Texte remanié de: Diss.--Bonn--Universität, 1991. / Bibliogr. p. 211-228.

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Abstract:Uniquely amongst the earliest writing systems, the Egyptian hieroglyphic script was sometimes enhanced by colouring the signs. This was not done in an arbitrary fashion, but was conventional, with each colour used in a conscious attempt either at materialism, naturalism, semi-naturalism or as a metaphor. This study aims to shed some light on the processes involved in writing in colour. The methodology, theory, analysis and extended commentary are to be found in Volume 1.The study shows that a polychrome canon was in use, in a remarkably coherent and stable fashion, during some two thousand five hundred years, from the Old Kingdom right through to the Ptolemaic period. A palaeography, showing the best examples of each hieroglyph together with a brief commentary, forms the whole of Volume 2. These exemplars are taken from a database of polychrome hieroglyphs: a collection of over three thousand six hundred signs extracted from fifty-two monumental inscriptions. They cover 67% of all the hieroglyphs found in Gardiner’s sign list. Those signs in the collection that possess coloured images can all be found in Volume 3. The palaeography is intended to be a practical tool, as is the application created in order to facilitate the navigation, consultation and update of the database.In the process of analysing this data, several commonly held ideas about colour symbolism and the identification of certain hieroglyphs were brought into question and rectified, where possible. However, many unanswered questions remain, leaving the door open to further fascinating research. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Very few stone sculptures conserve their original polychromy nowadays so the exceptional condition presented by the oil paint film of the Tomb of Chancellor Villaespesa in the Cathedral of Tudela (Spain) here presented as case study suggested that both the chemical-mineral composition of the oil paint films and of the lithotypes chosen for the artists to be in contact with the polichromy, could be responsible for their unexpected durability. When the mechanisms governing these painted structures stability are not understood properly, conservation materials and methods and even environmental conditions can have a dramatic effect in their performance and compromise their stability in the long term. In this study, mock-ups simulating different oil paint layers on the sandstone of the case study have been prepared. Mock-ups with the same oil paint films on other substrates have been made for comparison purpose. After four years of natural ageing, the aggregation of lead and calcium carboxylates have been identified and characterized on some mock-ups by means of the combined use of UV-VIS light microscopy, SEM-EDX and micro FT-IR spectroscopy. pH and conductivity have been measured and monitorized both in the mock-ups and the case study. Saponification reactions, ionomer formation and carboxylate aggregation in lead white or minium oil paint films contributed to make them less acidic, less ionized, less hydrolyzed and less soluble after ageing sandstone or on pine wood at room environmental conditions for four years. The same given paint films became more acid and more ionized after ageing on a glass slide. Understanding the properties of such films, the chemical-physical mechanisms governing their adhesive and cohesive forces, and their surface pH is not easy. Mineral assemblages as well as the availability of ions in the substrate of a given oil paint film containing lead white or minium play a fundamental role in the eventual formation, migration and aggregation of lead and calcium carboxylates not only at their surface but also within the substrate-film interface. Furthermore, monitoring surface pH and conductivity as well as understanding solubility issues and the adhesion forces existing between soils, the paint layer and the substrate is needed when designing any conservation strategy to minimize risks and to preserve the balance acquired by these artworks in time. / Muy pocas esculturas pétreas conservan su policromía original. El excepcional estado en el se mantienen las películas pictóricas al óleo del caso de estudio de esta tesis doctoral (el Sepulcro de Villaespesa de la catedral de Tudela, Navarra, España) sugiere que tanto la composición químico-mineral de la roca seleccionada por sus escultores como la composición de las películas pictóricas al óleo con las que se policromó dicha piedra, podrían ser responsables de su inesperada durabilidad. En el transcurso de esta tesis doctoral se prepararon probetas con distintas películas pictóricas al óleo sobre la arenisca del caso de estudio. Para hacer un análisis comparativo también se prepararon probetas con las mismas películas sobre otros soportes. Se monitorizó el pH y la conductividad el caso de estudio así como de todas probetas. A través del uso combinado de microscopía óptica, SEM-EDX y micro espectroscopía FT-IR se estudió la formación y envejecimiento de las películas al óleo identificó y se caracterizó la agregación de carboxilatos de calcio y plomo en algunas de las películas pictóricas al óleo con pigmentos de plomo. En aquellas películas al óleo con albayalde o minio que envejecieron durante cuatro años sobre substratos de arenisca y madera de pino, las reacciones de saponificación, la formación de ionómeros y la agregación de carboxilatos contribuyeron a generar estratos pictóricos menos ácidos, menos ionizados, menos hidrolizados y menos solubles. Dichas películas pictóricas se tornaron más ácidas e ionizadas tras envejecer, en las mismas condiciones medioambientales, sobre vidrio de microscopio. La comprensión de los mecanismos físico-químicos que gobiernan no solo el pH y la conductividad sino también las fuerzas adhesivas y cohesivas de estas películas a lo largo del tiempo, no es sencilla. Tanto los agregados minerales como la disponibilidad de iones que presentan sus substratos juegan un papel fundamental en la eventual formación, migración y agregación de carboxilatos de calcio y plomo no solo en su superficie, sino también en la interfase substrato-película pictórica. Cuando los mecanismos que gobiernan los equilibrios físico-químicos de estos sistemas pictóricos no se comprenden adecuadamente, los materiales y métodos empleados en su conservación así como las condiciones medioambientales en las que se mantienen pueden tener un efecto dramático en el comportamiento de estos sistemas pictóricos y comprometer su estabilidad a largo plazo. / Molt poques escultures pètries conserven la seua policromia original. L'excepcional estat de conservación en que es conserven les policromies del cas d'estudi d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral (el Sepulcre de Villaespesa de la catedral de Tudela, Navarra, Espanya) sugereix que tant la composició química-mineral i la porositat de les roques seleccionades pels artistes com la composició de les pel·lícules pictòriques a l'oli que van preparar per a policromar la pedra, podrien ser responsables de la seua inesperada durabilitat. Quan els mecanismes que governen els seus equilibris fisicoquímics no han estat compresos adequadament, els materials i mètodes emprats en la seua conservació així com les condicions mediambientals en què es mantenen poden tinder un efecte dramatic al comportament d'aquests sistemes pictòrics i comprometre la seua estabilitat a llarg termini. En aquesta tesi es van preparar provetes amb diferents pel·lícules pictòriques a l'oli sobre l'arenisca emprada en el cas d'estudi. També es van preparar provetes amb les mateixes pel·lícules sobre altres suports per fer una anàlisi comparatiu. Després de quatre anys d'envelliment natural, es va identificar i caracteritzar l'agregació de carboxilats de calci i plom en algunes de les provetes a través de l'ús combinat de microscòpia òptica, SEM-EDX i micro espectroscòpia FT-IR. També es monitarizaren el pH i la conductivitat de les provetes així com del cas d'estudi. En aquelles pel·lícules a l'oli amb blanc de plom o mini que van envellir durant quatre anys sobre substrats de gres i fusta de pi, les reaccions de saponificació, la formació de ionómeros i l'agregació de carboxilats van contribuir a generar estrats pictòrics menys àcids, menys ionitzats, menys hidrolitzats i menys solubles. Aquestes pel·lícules pictòriques es van tornar més àcides i ionitzades després envellir, en les mateixes condicions mediambientals, sobre vidre de microscopi. La comprensió dels mecanismes fisicoquímics que governen el seu pH i la seua conductivitat així com les forces adhesives i cohesives d'aquestes pel·lícules al llarg del temps no és senzilla. Tant els agregats minerals com la disponibilitat de ions que presenten els seus substrats juguen un paper fonamental en l'eventual formació, migració i agregació de carboxilats de calci i plom no només en la seua superfície, sinó també en la interfase substrat-pel·lícula pictòrica. / Aguado Guardiola, E. (2017). Estudio del rol de los agregados minerales en la formación, envejecimiento y conservación de películas pictóricas al óleo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90462

