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Pathogenic fungi, such as polypore fungi that infect live sapwood, decrease quality and value of wood; however their effects on canopy physiology and growth have been little examined. This study examines how Fomes fomentarius, a species of polypore fungus affects canopy physiology in Betula alleghaniensis. A mobile canopy lift enabled the collection of leaf physiology, morphology and chemistry data from canopies of infected, damaged, and control trees. A molecular protocol developed to detect and identify polypore fungi in live trees confirmed that F. fomentarius was the major species present in infected trees. Infected trees exhibited reductions in physiological performance and growth, along with higher leaf carbon and chlorosis. While some characteristics of fungal infection were consistent with a mechanism involving partial xylem occlusion, patterns did not resemble those of a simple drought response. Likely, other factors such as fungal toxins or host defense mechanisms also contribute to these patterns.

Pathogenic fungi, such as polypore fungi that infect live sapwood, decrease quality and value of wood; however their effects on canopy physiology and growth have been little examined. This study examines how Fomes fomentarius, a species of polypore fungus affects canopy physiology in Betula alleghaniensis. A mobile canopy lift enabled the collection of leaf physiology, morphology and chemistry data from canopies of infected, damaged, and control trees. A molecular protocol developed to detect and identify polypore fungi in live trees confirmed that F. fomentarius was the major species present in infected trees. Infected trees exhibited reductions in physiological performance and growth, along with higher leaf carbon and chlorosis. While some characteristics of fungal infection were consistent with a mechanism involving partial xylem occlusion, patterns did not resemble those of a simple drought response. Likely, other factors such as fungal toxins or host defense mechanisms also contribute to these patterns.

I dag råder det brist på död ved i Sveriges skogar. Detta på grund av det intensiva skogsbruket där man kalhugger och plockar bort all liggande ved. Dock är det viktigt med många döda träd i olika nedbrytningsstadier för många skogslevande arter. Svenska skogar har få urskogar där naturliga avdödningsprocesser av träd får ske och därför minskar den biologiska mångfalden i skogen. Tre arter som endast trivs i naturskog är tickorna ullticka, Phellinus ferrugineofuscus, gränsticka, Phellinus nigrolimitatus och vedticka, Phellinus viticola. Dessa arter är användbara som indikatorarter då de nästan endast växer i skog med höga naturvärden eftersom de växer på lågor i olika nedbrytningsstadier. I denna studie undersöktes dessa arter i syfte att påvisa vilka faktorer som krävs för att de ska trivas, och på så sätt kunna förutse på vilka lågor de kan påträffas. Som en jämförande art undersöktes klibbtickan, Fomitopsis pinicola¸ då den inte är lika krävande och kan växa i många skogar på nyfallna träd. Genom att undersöka dessa arter och vad de kräver kan man bedöma en skog utifrån deras faktorer och på så sätt se om skogen har höga naturvärden, och vad som krävs i form av död ved. Resultatet visar att ju större låga, i både bredd och längd (större area), och ju mer nedbruten den var, desto större utbredning av arten P. nigrolimitatus kan man hitta. P. viticola kräver högre nerbrytningsklass och tjockare diameter på lågan. Undersökningen visar även att hos F. pinicola var nästan alla faktorer lika viktiga, och att den kan växa nästan var som helst, fast minskar i förekomst på mer nedbrutna träd. Tyvärr fanns inte tillräckligt med P. ferrugineofuscus för att kunna göra statistiska undersökningar, vilket i sig indikerar att den är ovanlig och har höga krav vad gäller dess habitat. / Because of the conditions in Swedish forests, where forestry predominate, biodiversity is degrading when the important wood-debris is removed. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions under which the polypore species Phellinus ferrugineofuscus, Phellinus nigrolimitatus, Phellinus viticola and Fomitopsis pinicola occur on logs of downed dead wood in and around a virgin forest. P ferrugineofuscus, P. nigrolimitatus and P. viticola are known indicator species that indicates forests with high natural values. F. pinicola is not an indicator species. The results indicate that the size of the log and its state of decomposition are the major factors for P. nigrolimitatus and P. viticola. F. pinicola grows on wood-debris with smaller degree of decomposition and also grows in managed forests. P. ferrugineofuscus was too rare in the data to allow statistical analysis. The study indicates the importance of untouched forest in which species who demands continuous conditions and availability of dead wood in different stages of decay can thrive.

Sammanfattning: Wood decay fungi are the main decomposer of lignocellulose material stored in wood. Thus, all factors that affect them could affect their ecological function. This in return, may affect ecosystem functioning in terms of altered carbon emissions from dead wood. Increased temperature is one of the main factors influencing fungal decay. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of temperature and assembly history (order of species arrival), two important regulators of fungal communities, on wood decomposition. I conducted a microcosm experiment with two temperature treatments and eight assembly histories where each species was allowed to colonize the wood two weeks ahead of the rest of the species. The temperature treatments were set to mimic the effect of climate induced warming. Therefore, I had one treatment with relatively high temperature, representing the expected temperatures year 2100 given the current emission trends of the northern inland of Sweden, and another treatment representing the current normal temperature (1961-1990). The temperature treatments had an average difference of 5°C. In order to see how climate induced warming and fungal assembly history influenced decomposition, I measured and analyzed initial fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood weight loss. Both temperature and assembly history had a significant influence on fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood decomposition. There was also strong interaction between the two factors. The average increase in mass loss under elevated temperature was 19% compared to 14% under normal temperature. The highest mass loss (25%) was when Phlebia centrifuga was the initial species under elevated temperature and the lowest (12%) was when Climacocystis borealis was initial species under normal temperature. All assembly histories had higher mass loss under elevated temperature, but the magnitude varied. For example, when C. borealis was the initial species, mass loss increased by 60% compared to only 7% when Antrodia sinuosa was the initial species. Six out of eight assembly histories had higher CO2 under elevated temperature, with the highest increase (88%) in P. centrifuga histories and the lowest (7%) in C. borealis histories. Even if the results need to be confirmed by field studies, my data illustrates that climate induced warming probably results in higher fungal respiration and deadwood decomposition and that the magnitude of this effect depends on fungal assembly history.

<p>Despite being distributed worldwide and easily collected, the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of Ptiliidae Heer, 1843, or featherwing beetles, have not been well studied. In a study from 2007 to 2009, Ptiliidae were extracted from various polypore fungi collected throughout Costa Rica in an effort to expand biogeographic knowledge of Ptiliidae. Fungi and Ptiliidae were identified to genera and collection sites mapped. Beetle genera are able to inhabit different polypore genera and were found at a higher rate of co-occurrence than reported in previous studies. We identified <i>Cylindrosella costariciensis </i><b>sp. n.</b>, with the potential of two more new species to be described.</p>