Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνήθηκαν οι παράμετροι που ελέγχουν τη δέσμευση/αποδέσμευση ιόντων Cu2+ ή/και κατιοντικών επιφανειοδραστικών ενώσεων, όπως το βρωμιούχο δεκαεξυλοτριμεθυλαμμώνιο (CTAB) ή το βρωμιούχο δεκαεξυλοτριμεθυλo φοσφώνιο (PC16) από αντίθετα φορτισμένους πολυηλεκτρολύτες. Mελετήθηκαν διαφορετικές πολυμερικές μήτρες που αποτελούνται είτε από εμπορικά διαθέσιμα πολυμερή είτε συντεθήκαν για αυτό το σκοπό, έτσι ώστε να γίνει κατανοητή η επίδραση της χημικής δομής του πολυμερούς στη ταχύτητα δέσμευσης και αποδέσμευσης των δραστικών συστατικών. Καθώς τα ιόντα αυτά έχουν βιοστατική δράση, απώτερος πρακτικός στόχος της διερεύνησης είναι η πιθανή εφαρμογή τέτοιων υβριδικών πολυμερικών υλικών σε υφαλοχώματα που θα εμποδίζουν την απόθεση θαλάσσιων βιοαποθέσεων και θα χαρακτηρίζονται από ιδιότητες «αυτοκαθαρισμού». Έτσι, παρασκευάστηκαν στατιστικά ή συσταδικά αμφίφιλα συμπολυμερή, στα οποία το υδρόφιλο μονομερές μπορεί να δεσμεύσει τα ιόντα Cu2+ ή/και τις αντίθετα φορτισμένες επιφανειοδραστικές ενώσεις, όπως το στυρενοσουλφονικό νάτριο (SSNa), το μηλεϊνικό (ΜΑc) και το ακρυλικό οξύ (ΑΑ), ενώ το υδρόφοβο μονομερές, το οποίο εισάγεται για τον έλεγχο του ισοζυγίου υδροφιλικότητας/υδροφοβικότητας, είναι ο μεθακρυλικός μεθυλεστέρας (ΜΜΑ). Έτσι, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ομοπολυμερές PSSNa αλλά και συμπολυμερή του MAc με το SSNa (P(SSNa50-co-MANa). Επιπλέον, για συγκριτικούς λόγους παρασκευάστηκε και το συμπολυμερές του ΜΑc με οξικό βινυλεστέρα, (P(VAc-co-MAc), ενώ χρησιμοποιήθηκε και το εναλλασσόμενο συμπολυμερές του μηλεϊνικού οξέος με αιθυλένιο, P(Eth-alt-MAc). Τα στατιστικά αμφίφιλα συμπολυμερή P(MMAx-co-SSNa), P(MMAx-co-AA) παρασκευάστηκαν με συμπολυμερισμό ελευθέρων ριζών, ενώ τα συσταδικά αμφίφιλα συμπολυμερή PMMAx-b-PSSNa και PSSNa-b-PMMAx παρασκευάστηκαν με πολυμερισμό ελευθέρων ριζών μέσω μεταφοράς ατόμου (ΑΤRP), χρησιμοποιώντας ως μακροεκκινητή είτε PMMA είτε PSSNa, αντίστοιχα. Τα μοριακά βάρη των συμπολυμερών χαρακτηρίστηκαν με SEC, ενώ η χημική τους δομή ταυτοποιήθηκε με 1H-NMR και FT-IR. Η εκατοστιαία σύσταση των συμπολυμερών σε μονάδες ΜΜΑ, x, κυμαίνεται στην περιοχή 10-65 mol%, όπως προσδιορίστηκε με 1H-NMR και TGA. Από τη συγκριτική μελέτη της αυτοοργάνωσης σε υδατικό διάλυμα των συσταδικών και των στατιστικών αμφίφιλων συμπολυμερών, P(MMAx-co-SSNa) και PSSNa-b-PMMAx) με ιχνηθέτηση με φθορίζοντες ιχνηθέτες διαπιστώθηκε πως τα συσταδικά συμπολυμερή εμφανίζουν σημαντικότερη τάση αυτοοργάνωσης, καθώς έχουν σημαντικά μικρότερη κρίσιμη συγκέντρωση μικκυλοποίησης και χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλότερα επίπεδα υδροφοβικότητας. Η δέσμευση των ιόντων Cu2+ από τα παραπάνω συμπολυμερή σε αραιά υδατικά διαλύματα πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω ιονoανταλλαγής χρησιμοποιώντας τη μετά νατρίου άλατος μορφή των συμπολυμερών ή μέσω εξουδετέρωσης της όξινης μορφής των συμπολυμερών με Cu(OH)2 και διερευνήθηκε με φυσικοχημικές μεθόδους, όπως η θολομετρία, η ιξωδομετρία τριχοειδούς και η φασματοσκοπία υπεριώδους-ορατού. Διαπιστώθηκε πως σε αραιά διαλύματα η δέσμευση των ιόντων Cu2+ οδηγεί σε συρρίκνωση των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων (ιξωδομετρία τριχοειδούς). Μάλιστα, σε αντίθεση με τα συμπολυμερή που περιέχουν SSNa, στα πολυμερή που περιέχουν καρβοξυλικές ομάδες, η συρρίκνωση είναι ιδιαίτερα ισχυρή και οδηγεί σε διαχωρισμό φάσεων καθώς η αναλογία των ιόντων Cu2+ προς τις καρβοξυλικές ομάδες προσεγγίζει τη στοιχειομετρία (θολομετρία), ως αποτέλεσμα του σχηματισμού συμπλόκων ένταξης μεταξύ των ιόντων Cu2+ και των καρβοξυλικών ομάδων (φασματοσκοπία υπεριώδους-ορατού). Μάλιστα, στην περίπτωση του P(Eth-alt-MAc), η φασματοσκοπία υπεριώδους-ορατού έδωσε σαφείς ενδείξεις για το σχηματισμό διπύρηνων συμπλόκων χαλκού με τις ομάδες καρβοξυλίου, τα οποία έχουν τη δυνατότητα να δράσουν ως σταυροδεσμοί δικτυώνοντας τις πολυμερικές αλυσίδες. Ως αποτέλεσμα, σε ημιαραιά διαλύματα σχηματίζονται υδροπηκτώματα. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον έχει το γεγονός πως οι ιξωδοελαστικές ιδιότητες των σχηματιζόμενων υδροπηκωτμάτων εξαρτώνται σημαντικά από το χρόνο ανάμιξης των συμπολυμερών με τα ιόντα Cu2+. Στην επόμενη φάση διερευνήθηκε ο σχηματισμός μικτών συσσωματωμάτων (συμπλόκων) μεταξύ των πολυηλεκτρολυτών που περιέχουν SSNa και της αντίθετα φορτισμένης επιφανειοδραστικής ένωσης, CTAΒ. Στην περίπτωση του ομοπολυμερούς PSSNa ή των συσταδικών αμφίφιλων συμπολυμερών PSSNa-b-PMMAx παρατηρείται διαχωρισμός φάσεων, καθώς η αναλογία των αλληλεπιδρώντων ειδών προσεγγίζει τη στοιχειομετρία φορτίων. Αντίθετα, όταν χρησιμοποιούνται τα στατιστικά αμφίφιλα συμπολυμερή P(MMAx-co-SSNa) με x=33-47mol%, σχηματίζονται ιξώδη διαλύματα ή ασθενή πηκτώματα. Η ρεολογική διερεύνηση του φαινόμενου κατέδειξε πως εξαρτάται από τη συγκέντρωση του πολυμερούς, τη γραμμομοριακή αναλογία CTAΒ/SSNa και την ιοντική ισχύ του υδατικού διαλύματος. Πριν τις τελικές δοκιμές σε πραγματικές συνθήκες παρασκευάστηκαν αιδιάλυτα στο νερό υβριδικά υλικά πολυμερούς-χαλκού, ενδεχομένως παρουσία CTAΒ ή PC16 χρησιμοποιώντας όλες τις προηγούμενες οικογένειες συμπολυμερών αλλά και εμπορικά διαθέσιμα πολυμερή αντίστοιχης