejo dos grandes proprietÃrios de terras interessados em manter o controle sobre a polÃtica e a economia do Estado. Atualmente, questÃes como repasses constitucionais e a possibilidade de levar lideranÃas locais ao poder sÃo os novos interesses que condicionam as emancipaÃÃes municipais. Considerando essas estratÃgias, cabe avaliar a necessidade do processo de emancipaÃÃo, pois se entende que, em algumas localidades, a emancipaÃÃo à necessÃria para que seus habitantes tenham acesso aos serviÃos pÃblicos com maior qualidade. Por esta razÃo, este estudo propÃe refletir sobre as emancipaÃÃes municipais que ocorreram no CearÃ, atravÃs de um estudo de caso sobre o desmembramento do distrito de Jurema em relaÃÃo à Caucaia. Para atender a essa pretensÃo, definiu-se como objetivo geral analisar o processo emancipatÃrio do distrito de Jurema, a fim de compreender se o propÃsito emancipacionista tem como premissa maior a satisfaÃÃo das necessidades bÃsicas da populaÃÃo residentes nessa Ãrea ou assegurar as estratÃgias de manutenÃÃo do poder polÃtico local. Com o fim de atender a esse objetivo, buscou-se: investigar os critÃrios estabelecidos na legislaÃÃo para a criaÃÃo de municÃpios; discutir os motivos que sÃo apontados para justificar a emancipaÃÃo de Jurema, bem como identificar os atores polÃticos envolvidos nesse processo; avaliar as possÃveis consequÃncias sociais, polÃticas e econÃmicas para Jurema, caso se efetive a municipalizaÃÃo. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em estudo qualitativo fundamentado em uma abordagem teÃrico-prÃtica que permitiu utilizar as seguintes tÃcnicas de investigaÃÃo: revisÃo de literatura sobre a temÃtica em questÃo; anÃlise da legislaÃÃo que regulamenta as emancipaÃÃes municipais; entrevistas com os grupos polÃticos locais favorÃveis à emancipaÃÃo de Jurema e com estudiosos que apresentam opiniÃo contrÃria ao processo; aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios junto à populaÃÃo eleitoral residente nesse distrito; anÃlise dos discursos contidos em mÃdias digitais como: blogs, debates polÃticos, entre outros; e coleta de dados em ÃrgÃos pÃblicos. A metodologia adotada permitiu perceber que o desejo de emancipaÃÃo do distrito de Jurema nÃo partiu da populaÃÃo, mas da vontade de um grupo polÃtico local. AlÃm disso, o grau de informaÃÃo das pessoas sobre o processo de emancipaÃÃo à ainda baixo, e nÃo existe nos habitantes um desejo pelo desmembramento, o que as pessoas querem à que suas necessidades sejam atendidas. Portanto, conclui-se que o caso de Jurema nÃo à uma questÃo de emancipaÃÃo, mas uma questÃo de melhorar a gestÃo municipal. / The creation of municipalities in Brazil was influenced by power politics strategies. Prior to the 1988 Federal Constitution, the formation of local political units occurred, usually driven by the desire of the great land owners interested in maintaining control over politics and the state's economy. Currently, issues such as constitutional transfers and the possibility of taking local leaders to power are the new interests that determine municipal emancipation. Considering these strategies, is responsible for evaluating the need for the emancipation process, because we understand that in some places, emancipation is required so that its inhabitants have access to public services with higher quality. For this reason, this study proposes to reflect on municipal emancipation that occurred in CearÃ, through a case study on the break-up of Jurema district in relation to the Caucaia. To meet this claim, it was defined as a general objective to analyze the emancipatory process Jurema district in order to understand whether the emancipation purpose has as major premise to meet the basic needs of the population living in this area and ensure the maintenance strategies local political power. In order to meet this goal, we sought to: investigate the criteria established in the legislation for the creation of municipalities; discuss the reasons that are pointed to justify the emancipation of Jurema and to identify political actors involved in this process; evaluate the possible social, political and economic consequences for Jurema if made effective municipalization. The methodology consisted of a qualitative study based on a theoretical and practical approach that allowed use the following research techniques: literature review on the topic in question; analysis of the laws governing municipal emancipation; interviews with local political groups favorable to the emancipation of Jurema and scholars who have opposite view to the process; questionnaires by the resident in that electoral district population; analysis of the statements contained in digital media such as blogs, political debates, among others; and data collection in public bodies. The methodology allowed to realize that the desire for emancipation of Jurema district did not come from people but from the will of a local political group. In addition, the degree of information of the people on the emancipation process is still low, and there is a desire by the people break up, what people want is that your needs are met. Therefore, it is concluded that the case of Jurema is not a question of emancipation, but a matter of improving the municipal management.

