No description available.

The variation of genome content and structure across the tree of life is astounding and can provide clues to understand the process of evolution. Overall, this helps us understand the history of life and how organisms have fundamentally changed and adapted to their environments. Gene duplication is an important mechanism for molecular evolution because it provides opportunity for functional novelty and molecular innovation. Gene duplication creates new functional gene copies with different selective pressures that allow them to take on new or specialized functions. Throughout this work, I explored the interplay between genetic changes, molecular phenotype, and the selection of duplicate gene copies. I particularly focused on the genetic opportunity, consequences, and selective pressures of the mechanisms for short-term and long-term duplicate copy retention. I modeled the stochastic processes of mutation and selection and their effect on duplicate gene copy retention. Specifically, I modeled the interplay between subfunctionalization and dosage balance and found that selection may cause genes that are sensitive to dosage balance effects to experience delayed subfunctionalization, but ultimately lead to higher levels of subfunctionalization. These findings suggest that subfunctionalization may not occur as a purely neutral process. Next, I used survival analysis methods to model patterns of duplicate gene retention in genomes experiencing consecutive whole genome duplication events. I modeled three hypotheses to explain patterns of duplicate gene retention including the Independence Hypothesis, the Gene Duplicability Hypothesis, and a novel Mutational Opportunity Hypothesis. Under the Gene Duplicability and Mutational Opportunity hypotheses, the expected patterns of duplicate gene retention after consecutive whole genome duplication events are greatly affected by the ages of the whole genome duplication events and the functional properties of the genomic content that influence opportunity and selection. Additionally, I describe how statistical model testing techniques can be applied to investigate which hypothesis is consistent with patterns of retention in real-world phylogenetic datasets. I used these described techniques to explore the hypotheses’ parameter space consistent with a modest dataset of fish and plant lineages. These results suggest that a gene duplicate’s retention after whole genome duplication events may be influenced by its functional properties. Key findings underscore the multifaceted nature of duplicate gene retention, influenced by a myriad of factors including genetic opportunity, selective pressures, and evolutionary context. By dissecting the underlying mechanisms driving duplicate gene retention, this dissertation advances our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics shaping genome evolution and functional diversity across diverse biological systems. / Biology

Increasing human pressure combined with sea level rise and increased storminess is threatening coastal ecosystems around the world. Among these ecosystems, saltmarshes are particularly endangered due to their position in temperate areas with low wave action where human density is often high (e.g. estuaries). Around the UK, centuries of land reclamation have led to a substantial decrease of the area of saltmarsh. Over the past decades, restoration schemes have been implemented in numerous coastal locations in an attempt to counteract this loss. Such schemes involve allowing sea water to inundate a previously embanked area and letting the vegetation develop naturally, thereby reverting to saltmarsh through natural colonisation. However, surveys of restored areas that have looked at the recovery of plant species diversity or functional characteristics often show that restored saltmarshes do not reach the state of a natural saltmarsh ecosystem. While there is much data at the species level, recovery of plant intra-specific diversity (genetic diversity) has not been assessed in restored saltmarsh although this component of biodiversity is receiving increasing attention for its effect on ecosystem function. This thesis represents the first attempt to (1) characterize the nation-wide genetic structure of two important north-west European saltmarsh plant species, the common saltmarsh grass (Puccinellia maritima) and the sea arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) and (2) compare levels of genetic diversity and structure between restored and natural ecosystems. Microsatellite molecular markers were developed for both species. Using innovative methods to analyse the genetic data obtained for these two polyploid species, this thesis highlights that genetic diversity at the national scale is organised regionally for both species, although gene-flow is still restricted between populations within the same region. Gene-flow between populations is determined by different processes depending on the species. While coastal processes mainly influence gene dispersal in P. maritima, overland routes of dispersal are involved for T. maritima. These differences are believed to be due to differences in dispersal ecology between the two species. Although gene-flow exists between distant saltmarshes, the genetic analysis of P. maritima and T. maritima colonists arriving on restored sites highlighted their local origin and reaffirmed that it is preferable to restore saltmarsh where a nearby natural saltmarsh can act as a source of colonists. A multiple paired-site comparison identified similar genetic diversity between restored and natural saltmarshes indicating that restoration of local genetic diversity is rapid for both species. A single site comparison at Skinflats in the Forth estuary compared fine-scale spatial genetic structure between the restored and natural saltmarsh. Interestingly, no structure was detected for T. maritima either in restored or natural saltmarsh. In contrast, a strong genetic structure organised along the elevation gradient was observed in the natural saltmarsh for P. maritima but was absent in the restored saltmarsh. The origin of this structure is not clear but could be due to restricted gene-flow between individuals from different elevations due to strong post-zygotic selection, as suggested in previous work. In any case, this lack of structure in the restored saltmarsh indicates that genetic recovery is incomplete in this respect for P. maritima. This thesis introduces the growing field of restoration genetics to saltmarsh ecology and identifies the principal population genetic trends in two of the species dominating the vegetation of north-west European saltmarshes community. The information given here will be useful for restoration practitioners and provides a strong foundation for future work characterizing the importance of genetic diversity for saltmarsh function.