δομής. Χρησιμοποιώντας κατάλληλο εκλεκτικό αντιδραστήριο (bathocuproine) μελετήθηκε φωτομετρικά η αποδέσμευση των ιόντων Cu2+ σε υδατικό διάλυμα NaCl 1 M. Έτσι, διευκρινίστηκε η επίδραση διαφόρων παραγόντων στο ρυθμό αποδέσμευσης των ιόντων Cu2+, όπως η ύπαρξη υδρόφοβων μονομερών, το είδος και το ποσοστό αυτών, η αρχιτεκτονική (στατιστική ή συσταδική) των συμπολυμερών, η εισαγωγή και το είδος της επιφανειοδραστικής ένωσης, ο τρόπος εισαγωγής και το είδος της αλληλεπίδρασης με τα ιόντα Cu2+. Στο τελευταίο στάδιο, διερευνήθηκε η συμβατότητά/αναμιξιμότητα των παρασκευασθέντων βιοστατικών υλικών με τυπικές πολυμερικές μήτρες που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε υφαλοχρώματα. Στις περιπτώσεις που διαπιστώθηκε ικανοποιητική συμβατότητα/αναμιξιμότητα (συστήματα PSSNa/CTAB, PSSNa/PC16, P(SSNa50-co-MANa)/CuPC16, P(VAc-co-MANa)/Cu) και ήταν εφικτό, παρασκευάστηκαν τα αντίστοιχα υφαλοχρώματα. Η συμπεριφορά αυτών των υφαλοχρωμάτων διερευνήθηκε εργαστηριακά με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία σάρωσης (SEM), όσον αφορά τις μορφολογικές μεταβολές της επιφάνειας και τις μεταβολές του πάχους του χρώματος σε επιταχυνόμενες συνθήκες αποδέσμευσης βιοστατικού (υδατικό διάλυμα 5M NaCl). Επίσης, μελετάται και η συμπεριφορά τους σε πραγματικές συνθήκες με τη βοήθεια ειδικής διάταξης σε ελεγχόμενο θαλάσσιο χώρο. / At this thesis, the parameters that influence the interaction and the release of copper ions and/or of cationic surfactants as hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) or hexadecyltrimethyl phosphonium bromide (PC16) from opposite charged polyelectrolytes, are studied. Different polymeric matrixes that are consisted either by commercially available polymers or by polymers that were synthesized for this purpose, were used in order, the influence of the polymer structure to the release rate of copper ions, to be identified. As these ions can behave as biocides, the practical purpose of this study is the possible application of these polymers to self-polishing antifouling paints. Random or block amphiphilic copolymers, whose hydrophilic monomer can interact with copper ions and/or the surfactants, such as styrene sulfonate (SSNa), maleic acid (MAc) and acrylic acid (AA), while the hydrophobic one, which is introduced for the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity control, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), were prepared. In addition, for comparison, the copolymer of maleic acid with vinyl acetate (VAc), (P(VAc-co-MAc)) was prepared. The alternative copolymer of maleic acid with ethylene was also used. The random copolymers P(MMAx-co-SSNa), P(MMAx-co-AA) were synthesized by free radical polymerization while the block copolymers PMMAx-b-PSSNa and PSSNa-b-PMMAx were synthesized through atom transfer polymerization (ATRP), using either PMMA or PSSNa as macroinitiator. The molecular weights of the copolymers were determined by SEC while their structure was identified by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The copolymer composition in MMA untis is between 10-65 mol% as it was determined by 1H-NMR and TGA. The ability of self-assembling of random and block copolymers (P(MMAx-co-SSNa) και PSSNa-b-PMMAx) in aqueous solution was studied by pyrene fluorescence probing. The block copolymers was found to present self-assembling properties as they have lower critical micellization concentration. The binding of Cu2+ by the above mentioned polymers in dilute solutions was achieved through ion-exchange procedure using the sodium salt form of the copolymers or through neutralization of the acid form of the polymers using Cu(OH)2. Tholometry, viscometry and UV-Vis spectrometry were used to study this binding. The interaction of Cu2+ with the polymers leads to the shrinkage of the polymer chains. To the copolymers that contain carboxylic groups this shrinkage is more intense and leads to macroscopic phase separation, as the ratio of Cu2+ to the carboxylic groups is near the stoichiometry, as a consequence of complexes formation. The UV-Vis study of P(Eth-alt- MAc) denoted the formation of binuclear complexes between the Cu2+ and the carboxylic groups. These complexes can behave as crosslinks of the polymer chains. As a result, in semi-dilute solutions, gels are formed. Interestingly, the viscoelastic properties of these gels are dependent on the time elapsed from the mixture of the Cu2+ with the polymer. The interaction of polyelectrolytes that contain SSNa units, with opposite charged surfactant CTAΒ was studied. The interaction of homopolymer PSSNa or of the blocks copolymers PSSNa-b-PMMAx with CTAB leads to phase separation as the ratio of these compounds is near the stoichiometry. On the contrast, the interaction of CTAB with random copolymers P(MMAx-co- SSNa) where x=33-47mol%, leads to the formation of very viscous solutions or weak gels. By the study of the rheological properties of these systems, the influence of the polymer concentration, the molar ratio CTAΒ/SSNa and the ionic strength was found. All the above mentioned polymers where used for the preparation of hybrid materials that contain Cu2+. CTAΒ ή PC16 were also