Cette thèse se concentre sur l’iconographie des céramiques polychromes à pâte argileuse jaunâtre, connues sous le nom de buff ware et attribuées à Nishapur aux IXe-Xe siècles. Ces céramiques ont la particularité d’être décorées par des scènes à figures humaines, animales et d‘oiseaux souvent sur un fond jaune vif, peintes de couleurs vertes et noires et parfois rouges. Depuis leur découverte en 1935, l’iconographie de ces scènes est restée un sujet de débat parmi les chercheurs, sans réponse définitive. Cette recherche vise à apporter un regard complémentaire sur cette production originale de céramiques d’Iran oriental. Le but de cette étude est de revisiter les questions et les réponses existantes, et aussi d’aborder de nouvelles hypothèses. Les questions comprennent la connaissance, la production et l’iconographie de ces céramiques. La première partie de cette étude expose l’histoire et les différents aspects géographiques et socioculturels de la ville médiévale de Nishapur. Dans la deuxième partie sont étudiées la production, la distribution, la chronologie et la morphologie de ces céramiques afin de définir leurs caractéristiques. La troisième partie est consacrée à l’identification des scènes représentées sur les céramiques polychromes de Nishapur et à l’analyse de leur iconographie. Y sont proposées plusieurs hypothèses sur l’iconographie des scènes liée à la mythologie persane, aux traditions, aux légendes, aux croyances et aux rituels. Cette recherche est basée sur une étude approfondie de 30 céramiques principales, 139 céramiques complémentaires et 35 objets de comparaison, représentés dans un catalogue de trois corpus. / This dissertation focuses on the iconography of polychrome ceramics having a buff body, known as buff wares and attributed to Nishapur in the 9th-10th centuries. These ceramics were decorated with scenes of human, animal and bird figures, often on a bright yellow background and painted in green, black and sometimes red. Since their discovery in 1935, the iconography of these scenes has remained a subject of research with no definitive result. The research aims to provide a complementary fresh look at this original ceramic production of eastern Iran. The intention of this study is to revise the existing questions and answers, and to approach new hypothesis. The questions concern the characterization, the production and the iconography of these ceramics. The first part of this study exposes history and different geographical and sociocultural aspects of the medieval city of Nishapur. The second part of the study inquires the production, the distribution, the chronology and the morphology of theses ceramics. The third part focuses on the iconography of the scenes represented on Nishapur buff wares. It proposes a number of hypothesis on the iconography of the scenes related to Persian mythology, traditions, legends, beliefs and rituals. This research is based on a detailed study on 30 main wares, 139 complementary ceramics and 35 comparison objects, represented in a catalogue, which is completed by detailed drawings of the ceramics.