Les cultivars modernes de canne à sont de hauts polyploïdes, aneuploïdes issus de croisements interspécifiques entre deux espèces polyploïdes, une espèce sucrée domestiquée Saccharum officinarum et une espèce sauvage Saccharum spontaneum. Le gène majeur de résistance durable à la rouille brune, Bru1 a été identifié chez le cultivar de canne à sucre R570. Une approche de clonage positionnel de ce gène a été entreprise et a permis de construire une première carte physique. Elle comprend sept haplotype hom(é)ologues dont un correspond à l'haplotype cible porteur du gène Bru1 qui comprend sept clones BAC qui ne se chevauchent que partiellement laissant deux espaces non couverts. Il a été montré que cette situation résulte de la présence d'une insertion dans l'haplotype porteur de Bru1. Pour combler les deux espaces présents sur l'haplotype cible, deux stratégies utilisant l'annotation des BAC ont été employées : (i) une se basant sur la conservation des gènes existante entre les différents haplotypes hom(é)ologues de la région de Bru1 et (ii) une en utilisant des marqueurs flanquants les deux espaces. Ces stratégies no us ont permis de combler un des deux espaces, de couvrir partiellement le deuxième espace et de montrer que le gène de résistance se situerait dans l'insertion. Nous avons identifié un gène candidat correspondant à une Sérine/Thréonine kinase située dans l'insertion. Des tests d'expression ont été effectués en condition normale afin de vérifier si ce gène est exprimé mais aucune amplification n'a été obtenue. Parallèlement, la recherche de l'origine de l'insertion présente sur l'haplotype cible a été entreprise en retraçant son origine dans la généalogie de notre cultivar d'étude R570 et en criblant une banque de clones de Saccharum contenant différentes espèces de canne à sucre. Les résultats sur la généalogie tendent à nous dire que cette insertion est ancienne et aurait été transmise à R570 via S. barberi. / Modern sugarcane cultivars are high polyploids, aneuploids derived interspecific crosses between two polyploid species, domesticated sugar species Saccharum officinarum and a wild species Saccharum spontaneum. The major gene for sustainable resistance to brown rust, Bru1 was identified in the modern cultivar R570. An map-based approach has been undertaken and has built a first physical map. It includes seven haplotype hom(e)ologous which one corresponds to the haplotype carrying Bru1 which includes seven BACs that overlap only partially, including two gaps. It was shown that this situation results from the presence of an insertion in the target haplotype. To fill the two gaps, two strategies using the annotation of BACs were used: (i) Based on the good genes conservation between haplotypes hom(e)ologous and (ii) by using markers flanking the two gaps. These strategies have enabled us to fill one of two gaps, partially cover the second and show that the resistance gene would be in the insertion. We identified a candidate gene corresponding to a serine/threonine kinase located in the insertion. Expression tests were performed in normal condition to see if this gene is expressed but no amplification was obtained. Meanwhile, the search for the origin of the insertion present on the target haplotype was undertaken by tracing its origin in the genealogy of R570 and analysing a library of clones of Saccharum spp containing different types of cane sugar. Results on the genealogy we tend to say that this insertion is old and were sent to R570 via S. barberi.