introduced to some of them in order to take a water insoluble material. The final purpose of this thesis was to control the release of Cu+2 ions from the prepared hybrid materials in aqueous NaCl 1M solution. The Cu+2 -release studies were performed photometrically using a selective dye (bathocuproine). As a result, the influence of many parameters such as the presence of hydrophobic monomers, their type and their content, the architecture of the copolymers (random or blocks), the introduction and the type of surfactants, the way of introduction of copper ions to the polymers and the type of their interaction was studied. The compatibility of all these materials with matrixes which are used in the antifouling paints was studied. In case that this compatibility was satisfying, antifouling paints using these polymeric materials (PSSNa/CTAB, PSSNa/PC16, P(SSNa50-co-MANa)/CuPC16, P(VAc-co-MANa)/Cu) were prepared. The morphology of the surface of these paints and the changes to their thickness was studied by SEM after staying in aqueous solution of NaCl 5M. Their behavior to real conditions (sea) is being studied.

On peut imaginer dans un futur proche que des micro-robots implantés pourront suppléer la défaillance de certaines fonctions essentielles. C’est déjà le cas avec les stimulateurs cardiaques dont les piles au lithium sont bien adaptées à leur fonctionnement pendant des années de vie du patient. Cependant, pour des systèmes plus gourmands en énergie, il convient d’améliorer la longévité et la puissance volumique de ces piles. La stratégie que nous avons choisie est basée sur une approche biomimétique et deux voies ont été suivies pour créer une biopile bioinspirée : les biopiles enzymatiques génèrent un courant électrique à partir de l’oxydation de molécules organiques et la réduction d’oxygène en eau. Les biopiles à base de membranes biomimétiques génèrent un potentiel électrique à partir du transfert d’ions au travers une membrane biomimétique.Les biopiles enzymatiques, qui utilisent par exemple le glucose et l’oxygène, sont théoriquement capables de fonctionner indéfiniment car ces substrats sont toujours présents dans l’organisme. Cependant, la biocompatibilité et la performance à long terme de ces biopiles restent des verrous pour leur mise en œuvre chez l’homme. Cette thèse décrit la conception et l’implantation de nouvelles biopiles enzymatiques chez différents modèles animaux. Leur implantation constitue un véritable défi technologique et nous amenons des solutions guidées par la physiologie en abordant les problèmes de biocompatibilité mais aussi de techniques de mesure électrique.Nous sommes maintenant capables d’implanter ces biopiles chez de gros animaux en analysant en temps réel les performances de la biopile implantée.Cette thèse développe également le concept de biopile à base de membranes biomimétiques. Il s’agit d’une biopile mettant en œuvre des protéines de transport (par exemple des canaux ioniques) insérées dans des membranes biomimétiques. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité de la transformation d’un gradient de NaCl en gradient de protons. Nous avons aussi réussi à générer une différence de potentiel de 20 millivolts avec une membrane plane de 38 mm². Cette membrane biomimétique, contenant l’échangeur sodium/proton NhaA, est stable pendant plus de 15 jours. / We believe that in the near future micro-robots or artificial implanted organs can replace failing essential organs. Lithium batteries of cardiac pacemakers are well adapted to operate for years into sick patients. However, for next generation energy intensive implanted devices, longevity and volumic power of these batteries have to be improved.We chose two biomimetic approaches to create bioinspired biofuel cells: the enzymatic biofuel cells generate electrical current from the oxidation and the reduction of organic or inorganic compounds. The biomimetic biofuel cell generate an electrical potential from ion transfer across a biomimetic membrane.The enzymatic biofuel.cells, utilizing glucose and oxygen, are theorically able to work almost indefinitely as their substrates are always present in the body fluids. However, the biocompatibility and the long-term performance of these biofuel cells for a human implantation remain a real bottleneck. This thesis describes the design and the implantation of of new enzymatic biofuel cells in different animal models. The implantation of such devices is challenging and we brought creative solutions with a physiological point of view by addressing biocompatibility problems and electrical measurement techniques. We are now capable to implant these biofuel cells in big animals by analyzing the performances of the biofuel cell in real time.This thesis initiates the biomimetic biofuel cell concept. It consists in membrane transport protein (i.e ion channels) incorporated in a biomimetic membrane. The building of a biomimetic device demonstrates the transformation of a NaCl gradient into a proton gradient. We also generate a 20 mV voltage with a 38 mm² flat membrane. This biomimetic membrane containing the NhaA sodium/ proton exchanger is stable for more than two weeks.