Esta dissertação foca na questão da variabilidade artefatual das cerâmicas Guarita da Amazonia central, complexo cerâmico pertencente à Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia, que se inicia por volta do ano 1000 e perdura até a conquista europeia, espalhando-se por toda a Amazônia central e a alta Amazônia. A partir de um recorte analítico sobre um determinado tipo de vasilha muito recorrente na cerâmica Guarita, o vaso com flange mesial, a pesquisa desenvolveu uma abordagem de análise que integra elementos tecnológicos e iconográficos, definindo os elementos distintivos e variações regionais do estilo polícromo. A partir desta variabilidade formal, das linguagens e temas iconográficos elencados, discutem-se os possíveis processos de transmissão e reprodução deste estilo. Partindo da interlocução entre conceitos da Arqueologia, da Antropologia da Arte e da Etnologia, pudemos entender estes componentes cerâmicos enquanto expressões materiais de um estilo introduzido e compartilhado entre distintas regiões na Amazônia, atuando na veiculação de mensagens imbricadas aos sistemas ontológicos ameríndios, centralizados na transformação corpórea. Desta forma, os artefatos foram analisados enquanto agentes em dinâmicas rituais de reatualização cosmológica, dentro de um amplo sistema cosmopolítico. A partir destas discussões pudemos ampliar o debate sobre a expansão do estilo polícromo entre as sociedades pré-coloniais da Amazônia, pensando quais eram as relações existentes entre estas linguagens estéticas pretéritas e as sociedades que produziram as cerâmicas Guarita. / This thesis focus is the variability of Guarita ceramics, a complex belonging to the Amazonian Polychrome Tradition, which begins around the year 1000 and lasted until the European conquest, spread throughout the central and upper Amazon. We chose to work with a very recurrent type of vessel in the Guarita ceramic complex, the vase with mesial flange, in order to apply a method which integrates technological and iconographic variables and define distinct elements and regional variations of the polychrome style. Based on the morphological variability and different iconographic languages, we were able to discuss the possible processes of transmission and reproduction of this style which could explain its regional spread and apparent homogeneity. This work benefits from a dialogue of concepts form Archaeology, Anthropology of Art and Ethnology, enabling us to understand these ceramic components as material expressions of an introduced and shared style among different regions in the Amazon, displaying messages related to specific Amerindian ontological systems, centered on the transformation body. Thus, the artifacts were analyzed as agents taking part in dynamic rituals for reenacting cosmological beliefs, within a broad cosmopolitical system. From these discussions we were able to broaden the debate on the expansion of the polychrome style of the pre-colonial societies of the Amazon, and enhance our understanding of the relation between these ancient aesthetic languages and societies that produced the ceramics.