No description available.

O mapeamento de QTLs em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é de grande importância para entendimento da arquitetura genética de caracteres quantitativos e aperfeiçoamento dos programas de melhoramento. Entretanto uma situação comum é a ocorrência de genótipos de marcadores não observados, ocasionando viés na estimativa e localização de possíveis QTLs. Portanto, métodos que consideram a informação de genótipos não observados devem ser utilizados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo detectar QTLs em uma população de irmão completos de cana-de-açúcar utilizando o método de mapeamento por intervalo com a implementação da abordagem da imputação múltipla. A população de mapeamento foi composta por 220 indivíduos oriundos do cruzamento entre os genitores IACSP95-3018 e IACSP93-3046. Os caracteres avaliados foram : percentual de fibra (Fibra), conteúdo de sacarose (POL), produção de cana por parcela (PC) e produção de açúcar por parcela (PP). Foram utilizadas dez imputações para gerar pseudomarcadores a cada 1cM no mapa de ligação que totalizou 4370 cM. Observou-se que ao total, 57 QTLs foram mapeados nos 113 grupos de ligação avaliados, sendo 14 QTLs para o caráter Fibra, 19 para POL, 12 para PC e 12 para PP. O valor de LOD Score e R2 variaram entre 3,82-7,52 e 6,49%-16,61%, respectivamente. Foi observado que em geral, os efeitos aditivos e de dominância foram significativos, predominando os efeitos aditivos. Além de reduzir o viés ocasionado pelos genótipos não observados, a abordagem da imputação múltipla aumentou o poder de detecção de QTLs, mapeando QTLs com sucesso. Assim, acredita-se que os resultados do presente trabalho, contribuiram para futuros estudos que objetivem a melhor compreensão da arquitetura genética dos caracteres quantitativos da cana-de-açúcar. / QTL mapping in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is important to understand the genetic architecture of quantitative traits that are important in breeding programs. However, the ocurrence of missing marker phenotypes is common and decrease the power to detect QTL and causes bias in estimates of locations and effects of QTL. Therefore, methods that include missing marker phenotypes should be considered. Our work was aimed at detecting QTL in a full-sib family of sugarcane via interval mapping method using the multiple imputation approach. The mapping population was composed of 220 individuals derived from a biparental cross between IAC95-3018 and IACSP93-3046. The evaluated traits related to yield were: fiber content (Fiber), sugar content (POL), cane yield in kg.plot1 (PC), sugar yield in kg.plot1 (PP). Ten imputation data sets were build using a 1-cM grid to infer pseudomarker genotype along the genetic linkage map. The QTL mapping on the data with imputed pseudomarker genotypes detected 57 QTLs; 14 QTL were obtained for Fiber; 19 for POL; 12 for cane yield and 12 for sugar yied. The LOD Score value and the R2 proportional to the average weight of all pseudomarker realizations at each grid position ranged from 3.82-7.52 and 6.49%- 16.61%, respectively. In general, it was observed that additive and dominance effects were significant, with predominance of additive effects. The application of multiple imputation approach was successful in reducing the bias and increasing the power of QTL detection. Thus, it is believed that the results of this work contribute to future studies to understand the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in sugarcane

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é uma cultura muito importante para a produção de açúcar e álcool no Brasil. Um importante avanço a respeito do seu genoma tem surgido com o emprego de marcadores moleculares, os quais têm sido extensamente utilizados para diversas finalidades, como o mapeamento de QTLs a partir de cruzamentos bi-parentais. Entretanto, o uso de populações oriundas de cruzamentos controlados tende a limitar os eventos de recombinação genética, gerando menor resolução de mapeamento. Nesse sentido, o mapeamento associativo surge como ferramenta promissora no estudo de QTLs, uma vez que podem ser utilizadas populações naturais, coleções de germoplasmas, conjunto de materiais elite, entre outros, possibilitando detectar eventos de recombinação em um contexto histórico-evolutivo. Para definir as melhores estratégias de mapeamento associativo, é fundamental conhecer o desequilíbrio de ligação (DL) e a estrutura genética presentes em determinada população, de modo a verificar o número de marcadores necessários e promover o controle de falsos positivos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o DL e a estrutura populacional ao longo do genoma de variedades comerciais e clones de interesse para o melhoramento da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, com base em 135 indivíduos do painel brasileiro de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (PBVCA). Esse painel, que foi desenvolvido principalmente para a realização do mapeamento associativo, reúne ancestrais importantes, variedades mais cultivadas, clones promissores, principais genitores em cruzamentos e variedades utilizadas em programas de mapeamento. Um total de 1.474 marcadores polimórficos foi obtido, considerando 86 EST-SSRs e 14 SSRs. Um mapa de ligação prévio foi utilizado para verificar as distâncias entre marcadores mapeados do PBVCA. O teste exato de Fisher foi realizado entre todos os possíveis pares de locos e usado como uma medida do DL. A estrutura populacional foi analisada através do método probabilístico implementado no STRUCTURE e do método Neighbor-Joining, este baseado na dissimilaridade genética, calculada pelo simple matching, entre todos os pares de indivíduos. Forte DL foi observado em uma distância de até 15 cM, principalmente nos primeiros 5 cM. Quatro subpopulações foram detectadas no PBVCA através de ambos os métodos, que parecem estar de acordo com informações oriundas de pedigree. Esses resultados podem fornecer direcionamentos importantes para futuros estudos de mapeamento genético, os quais certamente precisarão considerar o elevado nível de ploidia da cana-de-açúcar. / Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a very important crop for sugar and alcohol production in Brazil. A great progress on its genome has emerged through molecular markers, which have been widely used for several purposes, such as QTL mapping based on bi-parental crosses. However, the use of populations derived from designed crosses tend to limit the genetic recombination events, resulting in a lower mapping resolution. In this sense, association mapping has emerged as a promising tool for QTL detection, since may be used natural populations, germplasm collections, elite set of materials, and others, allowing to detect recombination events in a historical and evolutionary context. To define the best strategies of association mapping, it is fundamental to account linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genetic structure existing in a certain population, so to verify the number of molecular markers and to promote the control of false positives. Here we measured LD and population structure across the genome of commercial varieties and clones of interest for sugarcane improvement in Brazil, based on 135 individuals from the Brazilian collection of sugarcane varieties (BCSV). This collection, which was mainly developed for association mapping, brings together important ancestral species, most planted varieties, promising clones, most used varieties as progenitors and varieties from the genetic mapping programs. A total of 1,474 polymorphic markers was scored, considering 86 EST-SSRs and 14 SSRs primers. A previous genetic map was used to verify distances between mapped BCSV markers. Fisher exact test was performed for all pairs of markers and used as a LD measure. Population structure was assessed by the probabilistic model implemented in STRUCTURE and the Neighbor-Joining method, based on simple matching dissimilarity between all pairs of individuals. Strong LD was observed up to 15 cM, mainly within the first 5 cM. Four subpopulations were detected in the BCSV with both methods, which is in agreement with pedigree informations. These results can provide important directions for future studies of genetic mapping, which would certainly need to consider high ploidy level of sugarcane.

La Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) est une protéine pléiotrope, impliquée dans divers processus biologiques. Dans le foie, LKB1 est notamment connue pour être un régulateur clé du métabolisme et de la polarité cellulaire. Au cours de notre étude, nous avons investigué l’implication de LKB1 dans le contrôle de la prolifération des hépatocytes au cours du processus de régénération hépatique physiologique (hépatectomie partielle des 2/3). Nous avons démontré que la perte de Lkb1, spécifiquement dans les hépatocytes, favorise la récupération de la masse hépatique après hépatectomie partielle, en induisant une augmentation drastique de la réponse proliférative hépatocytaire, indépendamment de la balance métabolique/énergétique. Ainsi, LKB1 agit comme un senseur négatif de la prolifération et régule la transition G0/G1, en particulier en contrôlant la signalisation de l’EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor). Par ailleurs, plus tard pendant la régénération, LKB1 garantit également l’intégrité mitotique. En effet, la suppression de Lkb1 entraîne des altérations majeures de la formation du fuseau mitotique. Nos résultats établissent également que LKB1 contrôle la polarité de la division cellulaire, indépendamment de l'activité de l’AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), une cible clé de LKB1. Par conséquent, la perte de LKB1 conduit à une altération majeure du profil de ploïdie, au stade tardif du processus de régénération. L’ensemble de notre étude souligne le double rôle de LKB1, au cours de la régénération hépatique, en tant que gardien de la prolifération hépatocytaire et de l'intégrité génomique. / Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) is involved in pleiotropic biological processes and known to be a key regulator of hepatic metabolism and polarity. Here, we investigated the contribution of LKB1 in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration process. We demonstrated that loss of hepatic Lkb1 promotes liver mass recovery, through an increase of hepatocytes proliferation, independently on metabolic/energetic balance. LKB1 regulates G0/G1 progression, specifically by controlling Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling. In addition, later during regeneration, LKB1 controls mitotic fidelity. Deletion of Lkb1 results in major alterations of mitotic spindle formation, along the polarity axis, independently of AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, a key target of LKB1. Consequently, LKB1 deficiency leads to an alteration of ploidy profile, at late stage of regenerative process. Overall our study highlights the dual role of LKB1, during liver regeneration, as a guardian of hepatocyte proliferation and genomic integrity.

This thesis comprises studies of the phylogenetic relationships in the flowering plant clade Potentilleae in Rosaceae. The relationships were elucidated by using DNA sequence data from the nuclear genome as well as from the plastid genome. In particular, the focus of the studies was the investigation of allopolyploidy, i.e. speciation as a result of hybridization and subsequent chromosome doubling. A phylogenetic method was used for identifying allopolyploidy through comparison of trees resulting from the analyses of different DNA sequences. Five sub-clades were investigated. First, both the sister clades that together contain all of Potentilleae: Fragariinae and Potentilla. Secondly, three subclades of Fragariinae, namely Alchemilla in wide sense, Sibbaldia and relatives, and Fragaria. The aim was to unravel the phylogenetic relationships, including instances of allopolyploidy. Classification issues were discussed in relation to the phylogenetic results. The split between Potentilla (=Potentillinae) and Fragariinae received better support than in previous studies. The phylogeny of Fragariinae was found to be consistent with classifying ten genera: Alchemilla in wide sense (incl. Aphanes and Lachemilla), Comarum, Sibbaldia, Sibbaldianthe, Sibbaldiopsis, Chamaerhodos, Drymocallis, Dasiphora, Potaninia, Fragaria, and also including a few orphan Potentilla species. The segregated genera Ivesia, Horkelia, Horkeliella and Duchesnea were found to be nested within Potentilla, corroborating earlier studies, while the segregated genus Argentina (P. anserina and close relatives) showed an ambiguous position. Plastid and nuclear (ribosomal) phylogenies were compared and incongruences were detected as potential instances of allopolyploid speciation. Five strongly supported incongruences were detected in Fragariinae and four of them were considered to be potentially caused by allopolyploidy. In addition, five supported incongruences were found in Potentilla. Alchemilla in the wide sense was found to contain four major clades, African Alchemilla, Eurasian Alchemilla, Lachemilla and Aphanes. Both Lachemilla and Aphanes were nested within Alchemilla and it was suggested that the name Alchemilla should be used in the wide sense, i.e. including both the genera Lachemilla and Aphanes. The genus Sibbaldia as commonly classified was shown to be polyphyletic in five different places in Potentilleae. Three Sibbaldia clades ended up in Fragariinae and two in Potentilla. A phylogeny of Fragaria, based on a nuclear low/single copy DNA region was estimated. The gene copy phylogeny was used to construct a reticulate tree hypothesizing allopolyploid speciation events. The evolution of Fragaria was shown to have been shaped by polyploidy. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