Pesquisa em novas moléculas e estratégias antimicrobianas é crucial devido ao aumento de resistência a antibióticos pelos microrganismos. Polímeros antimicrobianos tem várias vantagens quando comparados a outros biocidas pequenos: maiores tempo de vida, potência, especificidade e baixa toxicidade residual. Logo, outras aplicações tecnológicas como recobrimentos, embalagens ou produtos têxteis antimicrobianos poderem ser exploradas. Em particular, derivados hidrossolúveis de quitosana, como os oligômeros de quitosana (OQ), são biopolímeros catiônicos extraídos de fontes renováveis que são candidatos promissores a serem agentes antimicrobianos de amplo espectro (fungos, bactérias gram-positivas e bactérias gram-negativas). Diferentemente da quitosana, que é sobretudo bioativa em pHs ácidos, OQ permanece catiônico – e portanto ativo – em pH fisiológico. Não obstante, o mecanismo exato pelo qual o polímero age nas membranas celulares permanece desconhecido em nível molecular. Este trabalho visa investigar o mecanismo de interação entre os OQ e modelos de membrana biomiméticos (Filmes de Langmuir). Para comparação, outro polieletrólito catiônico sintético com propriedades antibacterianas, o PAH – poli(hidrocloreto de alilamina) – foi investigado. Nós realizamos a Espectroscopia por Geração de Soma de Frequência (SFG) em Filmes de Langmuir de fosfolipídeos em água pura e em subfases contendo antimicrobianos. A Espectroscopia SFG nos permite obter o espectro vibracional de moléculas interfaciais (filme lipídico e moléculas que estão interagindo com ele: água e antimicrobianos) sem nenhuma contribuição de moléculas do interior do volume e é muito sensível às conformações lipídicas da membrana. Um fosfolipídeo zwitteriônico (DPPC) foi usado para modelar membranas tipo-humana, enquanto outro carregado negativamente (DPPG) modelava a tipo-bacteriana. Isotermas em subfases contendo antimicrobianos mostraram que ambos PAH e OQ causam uma pequena expansão das monocamadas de DPPC. Entretanto, para as monocamadas de DPPG ambos os polieletrólitos geraram uma expansão significativa. Entre eles, os OQ causaram um efeito mais drástico. Espectros SFG dos estiramentos CH mostraram que a conformação lipídica permaneceu bem empacotada em todos os casos (ligeiramente menos ordenada com PAH) apesar das expansões da membrana. Isto indica que os OQ foram inseridos formaram ilhas de OQ dentro do filme lipídico. Mudanças na forma de linha dos estiramentos da água interfacial indicaram que a adsorção de PAH em ambos os filmes foram capazes de compensar as cargas negativas, gerando uma inversão de cargas na superfície. Os espectros SFG dos grupos fosfato também indicaram que, em água pura, as cabeças polares de DPPC estão com uma orientação mais ordenada do que no caso do DPPG. Contudo, quando interagindo com os polieletrólitos catiônicos, as cabeças dos DPPGs se ordenam, ficando preferencialmente perpendicular à interface. Experimentos com antimicrobianos injetados na subfase enquanto os filmes de Langmuir já estavam condensados indicaram que os OQ foram capazes de penetrar na monocamada, embora causando uma expansão no filme menor. Esta comparação evidencia que a escolha da metodologia experimental afeta o resultado, mas ambas podem ser complementares, visto que podem representar diferentes fases do ciclo celular das biomembranas. A visão detalhada provida aqui para as interações moleculares desses polieletrólitos com filmes lipídicos podem os elucidar mecanismos de atividade biocida deles e auxiliar no planejamento racional de novos polímeros antimicrobianos. / Research on new antimicrobial molecules and strategies is crucial due to the increasing microorganism resistance to antibiotics. Antimicrobial Polymers have many advantages when compared to other small biocides: increased lifetimes, potency, specificity and lower residual toxicity. Therefore, they have great potential for technological applications, such as antimicrobial coatings, packages, or textile products. In particular, water-soluble derivatives of chitosan, such as chitosan oligomers (CO), are cationic biopolymers obtained from renewable sources that are promising candidates to a wide-spectrum antimicrobial agent (fungi, gram positive and gram negative bacteria). Unlike chitosan, which is mainly bioactive at acidic pH, CO remain cationic - and therefore active - at physiological pH. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism by which this polymer acts on the cell membranes remains unknown at the molecular level. This work aims at investigating the molecular interaction between CO and a biomimetic cell membrane model (Langmuir Film). For comparison, another synthetic cationic polylelectrolyte with antibacterial properties, PAH – poly(alylamine hydrochloride), has been investigated. We have carried out Sum-Frequency Generation (SFG) Spectroscopy on Langmuir Films of phospholipids on pure water and on antimicrobial containing subphases. SFG Spectroscopy allows obtaining the vibrational spectrum of interfacial molecules (lipid Langmuir Film and molecules interacting with it – water and antimicrobials), without any contribution from the bulk molecules, and is quite sensitive to the conformation of membrane lipids. A zwitterionic phospholipid (DPPC) was used to model human-like membranes, while a negatively charged phospholipid (DPPG) modeled bacterial-like membranes. Surface pressure-area isotherms on antimicrobial-containing subphases showed that both PAH and CO led to a small expansion of DPPC monolayers. However, for DPPG monolayers both polyelectrolytes led to significant expansion, with CO causing a more dramatic effect. SFG spectra in the CH stretch range showed that the lipid chain conformation remained always well ordered in all cases (slightly less ordered upon interacting with PAH), despite membrane expansion. This indicates that CO were inserted in the monolayer, forming islands of CO within the lipid film. Changes in the SFG spectral lineshape of OH stretches for the interfacial water molecules indicated that PAH adsorption on both DPPC and DPPG films was able to overcompensate the lipid negative charge and led to an overall surface charge reversal. The SFG spectra of the phosphate groups also indicated that in pure water the DPPC headgroups had a more ordered orientation than in the case of DPPG. Nevertheless, upon interaction with the cationic polyelectrolytes, the DPPG headgroups also become ordered, with a preferential orientation towards the subphase. Experiments with the antimicrobials injected in the subphase under a condensed Langmuir film indicated that CO were also capable of monolayer penetration, albeit causing a reduced film expansion. This comparison indicates that the choice of experimental methodology affects the outcome, but both may be complementary, as they may represent different phases of a biomembrane lifecycle. The detailed view provided here for the molecular interaction of these polyelectrolytes with lipid films may shed light on the mechanism of their biocidal activity and aid on a rational design of new antimicrobial polymers.

Neste trabalho foi utilizada Espectroscopia Vibracional por Geração de Soma de Freqüências, uma técnica óptica não-linear que é sensível à conformação molecular em interfaces e superfícies, para caracterizar o ordenamento molecular de filmes poliméricos automontados de polieletrólitos durante todos os passos do processo de fabricação, tendo como modelo o par de polieletrólitos PAH (poli(cloreto de alilamina)) / PSS (poli(estireno sulfonato de sódio)). Os espectros SFG permitiram verificar que durante o mergulho (in situ) do substrato na solução de polieletrólitos, estes adsorvem, mas se encontram numa configuração desordenada. Observou-se também que a secagem dos filmes pela ação de jato de nitrogênio produz filmes menos homogêneos do que por secagem espontânea, e às vezes até destruindo completamente o ordenamento molecular. Além disso, verificou-se também que camadas de polieletrólitos adsorvidas influenciam o ordenamento das camadas previamente adsorvidas. Com base nos resultados, modelos para a representação das estruturas desses filmes de polieletrólitos in situ e ex situ foram propostos. / In this work, Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy, a nonlinear optical technique that is sensitive to molecular conformation at interfaces and surfaces, was used to characterize the molecular ordering of self-assembled films during all steps of self-assembly, having as model poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) / poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) polyelectrolyte assemble. SFG spectra showed that during immersion (in situ) of substrate in polyelectrolytes solutions, adsorption occurs but the molecules are in a disordered configuration. It was observed that the films drying by nitrogen flow are more inhomogeneous than those dried by spontaneous water evaporation. In some cases, dried films by nitrogen flow are quite disordered. Furthermore, it was observed that polyelectrolytes layers affect the ordering of the previously adsorbed layers. Based on our results, models were proposed to represent the structure of polyelectrolytes films in both: in situ and ex situ.

Partículas e filmes híbridos de polímeros e compostos de amônio quaternário (CAQ) foram caracterizados quanto a propriedades físicas e atividade contra cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Partículas híbridas foram obtidas a partir de fragmentos de bicamada (BF) de brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB), adicionados consecutivamente de soluções de carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e cloreto de poli (dialildimetilamônio) (PDDA) e, a seguir, caracterizadas por espalhamento de luz dinâmico para determinação de distribuições de tamanho, diâmetro médio (Dz) e potencial-zeta (ζ). Filmes híbridos foram obtidos por revestimento rotacional de lamínulas de vidro a partir de uma solução clorofórmica de poli (metil metacrilato) (PMMA) e CAQ onde [PMMA] = 10 mg/mL e [CAQs] = 0,03 4 mM de DODAB, brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB) ou brometo de tetrapropilamônio (TPAB). Molhabilidade dos filmes e difusibilidade dos CAQs nos filmes imersos em água foram avaliadas por determinação de ângulo de contato e de tensão superficial na interface ar-água, respectivamente. Atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por plaqueamento e contagem de viáveis, tanto para os filmes quanto para as partículas. Para os filmes, também foram determinados halos de inibição. Partículas de DODAB BF/ CMC/ PDDA exibiram Dz e ζ dependentes da concentração dos componentes. A 0,1 mM de DODAB, 0,1 mg/mL de CMC e 0,1 mg/mL de PDDA, foram obtidas partículas pequenas (Dz = 100 nm; ζ = 30 mV). Com 0,5 mM de DODAB, 0,5 mg/mL de CMC e 0,5 mg/mL de PDDA foram obtidas partículas grandes (Dz = 470 nm; ζ = 50 mV). Contra 107 UFC/mL, 1 - 2 µg/mL de PDDA, sozinho em solução ou em forma de partículas, matou 99 % das células de P. aeruginosa. O mesmo ocorreu contra S. aureus (107 UFC/mL) em 10 µg/mL de PDDA. A ação antimicrobiana mostrou-se dependente da quantidade de cargas positivas nas partículas e independente do tamanho da partícula. Filmes de PMMA/ CAQ apresentaram maior molhabilidade do que aqueles de PMMA puro. Filmes de PMMA/ DODAB e PMMA/ TPAB submersos em água não causaram alterações de tensão superficial na interface ar-água, indicando baixa difusibilidade destes CAQs a partir dos filmes. Filmes de PMMA/ CTAB submersos em água reduziram a tensão superficial até aproximadamente 60 mN/m, mostrando a difusibilidade do CTAB no filme e sua organização na interface ar-água. O efeito antimicrobiano dos filmes PMMA/ DODAB e PMMA/ CTAB foi dependente da concentração do CAQ utilizada no preparo do filme. Viabilidade celular de 0% contra 107 UFC/mL de ambas as bactérias ocorreu com 4 mM de DODAB ou, com 2 ou 0,2 mM de CTAB contra P. aeruginosa ou S. aureus, respectivamente. Filmes de PMMA/ TPAB não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana. Com a emergência de micro-organismos resistentes aos antibióticos, os novos nanomateriais antimicrobianos híbridos de polímeros e compostos de amônio quaternário podem representar uma alternativa de fácil obtenção e baixo custo. / Hybrid particles and films from polymers and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) were characterized regarding its physical properties and antimicrobial activity against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 or Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Hybrid particles were obtained from dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayer fragments (BF), consecutively added of carboximethylcellulose (CMC) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) solutions, and then, characterized by dynamic light-scattering for determination of size distributions, z-average diameter (Dz) and zeta-potential (ζ). Hybrid films were obtained by spin-coating of a chloroformic solution of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and QAC on glass coverslips at [PMMA] = 10 mg/mL and [QACs] = 0.03 -4 mM where QACs were DODAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB). Films wettability and QACs diffusibility in the films immersed in water were evaluated by determinations of contact angle and surface tension at air-water interface, respectively. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by plating and CFU counting both for particles and films. For the hybrid films, width of inhibition zone was also determined. DODAB BF/ CMC/ PDDA particles exhibited Dz and ζ dependent on the concentrations of the components. At 0.1 mM DODAB, 0.1 mg/mL CMC, and 0.1 mg/mL PDDA, small cationic particles were obtained (Dz = 100 nm; ζ = 30 mV). At 0.5 mM DODAB, 0.5 mg/mL CMC and 0.5 mg/mL PDDA, large cationic particles were obtained (Dz = 470 nm; ζ = 50 mV). At 107 CFU/mL, cell viability of 1 % for P. aeruginosa was obtained for PDDA in solution or covering particles at 1 or 2 µg/mL PDDA, respectively. Against S. aureus (107 CFU/mL) at 10 µg/mL PDDA, a similar result was obtained. The antimicrobial effect was dependent on the amount of positive charge on particles and independent on particle size. The hybrid films of PMMA/ QAC showed higher wettability than those of pure PMMA. PMMA/ DODAB and PMMA/ TPAB hybrid films, submerged in water, did not cause changes in surface tension at the air-water interface, indicating low diffusibility for both DODAB and TPAB in hybrid films. Films of PMMA/ CTAB, submerged in water, reduced the surface tension to about 60 mN/m, showing that CTAB could diffuse from the film to the air-water interface and change its surface tension. The antimicrobial effect of PMMA/ DODAB and PMMA/ CTAB hybrid films was clearly dependent on the QAC concentration used to prepare the films. Cell viability of 0% for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (107 CFU/mL) occurred at 4 mM DODAB, or 2 and 0.2 mM CTAB, respectively. Films of PMMA/ TPAB showed no antimicrobial activity. With the emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics, the novel hybrid antimicrobial nanomaterials may become important since they are inexpensive and easy to obtain.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais dos Santos Souza.pdf: 11169057 bytes, checksum: 6c199918f7217137c24070f2ea4f8e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / The suitable superplasticizers admixtures usage has become fundamental in the cementitious systems production (like concretes and mortars), because they interact with cement particles surfaces, causing their dispersion and deflocculation without the excessive water addition. The hardened material with a smaller water quantity acquires better positive, like higher compressive strength, lower permeability and extended durability. The major dispersants admixtures are negative charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) that are capable to adsorb on the cement particles and cause their electrostatic dispersion. Given the current environmental and economic interest in reuse of discarded materials, the purpose of this study was to assess the viability of use and application of modified post-consumer expanded polystyrene (EPS) as an admixture to cementitious systems becoming it a higher added value material. The modification of the EPS was performed by sulfonation and the interfering variables in the reaction were evaluated. The performance of the stabilized polyelectrolyte already formed (sodium polystyrene sulfonate NaPSS) as dispersant was verified in cement paste and mortar. The study showed that modification of post-consumer EPS by sulfonation reaction was carried out efficiently regarding to the production of a polyelectrolyte with a maximum degree of modification, within the conditions studied, and which variables most influence the reaction. Moreover, the product with a maximum degree of modification (most likely to interact with the cement) was not effective as a dispersant for cementitious systems, causing a decrease in the mechanical strength and plasticity evaluated. / O uso de aditivos plastificantes adequados tornou-se fundamental na produção de sistemas cimentícios (como por exemplo, concretos e argamassas), pois interagem com a superfície das partículas de cimento, provocando a dispersão e defloculação das mesmas, sem adição excessiva de água. O material endurecido adquire assim melhores propriedades, como maior resistência, menor permeabilidade e maior durabilidade. Grande parte dos aditivos dispersantes são polímeros dotados de cargas negativas (polieletrólitos), capazes de adsorver nas partículas de cimento e provocar sua dispersão eletrostática. Diante do atual interesse ambiental e econômico de reutilização dos materiais descartados, o propósito deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade do uso e aplicação do EPS pós-consumo modificado como aditivo plastificante de sistemas cimentícios, tornando-o um material de maior valor agregado. A modificação do EPS foi realizada via sulfonação, e as variáveis interferentes na reação foram avaliadas. O polieletrólito formado já estabilizado (poliestireno sulfonado de sódio PSSNa), teve seu desempenho como dispersante verificado em pasta de cimento e argamassa. O estudo mostrou que a modificação do EPS pós-consumo a partir da reação de sulfonação realizada foi eficiente com relação à produção de um polieletrólito com máximo grau de modificação, dentro das condições estudadas, e quais as variáveis que mais influenciam na reação. Por outro lado, o produto com máximo grau de modificação (mais passível de interação com o cimento) não se mostrou eficiente como dispersante de sistemas cimentícios, causando a diminuição da plasticidade e das resistências mecânicas avaliadas.

