Poly(ether-b-amide) (Pebax® grade 1074) is a waterproof breathable block copolymer containing soft poly(ethylene oxide) and rigid polyamide 12 segments. Its intrinsic gas permeabilities to nitrogen, oxygen, methane, helium, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide were tested under different feed pressures (0.3 – 2.5 MPa) and temperatures (20 – 80 °C). This helps to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the polymer, because prior work reported in the literature addressed only a few gases and used inconsistent membrane preparation and test methods. Relatively high polar (or quadrupolar)/nonpolar gas selectivity were observed. CO2/N2 selectivity was demonstrated to be as high as 105±0.4 in Pebax®1074, with CO2 permeability coefficient of approximately 180±1 Barrer at room temperature. Additionally, the effects of solvent used in membrane preparation, heat treatment, membrane thickness, and polymer solution concentration on the membrane permeability were evaluated. Pebax® is a highly breathable material, thus its application as breathable chemically-resistant protective clothing was studied. Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) – a sarin simulant – was selected as the challenge agent. The liquid pervaporation of pure water (simulating perspiration) and pure DMMP were measured for Pebax®1074, Pebax®2533, nitrile, latex, poly(vinyl chloride), low density polyethylene, silicone, and silicone-polycarbonate copolymer under pervaporation mode. Pebax®1074 was not only the most water permeable material but also the most selective of all the tested materials for water/DMMP – making it a very promising material for this application.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis, I present a simple, sensitive and low cost electrochemical nanobiosensor for quantitative determination of the herbicides glufosinate, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Firstly, the nanostructured poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) (PDMA) materials were synthesized on gold electrode by the electrochemical "template"method using poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as the dopant and structure-directing molecule. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies inferred successful doping of the nanostructured PDMA film by PSS and that the template PSS directed the synthesis of both nanotubes and nanoparticles of PDMA with diameters less than 100 nm. / South Africa

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / These days there are deep concerns over the environmental consequences of the rate of consumption of energy from non-renewable sources because of the accelerated increase in greenhouse effect. There is, therefore, increasing interest in research activities on renewable energy systems (e.g., supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells and photovoltaic cells) and their materials. Supercapacitor materials have attracted much attention because of their high energy storage capacity, large surface area, high specific power density (watts/kg) and low cost. The development of advanced supercapacitor devices requires active electrode materials with high storage capacity and dispensability. Graphene oxide-dendritic star copolymer nanocomposites are fascinating as electrode materials, both scientifically and technologically, due to their exceptional properties, including light weight and high potential. / 2020-08-31

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12199号 / 論工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1438(附属図書館) / 26271 / UT51-2008-C969 / (主査)教授 堀井 文敬, 教授 渡辺 宏, 教授 金谷 利治 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

Nesta dissertação foram avaliadas metodologias para reação de amidação de amostras comerciais de poli (metilmetacrilato), PMMA, com alilamina e benzilamina. A reação foi executada em tubo selado sob aquecimento a 90 C por sete dias, sem que nenhuma quantidade mensurável de amida pudesse ser detectada por FTIR e RMN. A reação foi reavaliada sob catalise de DBU, 3,4% molar, sem que nenhum resultado positivo obtido. O emprego de DBU associado ao NaCN como co-catalisador mostrou-se eficaz é o PMMA pode ser derivatizado em 30 %, com alilamina, e 13 % com benzilamina, sob as mesmas condições de temperatura e tempo. A analise elementar e o RMN-1H foram conclusivos na quantificação das reações enquanto o FTIR mostrou-se pouco eficaz devido a sobreposições de bandas. A taticidade das amostras comerciais de PMMA e do material produzido pode ser avaliada por RMN. Experimentos exploratórios efetuados em forno de microondas monomodo sob as mesmas relações molares com aquecimento a 120 C por 30 minutos com 80 W de potencia não foram capazes de promover alterações na matriz polimérica / This work evaluated methodologies for amidation reaction of commercial samples of poly (methylmethacrylate), PMMA, with allylamine and benzylamine. The reaction was performed in a tube under heating at 90 C for seven days without any measurable amount of amide could be detected by FTIR and NMR. The reaction was reassessed under catalysis of DBU, 3,4 mol %, without any positive results. The use of DBU associated with NaCN as co-catalyst was effective with PMMA can be derivatized by 30%, with allylamine, and 13% with benzylamine under the same conditions of temperature and time. The elemental analysis and 1H-NMR were conclusive in quantifying the reactions while FTIR was found to be unreliable due to overlapping of bands. The tactic of commercial samples of PMMA and the material produced can be assessed by NMR. Exploratory experiments conducted in single-mode microwave oven under the same molar ratios heated at 120 C for 30 minutes with 80 W of power were not able to promote changes in the polymer matrix