A delimitação de espécies é um aspecto de fundamental importância dentro da Biologia Evolutiva, bem como para a conservação da biodiversidade. No entanto, delimitar espécies com base em morfologia é extremamente complicado, especialmente em grupos que tiveram uma radiação recente e que apresentam pouca descontinuidade morfológica entre os táxons, como a tribo Andropogoneae (Poaceae). A presente tese utiliza sequências de DNA, como genes nucleares de cópia-única (low-copy nuclear loci) e sequenciamento completo do plastoma, para resolver a circunscrição de complexos de espécies em Andropogoneae, particularmente dos gêneros Saccharum e Eriochrysis, bem como para investigar o posicionamento filogenético dos mesmos em relação aos demais gêneros da tribo. Aspectos filogenéticos, taxonômicos e nomenclaturais foram investigados. Do ponto de vista nomenclatural, foi possível esclarecer que Andropogoneae Dumortier é o nome correto para a tribo, e não Sacchareae Martinov, como recentemente sugerido por diversos autores. As análises filogenéticas realizadas corroboram a hipótese de uma diversificação inicial rápida em Andropogoneae e a não monofilia da subtribo Saccharinae. A origem alopoliploide do gênero Saccharum foi demonstrada a partir de evidências de genes nucleares. Saccharum s.l. é polifilético e Tripidium deve ser reconhecido como um gênero distinto. As análises filogenéticas também foram capazes de resolver a circunscrição interna de Saccharum s.l., confirmando a ocorrência de três espécies nativas na América do Sul: S. angustifolium, S. asperum e S. villosum. A ocorrência de híbridos naturais entre S. villosum e S. angustifolium foi documentada. As análises filogenéticas de Eriochrysis confirmaram a monofilia do gênero e resolveram a circunscrição de suas espécies: E. villosa é um táxon distinto de E. cayennensis, bem como E. laxa é uma espécie distinta de E. warmingiana. Híbridos naturais entre E. laxa e E. villosa também foram documentados. Eriochrysis villosa é citada pela primeira vez para o Uruguai e E. laxa para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A presente tese demonstrou a eficiência dos genes nucleares de cópia única na delimitação de espécies e gêneros da tribo Andropogoneae, mesmo na presença de poliploidia, evolução reticulada e radiação recente. O sequenciamento completo do plastoma também se mostrou uma ferramenta extremamente promissora para inferências filogenéticas em Andropogoneae. / Species delimitation is a vital issue concerning evolutionary biology and conservation of biodiversity. However, delimiting species based on morphology is a difficult task especially in plant groups with an evolutionary history involving rapid radiation and little morphological discontinuity between taxa, as the tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae). The present thesis uses DNA sequences, such as low-copy nuclear genes and complete plastome sequencing, to resolve the taxonomic circumscriptions of species complexes in Andropogoneae, particularly from genera Saccharum and Eriochrysis, and to investigate their phylogenetic affinities to other genera of the tribe. Phylogenetic, taxonomic, and nomenclatural aspects were investigated. We clarified that Andropogoneae Dumortier is the correct name for the tribe, rather than Sacchareae Martinov, as recently suggested by several authors. The present phylogenetic analyses support the hypothesis of an initial rapid diversification in Andropogoneae and the non-monophyly of subtribe Saccharinae. The allopolyploid origin of Saccharum was demonstrated using evidence from nuclear genes. Saccharum s.l. is polyphyletic and Tripidium should be recognized as a distinct genus. The phylogenetic analyses were also able to define the circumscriptions of the species of Saccharum s.l., confirming the occurrence of three native species in South America: S. angustifolium, S. asperum and S. villosum. The occurrence of natural hybrids between S. villosum and S. angustifolium was documented. The phylogenetic analyses of Eriochrysis confirmed the monophyly of the genus and resolved the circumscriptions of its species: E. villosa is distinct from E. cayennensis, and E. laxa is distinct from E. warmingiana. Natural hybrids between E. laxa and E. villosa were also documented. Eriochrysis villosa is reported here for the first time for Uruguay and E. laxa for the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The present thesis has demonstrated the efficiency of low-copy nuclear genes in the delimitation of species and genera from tribe Andropogoneae, even in presence of polyploidy, reticulate evolution and recent radiation. The complete plastome sequencing is also a promising tool for phylogenetic inferences in Andropogoneae.