No description available.

Cette thèse présente une étude physico-chimique concernant le traitement d’eaux contaminées par des cations métalliques en utilisant la coacervation complexe et la régénération des réactifs. Cette recherche a été menée afin d’évaluer les bénéfices de la coacervation par rapport à l’approche traditionnelle de la combinaison de la complexion métallique par des polymères avec leur séparation par ultrafiltration. Après un premier chapitre consacré à l’état de l’art, le deuxième concerne l’étude de la combinaison de deux poly-électrolytes complémentaires, l’acide polyacrylique et la poly-éthylèneimine, pour optimiser l’élimination simultanée de cations mono et divalents en un nombre réduit d’étapes. L’ordre d’addition des réactifs s’est avéré primordial sur la qualité et l’aisance de la séparation. L’action de la séparation la plus efficace a été obtenue lorsque la poly-éthylèneimine vient parachever la neutralisation du complexe métal polyacrylate. Cette séparation peut alors être facilement obtenue par voie gravitaire, mais l’ultrafiltration des surnageants améliore significativement l’élimination d’espèces colloïdales du plomb et du cadmium. Le troisième chapitre présente la première partie du traitement des boues métalliques qui vise à favoriser le recyclage des métaux et la réutilisation des poly-électrolytes. Dans cette partie, la séparation des métaux a été étudié par électrolyse et par précipitation sélective à l’aide du sulfure de fer. L’électrolyse en milieu acide, s’est avérée la méthode la plus favorable au recyclage du métal et à la récupération des poly-électrolytes. Le dernier chapitre concerne la séparation des deux poly-électrolytes en vue de leur réutilisation comme réactif de traitement, car il a été démontré que le traitement des métaux dans les solutions contaminées est bien meilleur lorsque les deux poly-électrolytes sont ajoutés de manière espacée. Un traitement par précipitation sélective du polyacrylate de sodium avec l’acétone a été comparé avec la séparation par ultrafiltration. Tandis que le premier s’est avéré efficace, mais polluant, le second n’a pas permis de trouver des conditions favorables à la séparation des deux poly-électrolytes. / This thesis presents physicochemical study devoted to treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated by metal cations using complex coacervation and recovery of reactants. The aim of this research study was to assess the benefits of coacervation with respect to the usual approach that involves the combination of metal complexation with polymers and their removal from solutions by ultrafiltration. The first part was devoted to the state of the art, the second on reports the study concerning the combination of two complementary polyelectrolytes, the polyacrylic acid and polyethyleneimine, in order to optimize the simultaneous removal of mono and divalent cations in a reduced number of steps. The order of addition was of main importance on the quality and the easiness of separation. The most effective separation was obtained when the polyethyleneimine was used to end the charge neutralization of the metal polyacrylate complex. In this conditions, a gravy separation may be carried easily, but the ultrafiltration of supernatant solutions significantly improved the removal of Pb-and colloidal species colloidal species. The third chapter presents the first step of the sludge treatment which aims at encouraging the recycling of metals and reuse of polyelectrolytes. In this part, electrolysis and selective precipitation using iron sulphide were assessed to remove metals. The the most favorable method for metal recycling and polyelectrolyte reuse was electrolysis in moderately acid conditions. The last part reports a study for the separation of polyacrylic acid and poly ethyleneimine from the free metal sludges as it was shown that the removal of metal contamined solutions was much more effective when the polyelectrolytes are added separately. Polyelectrolytes separation was compared using acetone for the polyacrylate precipitation and ultrafiltration.Whereas the former method was effective, but not green, the latter was not found compatible with the selective separation of the polyelectrolytes

Orientador: Varlei Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T16:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_RafaelCintraHensel_M.pdf: 43759995 bytes, checksum: 8636f117e63053d6b540d65b95c34072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Os filmes orgânicos ultrafinos tem permitido funcionalizar superfícies a fim de introduzir propriedades específicas que diferem daquelas apresentadas em escala macroscópica. Um processo versátil para modificar superfícies e criar sistemas multifuncionais é a técnica de automontagem por adsorção física (LbL, do inglês Layer-by-Layer), na qual nanoestruturas são formadas devido a adsorção de moléculas com cargas opostas em arquiteturas moleculares multicamadas. O monitoramento elétrico do crescimento dos filmes é essencial em experimentos nos quais não são permitidas caracterizações ópticas. Além disto, é importante compreender as propriedades elétricas destes filmes devido a sua utilização em sensores capacitivos para análise química. Deste modo, neste trabalho desenvolvemos um equipamento capaz de acompanhar o crescimento de filmes LbL por meio de medidas de capacitância após a deposição de cada camada de polieletrólitos sobre eletrodos interdigitados (IDEs, do inglês Interdigitated Electrodes). Observamos um aumento linear da capacitância devido ao acúmulo de material dielétrico sobre os IDEs, com uma alternância na medida de capacitância de acordo com o polieletrólito depositado, isto é, há uma reversão de carga na camada mais externa quando a adsorção do policátion é compensada pela do poliânion, ou vice-versa. Utilizando o modelo para o potencial eletrostático de um IDE proposto por M. W. Den Otter, desenvolvemos uma nova metodologia para investigar a