The energy crisis in Europe has had a huge impact on several countries, giving both businesses and the general public a hard time paying the electric bills. In Sweden there has been a rather big controversy around the crisis and how to best solve it. This essay aims to investigate how two political leaders from the Swedish Parliament have communicated during the energy crises in Sweden through posts on Instagram. This will be done through a textual framing analysis. The study will also determine what similarities and/or differences there are between the two politicians communication. The study shows that the framing from the leaders differ in some aspects which leaves the recipients with two versions regarding the cause of the crisis. The most significant differences are regarding the characteristic “diagnose of causes”. Political leader Ebba Busch has a clear focus on the fact that the cause of the energy crisis is a consequence due to the former government's political decisions, especially that they chose to shut down the nuclear power plants Ringhals 1 and 2. While former prime minister, Magdalena Andersson, instead focuses on the energy crisis as a consequence of the war in Ukraine and the Russian gas prices.

By using a qualitative content analysis and cognitive mapping, the purpose of the thesis is to investigate the decision-making of political leaders in extraordinary situations. The thesis focuses on the case of Tony Blair and his decision to invade Iraq in 2003. The cognitive map of political elites by Robert Axelrod is used to form a cognitive map to illustrate and represent the beliefs of Blair. The research question is what formed Blair’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003? Three time periods are analyzed: before, during and after the war. The results show that intervention should be accepted and no intervention should be rejected. This is with regard to the British utility. The motives for the intervention was Blair’s belief in spreading democratic values and rights. Something which would generate stability and progress for Britain, as well as, for other countries. To end human suffering, WMD trade and terrorism were also among the motives for the intervention. To strengthen the strategic relationship with Russia through intervention was important and the relationship with the U.S. even more. No intervention would increase the ineffective containment and strengthen the regime of Hussein. No intervention would also increase WMD (trade, development and use), terrorism, destruction and people suffering and dying on a mass-scale. Altogether this would negatively impact the British utility.

"The relevance of social and economic rights to societal welfare and well-being need not be overemphasised. The quality of life enjoyed by the citizenry is directly related to the level of enjoyment of social and economic rights in any particular country. However, the enjoyment of social and economic rights is, in turn, largely predicated on the manner in which national resources are managed and directed towards obligations raised by social and economic rights. It is axiomatic, therefore, to devise a framework that ensures that managers of public resources operate within an environment where their actions in relation to the management of national resources are governed by transparency and accountability. In the light of the above, this study explores the relationship that exist between the social trust concept and leadership roles, particularly in as far as duty bearer accountability for social and economic rights is concerned. The study argues that social trust based devices can be used to enhance duty bearer accountability in relation to social and economic rights and that such increased duty bearer accountability will automatically serve to better the welfare of the citizenry. The viability of recognising and enforcing social trust based accountability mechanisms is highlighted by exploring its relevance to Malawi and Uganda. The crux of the study is that public functionaries must always be amenable to censure by the citizenry if diligence is to be infused in the performance of their duties and the social trust concept offers adept mechansisms for achieving this." -- Abstract. This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides the context and foundation of the study. Chapter two is devoted to explaining the nature and scope of the social trust concept and how it can validly, if at all, be extended into the public law realm. Chapter two also expounds on some basic concepts employed in the study. Chapter three is aimed at providing and understanding of leadership roles and explaining their relevance to social economic rights. Briefly put, chapter three explores the interface between social economic rights and social trust based leadership roles. Chapter four discusses the benefits of revitalising a social trust based conception of leadership roles particularly by highlighting why Malawi and Uganda need social trust based leadership roles. The chapter also outlines how the benefits of a revitalised duty bearer accountability can be realised. Chapter five will present the study's conclusions and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Ben Twinomugisha at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM