abstract: The current landscape of political speech is ripe for deep philosophical analysis yet has not been thoroughly investigated through the lens of speech-act theory. In this space, I believe I contribute something novel to the area, namely a notion of campaign promises that differs from standard promises that enables a new way of interpreting this kind of speech. Over the course of this paper, it is argued that Campaign Promises (CP) are non-trivially and philosophically distinct from the notion of Standard Promises (SP). There are many philosophical distinctions to draw, including moral, political and logical, but my focus is largely in philosophy of language. I engage the work of Searle, Austin and Wittgenstein among others to investigate what I take to be the following important differences from CP and SP: First, that CP and SP differ in the “best interest” condition, of the condition that a promise must be in the best interest of the promisee in order for that promise to obtain, which in turn, produces the effect of threatening those who do not want the promise to come about. Secondly, that CP serve to reinforce world views in a way that is non-trivially different from SP. To do this, I employ Wittgensteinian language game theory to bridge the gap between traditional Searlian speech act theory to more modern McGowan-style oppressive language models. Through this process I develop and defend this alternative way of understanding and evaluating CP and political speech. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Philosophy 2019

Los medios tradicionales de la comunicación como la prensa escrita, la radio y la televisión han incorporado nuevas modalidades para la producción de sentido y la difusión de información, que son algunas de las características de la comunicación digital. De este modo se han creado diferentes canales web que desarrollan contenido audiovisual de carácter periodístico sobre temas de actualidad, política, sociedad, economía y cultura. Exitosa Noticias TV, por ejemplo, se ha convertido en un medio de comunicación multiplataforma que utiliza los canales web y la plataforma live streaming para difundir sus programas de televisión. Así también se encuentra RTV La República, un canal web reciente, pero de histórico formato en prensa escrita que utiliza este espacio digital para desarrollar y publicar nuevos contenidos de todo ámbito de información. En la presente investigación se realiza un análisis comparativo sobre la construcción del discurso periodístico en estos dos canales web durante un mismo contexto electoral. Teniendo en cuenta ello, se desarrolla un análisis de la cobertura electoral, las estrategias discursivas y los elementos del lenguaje periodístico y audiovisual. El objetivo es identificar de qué manera construyen sus discursos periodísticos los canales web RTV La República y Exitosa Noticias durante la cobertura electoral municipal Lima 2018. Los programas políticos de opinión y de entrevistas son el objeto de estudio de este análisis. / Traditional media such as the written press, radio and television have incorporated new modalities for the production of meaning and the dissemination of information, which are some of the characteristics of digital communication. In this way, different web channels are created that develop audiovisual content of a journalistic nature on current affairs, politics, society, economy and culture. Exitosa Noticias TV, for example, has become a cross-platform means of communication that uses web channels and the live streaming platform to broadcast its television programs. Likewise, there is RTV La República, a recent web channel, but of a historical format in the written press, which uses this digital space to develop and publish new content in all areas of information. In the present investigation, a comparative analysis is carried out regarding the construction of the journalistic discourse in these previously mentioned web channels, during the same electoral context. Taking this into account, an analysis of electoral coverage, discursive strategies and elements of audiovisual journalistic language is developed. The objective is to identify how the RTV La República and Exitosa Noticias TV web channels built in Lima 2018 municipal electoral coverage, their political opinion and interview programs being the object of study of this analysis. / Tesis

This dissertation contends that to appropriately address the state of political equality and pursue democratic interest(s) in an increasingly commodified world, we must understand the more complex, socio-legal, and interdependent actions, actors, discourse, laws, and ideas which have grown increasingly important within campaign finance judicial out-comes, as these impact political equality and democratic governance. Consequently, this dissertation examines the largely underexplored factors that shape judicial outcomes and practical application of campaign finance policy which are explanatory of the distribution of electoral participatory power. This electoral participatory power is a key indicator of political equality in democratic nation states. The underexplored factors that I examine include corporate identity as an analytical concept and power resource, commodification of political speech, constitutional constraints, intergovernmental dialogue, regulatory ac-tors, and varied judicial and legislative commitments to democracy. To do so, the thesis utilizes and modifies insights from historical institutionalism, power resources models, neopluralism, and dialogue theory literature, to contribute to knowledge about how and why campaign finance policies and electoral participatory power of individuals, groups, and corporations have changed over time through judicial outcomes, practical administration, and related reforms. Through this demonstration, the analysis of this thesis opens up space to explore and identify sources and modes of gradual institutional change within the context of campaign finance judicial outcomes. Specifically, this thesis documents and critically examines the actions, actors, discourse, laws, and ideas which have permeated judicial conflicts in Canada and the United States over several decades and illustrates how they have determined the scope of corporate constitutional rights and freedoms, potential for money in politics, and the distribution of political equality in these two advanced democracies. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation examines the sources and modes of gradual institutional change within the context of judicial campaign finance conflicts and related reforms. It argues that the scope of corporate constitutional rights, the commodification of political speech, and the distribution of electoral participatory power are best understood through an analysis that utilizes and modifies insights from historical institutionalism, power resources models, neopluralism, and dialogue theory literature. To demonstrate this, this thesis critically examines the complex, socio-legal, and interdependent actions, actors, discourse, laws, and ideas which have grown increasingly important within campaign finance judicial out-comes, as these impact political equality and democratic governance. Consequently, this thesis illustrates how the scope of corporate constitutional rights and freedoms, potential for money in politics, and the distribution of political equality in the context of elections in Canada and the United States have changed over time, and the reasons for which they have.