Nesta dissertação foram avaliadas metodologias para reação de amidação de amostras comerciais de poli (metilmetacrilato), PMMA, com alilamina e benzilamina. A reação foi executada em tubo selado sob aquecimento a 90 C por sete dias, sem que nenhuma quantidade mensurável de amida pudesse ser detectada por FTIR e RMN. A reação foi reavaliada sob catalise de DBU, 3,4% molar, sem que nenhum resultado positivo obtido. O emprego de DBU associado ao NaCN como co-catalisador mostrou-se eficaz é o PMMA pode ser derivatizado em 30 %, com alilamina, e 13 % com benzilamina, sob as mesmas condições de temperatura e tempo. A analise elementar e o RMN-1H foram conclusivos na quantificação das reações enquanto o FTIR mostrou-se pouco eficaz devido a sobreposições de bandas. A taticidade das amostras comerciais de PMMA e do material produzido pode ser avaliada por RMN. Experimentos exploratórios efetuados em forno de microondas monomodo sob as mesmas relações molares com aquecimento a 120 C por 30 minutos com 80 W de potencia não foram capazes de promover alterações na matriz polimérica / This work evaluated methodologies for amidation reaction of commercial samples of poly (methylmethacrylate), PMMA, with allylamine and benzylamine. The reaction was performed in a tube under heating at 90 C for seven days without any measurable amount of amide could be detected by FTIR and NMR. The reaction was reassessed under catalysis of DBU, 3,4 mol %, without any positive results. The use of DBU associated with NaCN as co-catalyst was effective with PMMA can be derivatized by 30%, with allylamine, and 13% with benzylamine under the same conditions of temperature and time. The elemental analysis and 1H-NMR were conclusive in quantifying the reactions while FTIR was found to be unreliable due to overlapping of bands. The tactic of commercial samples of PMMA and the material produced can be assessed by NMR. Exploratory experiments conducted in single-mode microwave oven under the same molar ratios heated at 120 C for 30 minutes with 80 W of power were not able to promote changes in the polymer matrix

Orientador: Fernando Galembeck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T05:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_ElviraAparecidaSanchesBizarrodos_M.pdf: 2512802 bytes, checksum: a596de5adfd14b56a92761fc413530c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O uso de alquilosfatos é bastante conhecido como emulsionantes em cosméticos. Assim como os alquilfosfatos , os compostos fosf atados derivados de surfactantes não iônicos também são bastante utilizados. Especialmente no setor cosmético, os alquilfosfatados são largamente utilizados devido sua característica de suavidade à pele e aos cabelos. O trabalho teve por objetivo a obtenção e caracterização da glicerina etoxilada fosfatada. Durante a etapa de obtenção optou- se por utilizar dois agentes fosf atantes largamente utilizados na obtenção de alquilfosfatos: pentóxido de fósforo e ácido polifosfórico. Na etapa de caracterização, utilizou- se técnicas de espect roscopia de infravermelho e de emissão atômica, cromatografia de troca iônica, espect roscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear , espectrometria de massas e potenciometria. Foi possível determinar o rendimento da fosfatação, assim como identificar a presença de monoéster e ácido fosfórico em todas as amostras geradas . Diferente do que foi encontrado na literatura consultada, verificou-se que para glicerina etoxilada fosfatada, não existe a formação de quantidades equimolares de monoés ter e diés ter quando ut i l i zado o pentóxido de fósforo como agente fosfatante, e que o ácido polifosfórico leva a um maior rendimento da fosfatação quando utilizada a relação molar 1:1, glicerina etoxilada: PPA. Durante a caracterização foi avaliado o comportamento das amostras em solução aquosa em diferentes valores de pH, e concluiu- se que a glicerina etoxi lada fosfatada não é um composto surfactante, pois não é capaz de reduzir a tensão superficial da água abaixo de 45mN/m quando solubi l i zada a 0,50% (m/m) , o que justifica sua incapacidade de f ormar espuma. O t rabalho sugere algumas aplicações para glicerina etoxi lada fosfatada com base nas informações encontradas na literatura para álcoois graxos etoxilados fosfatados / Abstract: The use of al kylphosphate is widely known as emulsifier in cosmetics. As alkylphosphates , the phosphated compounds derived from non-ionic surfactants are widely used in skin care products. Especially in cosmetic area, the alkylphosphates are used because their softness to skin and hair. The main goal of this work was the phosphorylation and characterization of glycer in ethoxylated