Este trabalho procura entender as relações entre a diversidade da Tradição Polícroma em escala local e seus significados em termos de escala regional. Desta forma partimos dos contextos de dois sítios arqueológicos no Lago Tefé (Médio Solimões, AM) para adentrarmos as discussões sobre a Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia e os modelos de expansão criados para explicar sua ampla dispersão geográfica. Para isso apresentamos três etapas, a descrição de contextos arqueológicos com material Polícromo no Lago Tefé; uma revisão geral dos dados existentes sobre a Tradição Polícroma; e uma discussão reflexiva sobre os modelos existentes para explicar essa tradição. / This paper seeks to understand the relationship between diversity of Polychrome Tradition at the local level and its significance in terms of the regional scale. From two archaeological site contexts at Lake Tefé (Middle Solimões, AM), we enter the discussions over the Amazon Polychrome Tradition and expansion models created to explain its wide geographical spread. For this, we present the debate in three parts: the description of the archaeological contexts with Polychrome material in the Lake Tefé; a general review of the existing data on the Polychrome Tradition; and a reflective discussion about the existing models to explain this tradition.

Essa dissertação apresenta dados relacionados com o processo de ocupação de sítios associados à cerâmica Guarita na região do médio e baixo rio Solimões, estado do Amazonas. Essas ocupações são, normalmente, superficiais e estão associados aos últimos grupos ceramistas que se estabeleceram na região até o século XVI DC. A proposta desse trabalho é entender, através de sítios localizados no município de Coari e na área de confluência dos rios Solimões e Negro, o estabelecimento de uma cronologia dos estratos, análise das cerâmicas que compõem os sítios, a determinação das áreas de dispersão, densidade dos vestígios arqueológicos e sua relação com outros sítios já escavados na região. Através desse estudo pretendemos propor uma hipótese para a história da ocupação desses grupos ceramistas na região do médio e baixo rio Solimões e fornecer mais dados sobre a cerâmica vinculada à Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia. / This dissertation presents archaeological data on site settlements with Guarita ceramics, located in the middle and lower Solimões river, in Amazonas state. The evidence for these settlements is often restricted to the sites\' surfaces, indicating that these were the last indigenous groups to settle in the region, staying until the XVI century AD. Based on the data collected in sites at Coari city and around the confluence of the Solimões and Negro rivers, the purpose of this research is to understand the strata\'s chronology, to undertake the ceramic analysis of materials from these strata, and to determine areas of dispersion and density of archaeological remains. It also examines the relationship between these and other excavated sites in the region. This research intends to propose a hypothesis for the history of how these late pottery making-groups have occupied the middle and lower Solimões river area, thus providing more data about the ceramics of the Amazonian Polychrome Tradition.

This paper describes and applies a method to quantify and related damage of painted wooden pulpits in 16 churches in Gotland, Sweden, to both the current and the historical indoor climate of the twentieth century. In addition, it demonstrates that the energy used to heat a church in the past can be measured and the study alsopoints towards a relationship between damage and heat output. The results suggest that more damage is present in churches with a higher heat output and there is increased damage in churches using background heating compared to churches that do not. However, the method needs to be improved and a larger population is required to validate these results. / Climate for Culture / Cultural heritage and human comfort: the issue of indoor climate in historic buildings in the twentieth cnentury

Este trabalho procura entender as relações entre a diversidade da Tradição Polícroma em escala local e seus significados em termos de escala regional. Desta forma partimos dos contextos de dois sítios arqueológicos no Lago Tefé (Médio Solimões, AM) para adentrarmos as discussões sobre a Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia e os modelos de expansão criados para explicar sua ampla dispersão geográfica. Para isso apresentamos três etapas, a descrição de contextos arqueológicos com material Polícromo no Lago Tefé; uma revisão geral dos dados existentes sobre a Tradição Polícroma; e uma discussão reflexiva sobre os modelos existentes para explicar essa tradição. / This paper seeks to understand the relationship between diversity of Polychrome Tradition at the local level and its significance in terms of the regional scale. From two archaeological site contexts at Lake Tefé (Middle Solimões, AM), we enter the discussions over the Amazon Polychrome Tradition and expansion models created to explain its wide geographical spread. For this, we present the debate in three parts: the description of the archaeological contexts with Polychrome material in the Lake Tefé; a general review of the existing data on the Polychrome Tradition; and a reflective discussion about the existing models to explain this tradition.