The diploma work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The first part is further divided into the theoretical linguistic subsection and theoretical political science subsection. The theoretical linguistic part comprises information on metaphors, metonymies and synecdoches taken from Czech and Spanish linguistic handbooks and is focused on a phenomenon of levelling and it also deals with the function of the aforementioned rhetorical figures. In the first part there is also a chapter on the rhetorical style and translation of rhetorical figures. The second, practical part deals with the analysis of the rhetorical figures in selected political speeches, their function, frequency and possible levelling when translating them into the target language. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a comparable sample of political speeches in the Czech and Spanish languages. They are the speeches of two important personalities of the 1970s, President Ludvík Svoboda's speeches in the Czech language and in terms of the Spanish linguistic background - the speeches of his Chilean counterpart - President Salvador Allende, and their Czech translation. Key words: levelling, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, translation, political speech

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no varguismo e no peronismo. Posteriormente, pretendemos comparar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no Estado Novo (1937-1945) com os do Primeiro Peronismo (1946- 1955), visando estabelecer aproximações e distanciamentos entre os mesmos. Para lograr o objetivo, analisaremos os discursos políticos de Getúlio Vargas e Juan Domingo Perón em duas festas cívicas específicas de seus países, isto é: 10 de novembro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1937-1945, no Brasil; e o 17 de outubro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1946-1955. A partir da análise dos discursos políticos, sobretudo relacionados aos imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores, propomos a ideia de uma (re) invenção dos trabalhadores, composta pela combinação de aspectos imateriais ou simbólicos com os aspectos materiais. / This work aims to study the social imaginary on workers in Varguism and Peronism. Subsequently, we intend to compare the social imaginary of workers in the Estado Novo (1937-1945) with the Primeiro Peronismo (1946-1955), to establish similarities and differences between them. To achieve the goal, we will analyze the political speeches of Getúlio Vargas and Juan Domingo Perón in two specific civic events in their countries: 10 of November and the first of May, between the years 1937-1945, in Brazil; and the 17 of October and the first of May, between the years 1946-1955. From the analysis of the political discourse, particularly in relation to social imaginary about the workers, we propose the idea of a reinvention of workers, composed by the combination of immaterial or symbolic aspects with the material aspects.