phosphate. During the phosphorylation' s step two phosphorylating agents were chosen, those are commonly used in alkylphosphate process: phosphorus pentoxide and polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Throughout characterization's step infrared spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, exchange ion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy and potentiometric titration were used. It was possible to determine the grade of process conversion as to identify the presence of monoester in all obtained samples. The result found in the phosphorylation process was different from those in the literature, because a ratio equimolar between monoester and diester was not found when phosphorus pentoxide was used as phosphorylating agent, and the use of polyphosphoric acid leads to a higher grade of conversion when the relation 1:1 for glycer in: PPA is used. During the characterization, the phosphated samples in water solution's behavior was evaluated in many values of pH, and it was possible to conclude that the glycerin poly(ethyleneoxi ) phosphate is not a surfactant, because it is unable to reduce the superficial tension of water under 45mN/m when solubilized at 0,50% (m/m), what can justify its inability to form foam. The work suggest s some applications to the glycerin poly(ethyleneoxi) phosphate according the informat ion that was found in the literature / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Les techniques non-conventionnelles de lithographie ont fait depuis deux décennies une entrée remarquée dans les sciences de l'ingénierie. Elles sont considérées aujourd'hui comme un enjeu majeur pour le développement des dispositifs. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'explorer de nouvelles voies pour la conception des micro&nanabiocapteurs en procédant à des impressions de poly(pyrrole) (PPy) à haute résolution par microtamponnage assisté par polymérisation catalytique (nanoCP-CCP) sur des substrats polymériques (poly(téréphtalate) d'éthylène (PETE), Copolymère d'oléfine cyclique (COC), polyétheréthercétone (PEEK), poly(éthylène 2,6-naphtalate (PEN) et le polyamide (PI)). Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point différentes techniques d'impression (greffage par impression, impression adressée et impression directe) et des conditions de polymérisation pour moduler les caractéristiques de PPy micro et nano-structurés, afin de contrôler la taille, la forme et les propriétés électriques désirées. Nous avons constaté que les paramètres les plus importants qui influent sur le processus d'impression surtout à l'échelle nanométrique sont: a) Le rapport des concentrations des réactifs pour le procédé de polymérisation qui comprend le Py-silane, nitrate d'argent (AgNO3), le chlorure du fer (III)/ le chlorure de Lithium (FeCl3/LiCl). b) Les paramètres physiques de la machine GeSIM; la pression d'impression, le niveau de contact, le temps d'encrage du tampon polydiméthylesiloxane (PDMS), et le temps d'impression. Finalement, on est arrivé à fabriquer des nanofils de PPy (PPy-NF) de 747±12,2 nm de largeur, 114±8 nm de hauteur et avec une séparation de 573±13,4 nm entre deux PPy-NF consécutifs. Ces films micro et nano-structurés ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et spectrométrie de photon-électrons induits par rayons X (XPS). Dans une deuxième partie, on a développé des immunocapteurs à base de PPy-NF sensible aux biomarqueurs interleukine 8 et 6. Pour cela, différentes stratégies ont été adoptées pour immobiliser les anticorps spécifiques à ces deux biomarqueurs. Ces immunocapteurs ont été caractérisés par la méthode de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique (EIS). Les résultats obtenus par rapport à la sensibilité et la sélectivité sont très satisfaisants avec des limites de détection de l'ordre de quelques pg/L pour les deux immunocapteurs développés / Non-conventional lithography techniques have made for the two last decades a huge impact in the engineering sciences. They are now regarded as a main challenge for the development of the devices. The objective of this thesis is to explore new alternative possibilities for designing micro & nano biosensors based on poly(pyrrole) (PPy) high resolution microprinting attended by catalytic polymerization (nanoCP-CCP) on substrates Polymer (poly (terephthalate) ethylene (PETE), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly (ethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN), and polyamide (PI)). In a first step We have developed various printing techniques (grafting printing, addressed printing and direct printing) and polymerization conditions to modulate the characteristics of PPy micro and nano-structured in order to control the size, shape and Electrical desired properties. We found that the most important parameters that affect the printing process especially at the nanoscale are: a.) The ratio of the concentrations of reagents for the polymerization process which includes the Py-silane, nitrate silver (AgNO3), iron chloride (III) / lithium chloride (FeCl3 / LiCl). b) The physical parameters of the GeSIM machine; the printing pressure, contact level, the inking time stamp of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and