constante dielétrica da estrutura multicamadas formada. Obtivemos (16 ± 1) para a constante dielétrica do filme LbL (PDDA/CuTsPc), e (21 ± 3) para a arquitetura (PDDA/PSS), ambos em satisfatória concordância com a literatura. Ademais, desenvolvemos um modelo para interpretar o deslocamento na capacitância medida após a adsorção do policátion a fim de determinar sua densidade de carga superficial, que diminuiu de (0,23 ± 0,02) e/µm2 para (0,08 ± 0,01) e/µm2 quando o PDDA (policátion fortemente carregado) foi substituído pelo PAH (policátion fracamente carregado) para ambos os poliânions analisados. Portanto, desenvolvemos um equipamento para monitorar o crescimento de filmes LbL e uma metodologia que permite obter informações sobre o comportamento dielétrico dos filmes a cada camada depositada, o que pode auxiliar na escolha dos materiais e espessura dos filmes LbL utilizados como elementos transdutores em desenvolvimentos futuros / Abstract: Organic ultrathin films have enabled surface¿s functionalization in order to introduce specific properties which differ from those in macroscopic scale. A versatile process to modify surfaces and create multifunctional systems is the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, in which the nanostructures are formed due to the adsorption of charged molecules in multilayered molecular architectures. The electrical monitoring of the film's growth is essential in experiments in which optical characterizations can not be used. Moreover, it is important to comprehend the electrical properties of these films owing to their application on capacitive sensors for chemical analysis. In this research we developed a home-made setup to keep track of the LbL film¿s growth by measuring the capacitance after each deposited layer onto interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). We have observed a linear increase in the capacitance due to accumulated dielectric material onto the IDEs, along with an alternation in the measured capacitance according to the deposited polyelectrolyte, i.e., a charge reversal of the outermost layer as the polycation adsorption is compensated by the polyanion adsorption, or vice-versa. Using the IDEs electrostatic potential model proposed by M. W. Den Otter, we have developed a new methodology to investigate the dielectric constant of the formed multilayered structure. A dielectric constant of (16 ± 1) was obtained for (PDDA/CuTsPc) films and (21 ± 3) for (PDDA/PSS) architecture, both in satisfactory agreement with the literature. Furthermore, we have developed a model to interpret the capacitance measurement shift after the polycation adsoption in order to investigate its surface charge density, which decreased from (0.23 ± 0.02) e/µm2 to (0.08 ± 0.01) e/µm2 when PDDA (strong polycation) was replaced by PAH (weak polycation) for both analyzed polyanions. Therefore, we have developed an equipment to monitor the LbL film's growth as well as a methodology that enables the obtaining of information about the film dielectric behavior at each deposited layer, which can assist in the choice of the materials and thickness of the LbL films that are used as transductor elements in future developments / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 147530/2014 / CNPQ

Biological systems are composed of complex materials which are responsible for performing various functions, such as providing structural support, mobility, functional adaptation to the environment, damage repair, and self-healing. These complex materials display excellent mechanical properties and can rapidly adapt to external stimuli. Thus, nature inspires in terms of source materials, functions, and designs to develop new-generation structural and functional materials. Polymers (natural or synthetic) are excellent sources of developing materials to mimic the functions of soft segments in biological systems. This dissertation focuses on synthesizing and characterizing two different materials with tunable structures and properties: complexes from natural polysaccharides or polyelectrolytes and bioinspired hydrogels from synthetic polymers. Oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can form polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) due to the electrostatic interactions. The structure and properties of PECs can be tuned by varying the salt concentration, as the addition of salt can facilitate associative phase separation. PECs were prepared from two biopolymers, positively charged chitosan and negatively charged alginate. Rheological experiments for the complexes displayed a tunable shear modulus with changing salt concentrations. The microstructural study conducted using small-angle X-ray scattering provided insights regarding the length scales of these complexes, and the results follow the observed rheological and phase behavior. Elastic biopolymers such as resilin display remarkable mechanical properties, including high stretchability and resilience, which many species exploit in nature for mechanical energy storage to facilitate their movement. Such properties of resilin have been attributed to the balanced combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments present in the chain. In this work, we synthesized hydrogels with hydrophilic and hydrophobic components to mimic the properties of resilin. With this system, we determined the tensile, retraction (ability to revert to the original state after stretching), and swelling properties when (i) the concentration of the hydrophobic polymer was varied and (ii) additional hydrophobic components were included. The stretchability, stiffness, and strength of the gels varied as the compositions were altered. The fundamental understanding of the structure-property-function relationship for materials presented in this work provides insights into engineering materials for applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, artificial muscles, soft robotics, and power amplification.