Political speeches are powerful communicative capital. Speeches signal policy positions, preferences and priorities to other legislators, executives and constituents. Current literature diverges on the prime factor that influences political speech. One body of literature claims institutions influence speech. The authority and constraints of political offices condition speeches’ purpose. Legislators use speeches to credit claim and executives to agenda set. A second body focuses on gender. These authors unanimously find that female legislators speak with a “feminine style”, emphasizing traditional women’s issues including healthcare, education and social spending. The institutional literature that examines executive speech ignores gender. The gender-based literature only examines legislators, ignoring executives. The overlap, female executive speech, has not been studied. There has never been a female US national executive, but female executives on the state level, governors, are a valuable resource. Using an original data set of 668 State of the State addresses given by US governors 2001-2016, I attempt to answer whether gender conditions executive speech. My textual analysis suggests that institutions are more important, and that regardless of gender, governors emphasize similar issues in their speeches. However, male governors address national issues more frequently than female governors who tend to focus on state-specific issues.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Objetivando analisar de que modo expressÃes lingÃÃsticas da modalidade deÃntica atuam no sentido de viabilizar a adesÃo do auditÃrio a pontos de vista defendidos em discursos polÃticos, pesquisamos, sob o prisma da orientaÃÃo funcionalista, quarenta e quatro discursos proferidos por Deputados Federais no plenÃrio da CÃmara por ocasiÃo das discussÃes envolvendo a proposta de reforma no regime previdenciÃrio dos servidores pÃblicos, ao longo do primeiro semestre de 2003. Entendida como a modalidade relacionada à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsÃveis, a modalidade deÃntica foi analisada do ponto de vista sintÃtico, semÃntico e pragmÃtico. A pesquisa revelou a existÃncia de uma relaÃÃo entre pressÃo social sob os oradores e freqÃÃncia de uso de expressÃes deonticamente modalizadas, a saber, quanto maior a pressÃo em torno da aprovaÃÃo/rejeiÃÃo do projeto em tramitaÃÃo, mais freqÃentemente se valeram os parlamentares de expressÃes capazes de, entre outras funÃÃes, apresentÃ-los à opiniÃo pÃblica como autoridades dispostas a lutar pelos interesses da comunidade. Quanto aos meios lingÃÃsticos de expressÃo da modalidade deÃntica, constatamos a alta produtividade do verbo auxiliar modal, destacando-se o verbo dever na instauraÃÃo de obrigaÃÃes. Observamos tambÃm a elevada produtividade da exclusÃo do orador do alvo sobre o qual recai o valor deÃntico instaurado. A predileÃÃo dos parlamentares por apresentarem-se à opiniÃo pÃblica como indivÃduos que jà arcaram com o Ãnus que lhes competia na execuÃÃo de uma tarefa, ou por levar a audiÃncia a crer que a competÃncia para a realizaÃÃo de algo à de outrem, cabendo-lhes denunciar e cobrar, à justificada na medida em que essa estratÃgia revelou-se mecanismo de atenuaÃÃo da pressÃo por parte do auditÃrio sobre a figura do orador, transferindo expectativas e cobranÃas a outros indivÃduos ou a instituiÃÃes. / The study aimed at investigating in which way linguistic expressions of the deontic modality act in a sense of making the audienceâs participation possible in standpoints defended in political speeches and, thus, it was analyzed, under a functionalist theory, forty-four speeches delivered by Representatives at the Lower House of Congress. They discussed the reformation proposal on the welfare state along the first semester of the year 2003. Being understood as the modality related to the axis of the obligation, the deontic modality is, in the present research, as a whole, analyzed under the manifestation of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic-discourse aspects. The research revealed the existence of a relation between the reformation processâ stage, what is directly related to the social pressure over the politicians, and the usage frequency of deontic modalizator expressions. Concerning the linguistc means of the deontic modality expression, one could perceive a high production of the modal verb, standing out the verb âmustâ in the consolidation of obligations. One could also observe a high frequency of the lack of a targetâs explicitation in which the deontic value was established as well as an exclusion strategy in relation to the target, when the latter was specified. The politiciansâ preference for presenting themselves to the public as the ones who took the responsibilities in a task execution, or for making the audience believe that this responsiblity belongs to somebody else, weakens the audienceâs pression over the politicianâs figure, then transferring this responsibility to other individuals or to institutions. For these reasons, in general terms, one can observe the politiciansâ preference for keeping some distance from the established deontic valueâs incidence target.

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Face-to-face communication is multimodal. In unscripted spoken discourse we can observe the interaction of several "semiotic layers", modalities of information such as syntax, discourse structure, gesture, and intonation. <br>We explore the role of gesture and intonation in structuring and aligning information in spoken discourse through a study of the co-occurrence of pitch accents and gestural apices.<br> Metaphorical spatialization through gesture also plays a role in conveying the contextual relationships between the speaker, the government and other external forces in a naturally-occurring political speech setting.

I examined how politics affects corporate policies and value in two dissertation essays. In my first essay, we investigate whether diversity in points of view within corporate boards, as captured by the diversity in political ideology of board members, can affect a firm's performance. We employ personal political contributions' data to measure political ideology distance among groups of inside, outside directors and the CEO. Our empirical evidence strongly supports the notion that outside directors' monitoring effectiveness is more likely to be enhanced when their viewpoints are distinct from those of management. We find that ideologically diverse boards are associated with better firm performance, lower agency costs and less insiders' discretionary power over the firm's Political Action Committee (PAC) spending. Taken together, our results lead us to conclude that multiplicity of standpoints in corporate boardrooms is imperative for board effectiveness. In my second essay, we document that firms surrounded by high degrees of policy risk generated by local politicians' legislative activities present significantly high stock returns, indicating investors' perception of policy risk. We find that the diverse political strategies firms implement 1) successfully mitigate such policy risk, 2) help firms to acquire more lucrative procurement contracts, and 3) even get firms in trouble with legal issues. Additional results reveal that poor stock performance related to litigation is significantly recovered by political connections. Overall, our results reflect that investors view corporate political activities as effective hedging strategies against policy risk. Collectively, politics plays a critical role in determining corporate policies and/or value.