printing time. Finally, we got to manufacture PPy nanowires (PPy-NW) 747 ± 12.2 nm wide, 114 ± 8 nm in height and with a separation of 573 ± 13.4 nm between two consecutive PPy-NW. These micro and nano-structured films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron-photon spectroscopy induced by X-rays (XPS). In the second part, we have developed a PPy-NW-based immunosensors sensitive to interleukin 8 and 6 biomarkers. For this, different strategies have been adopted to immobilize antibodies specific to these two biomarkers. These immunosensors were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method (EIS). The results obtained in relation to the sensitivity and selectivity are very satisfactory with the security detection limits of a few pg / L for both developed immunosensors

Le poly(acide lactique), PLA, est un polymère biocompatible et biodégradable, qui peut être produit à partir de ressources renouvelables. En conséquence, il a soulevé une attention toute particulière en tant que remplacement éventuel des polymères à base de pétrole. C’est un polyester aliphatique ayant des propriétés telles que module élevé, haute résistance, biocompatibilité et est donc un matériau prometteur pour diverses applications telles que les implants, l’encapsulation de médicaments et l'emballage. A cause de sa faible température de transition vitreuse, le PLA a une faible résistance thermique et les applications sont donc limitées à celles qui ne sont pas associées à des températures élevées. En outre, ce polymère souffre d'un faible degré de cristallinité. L'augmentation du taux de cristallinité dans de nombreuses techniques de mise en forme, telles que le moulage par injection, est nécessaire. Il y a plusieurs façons d'augmenter le niveau de cristallinité du PLA. Ces procédés comprennent l'utilisation d'agents nucléants, de plastifiants, ou de combinaisons d'agents plastifiants et de nucléation. La cristallisation du PLA à l'état fondu se présente sous deux formes cristallines légèrement différentes connues sous les noms α et α'. Cette étude compare la capacité d'auto-nucléation de ces deux formes cristallines par auto-nucléation. Ceci est réalisé en comparant les températures de cristallisation lors du refroidissement des échantillons préalablement cristallisés à diverses températures, puis de nouveau chauffé à une température dans la plage de fusion partielle du PLA. Dans la deuxième étape, l'effet des paramètres cinétiques et le poids moléculaire du PLA sur l'efficacité de nucléation des PLA phases cristallines a été étudié. Cette partie de l’étude ouvre une nouvelle voie pour comprendre le rôle des modifications cristallines du PLA qui mènent aux conditions optimales pour la cristallisation du PLA. La mise en forme des polymères implique des contraintes de cisaillement et d’élongation, ce qui implique une cristallisation induite par l’écoulement et la solidification qui s’en suit. Les propriétés mécaniques des produits finals dépendent du degré de cristallisation et de la nature des cristaux formés. Par conséquent, l'optimisation du procédé nécessite une bonne compréhension de la façon dont l’écoulement influence la cristallisation. Le type d'écoulement peut jouer un rôle important sur la cristallisation. Par exemple, l'écoulement élongationnel provoque l’orientation et l’étirement des molécules dans le sens de l'extension, comme dans le cas de la mise en forme de fibres et le soufflage de film, en aidant le processus de cristallisation induite par l'écoulement. Une littérature abondante existe sur la ii cristallisation des thermoplastiques classiques induite par l'écoulement. Cela dit, moins d'attention a été accordée à l'effet de l'écoulement de cisaillement et d'allongement sur la cristallisation du PLA. Comme étudié dans la dernière partie de ce document, l'effet du poids moléculaire sur la cristallisation induite par cisaillement du PLA est rapporté. Pour cela, trois différents PLA à faible, moyen et haut poids moléculaire ont été préparés par réaction d'hydrolyse. Ensuite, en utilisant un rhéomètre oscillatoire, l’effet du cisaillement sur la cinétique de cristallisation du PLA a été examiné. / Abstract : Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be produced from renewable resources. As a result, it has raised particular attention as a potential replacement for petroleum-based polymers. It is an aliphatic polyester with properties such as high modulus, high strength, and biocompatibility and is thus a promising material for various applications such as implants, drug encapsulation, and packaging. In the wake of low glass transition temperature, PLA has a low heat resistance and its application is limited to those not associated with high temperatures. In addition, this polymer suffers from a low degree of crystalinity. Increasing the crystallization rate in many processing operations, such as injection molding, is required. So far, many routes have been found to improve the crystallinity of PLA. These methods include using nucleating agents, plasticizers, and combination of nucleating agents and plasticizers together. PLA crystallization in the melt state results in two slightly different crystalline forms known as α and α’forms. This thesis compares the self-nucleation ability of these two crystal forms by self-nucleation. This is achieved by comparing crystallization temperatures upon cooling for samples previously crystallized at various temperatures and then re-heated to a temperature in the partial melting range for PLA. In the second step, we study the effect of molecular weight of PLA on the nucleation efficiency of PLA crystalline phases. This part of the investigation opens a new pathway to understand the role of PLA crystalline phases on the optimal condition for its crystallization kinetics. Polymer processing operations involve mixed shear and elongational flows and cause polymer molecules to experience flow-induced crystallization during flow and subsequent solidification. The mechanical properties of the final products are significantly dependent upon the degree of crystallization and types of formed crystals. Therefore, optimization of any polymer process requires a good understanding of how flow influences crystallization. The type of flow can play a significant role in affecting crystallization. For example, elongational flow causes molecules to orient and stretch in the direction of extension, as in the case of fiber spinning and film blowing, helping the process of flow-induced crystallization. An extensive body of literature exists on flow-induced crystallization of conventional thermoplastics. Having said that, less attention has been paid to the effect of shear and elongational flow on the PLA crystallization kinetics. As investigated in the final part of this thesis, the effect of iv molecular weight on the shear-induced crystallization of PLA is reported. For this, low, medium and high molecular-weight PLAs were prepared from a high molecular weight one by a hydrolysis reaction. Next, by means of a simple rotational rheometry, effect of the shear flow was examined on the crystallization kinetics of these three PLAs.

L’expression des gènes est un ensemble hautement régulé de mécanismes ayant pour objectifs de synthétiser les protéines fonctionnelles dont la cellule a besoin à partir des codes inscrits dans l’ADN. Pour contrôler la quantité de signal utilisé et pour que ce message puisse physiquement traverser la cellule, celle-ci utilise la transcription des ARN messagers comme intermédiaire. Pour assurer la qualité de ce signal et pour contrôler son niveau d’expression, plusieurs mécanismes de dégradation des ARNm se coordonnent dans les organismes en fonction de leurs spécificités propres. La littérature a depuis longtemps démontré les liens entre les machineries de synthèse des ARNm et celles de leur dégradation en identifiant comment ceux-ci travaillent ensemble pour assurer une bonne régulation génique. Un de ces mécanismes induit une terminaison dans la région non-codante en 3’ de certains gènes à partir d’un clivage par la ribonucléase III. Dans ce mémoire, nous voulons démontrer qu’un mécanisme similaire dépendant de la ribonucléase III peut induire une terminaison prémature de la transcription à l’intérieur même de séquences codantes. Ce mécanisme semble être indépendant du promoteur et du terminateur des gènes, préférant réguler sa sélectivité à partir de la structure liée au clivage de l’ARNm. Plusieurs séquences et structures sous forme de tige-boucles d’ARNm peuvent être reconnues par la ribonucléase III. Cependant, il existe des différences fonctionnelles entre les différentes tige-boucles et toutes n’induisent pas un mécanisme de terminaison prématurée. Comme ce type de mécanisme doit être inductible et/ou permissible afin de ne pas empêcher complètement l’expression des gènes cibles, nous pouvons potentiellement faire affaire à un nouveau modèle de régulation génique. / Abstract : Gene expression is a highly regulated coordination of processes with the objective of producing functional proteins from the DNA code of the cell. To control the amount of proteins produced, cells use messenger RNAs as an intermediate to permit genomic information to move across the cell. To assure the quality of this signal and to control the level of gene expression, many RNA degradation mechanisms coordinate together according to their own specificities. Scientific literature has demonstrated long ago the existing interactions between RNA synthesis and RNA degradation pathways and how they closely work together to achieve viable gene expression regulation. One of those mechanisms induces transcription termination in the 3’ untranscribed region of coding genes initiated with a RNA cleavage from a ribonuclease III. In this master thesis, we show that a similar RNase III dependent mechanism can induce premature transcription termination inside the coding sequence. This mechanism seems promotor and terminator independent and depends mostly on the sequence coding for a stem-loop structure in the mRNA. Different sequences can induce a stem-loop structure recognizable by RNase III. However, there are some functional differences between stem-loop structures and not all of them can induce premature transcription termination. Since this mechanism must not happen every time and somehow must be inducible to permit gene expression when needed, this could possibly lead to a new gene regulation model.