Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Cellulose, one of the most abundant organic substances on earth, is a linear polymer of D-glucose units joined through 1,4-β-linkages. Cellulose is however not easily processed without chemical modification. A number of techniques exist for the modification of cellulose, of which the viscose process is one of the most widely applied. Grafting of synthetic polymeric chains onto or from cellulosic materials is an useful technique that can be used to combine the strengths of synthetic and natural polymers dramatically, so changing the properties of cellulosic materials (pulp, regenerated cellulose, cellulose derivatives). In this study five model xanthate (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT)/Macromolecular Design through Interchange of Xanthates (MADIX)) agents, namely, monofunctional, difunctional, trifunctional and tetrafunctional species of the form S=C(O-Z)-S-R, with different leaving groups and different activating moieties, were prepared and then studied to determine the feasibility of cellulose modification via addition fragmentation processes. These agents were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). Polyvinyl acetates (PVAc) in the form of linear, three armed and four armed star shaped polymers were then successfully synthesized in reactions mediated by these xanthate RAFT/MADIX agents Xanthates were applied to polysaccharide materials using the viscose process (xanthate esters were formed directly on a cellulosic substrate, with subsequent alkylation) Grafting reactions were then conducted with the polysaccharides; cellulose was modified with vinyl acetate, [this is an example of a surface modification of natural polymers that is of interest in various industries, such as textiles and paper manufacture]. Analysis of the graft copolymers was conducted via Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Liquid Adsorption Chromatography (LAC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and FT-IR. Polyvinyl acetate was successfully grafted onto three polysaccharides (cellulosic materials), namely Hydroxyl Propyl Cellulose (HPC), Methyl Cellulose (MC) and cellulose. The study showed that the modification of cellulosic substrates with defined grafts of vinyl acetate can be easily achieved through minor modifications to existing industrial techniques.

Vibrio vulnificus are marine bacteria causing fatal septicemia through wound infections or consumption of contaminated seafood. V. vulnificus is an excellent model for the study of surface polysaccharides, as it is capable of synthesizing capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exopolysaccharide (EPS). V. vulnificus strains exhibit a multitude of carbotypes that evolve through unknown mechanisms. CPS is a confirmed virulence factor, but the genetics of its biosynthesis are unknown. The main objective of these experiments was to gain insight into the biosynthesis, regulation and evolution of ATCC 27562 outer surface polysaccharides. A miniTn10 transposon (Tn) system was used for mutagenesis and single insertions were confirmed through Southern analysis. A novel 25 kb CPS biosynthesis locus was identified through sequencing of regions surrounding Tn insertions; a region encoding putative LPS core biosynthetic functions was identified adjacent to the CPS cluster. The CPS locus contained features of O-antigen biosynthetic loci and was unusual in carrying characteristics of both group I and IV capsular biosynthetic loci. Mutations in this region resulted in elimination of CPS and LPS, and both were shown to be dependent on the activity of the polymerase Wzy. Evidence is presented here supporting horizontal transfer (HT) as a contributor to V. vulnificus CPS evolution. CPS regions of V. vulnificus 27562, YJ016 and CMCP6 contain strain specific genes surrounded by conserved regions, suggestive of HT. Moreover, a CPS locus virtually identical to that of 27562 was discovered in Shewanella putrefaciens strain 200. 27562 CPS is distinctive as it contains N-acetylmuramic acid. Genes encoding murA and murB activities were identified within the cluster and shown to be functionally redundant, supporting HT acquisition of this region. A screen of V. vulnificus gDNA library using CPS biosynthesis and transport mutants identified a cyclic diguanylate cyclase, dcpA. dcpA-mediated increase in cyclic diguanylate lead to EPS production, rugosity phenotypes and enhanced biofilm formation. Interestingly, virulence and motility were not affected suggesting complexity of cyclic diguanylate regulation in V. vulnificus, supported by the large number of cyclic diguanylate related proteins in Vulnificus strains.

Agarose and porphyran are related galactans that are only found within red marine algae. As such, marine microorganisms have adapted to using these polysaccharides as carbon sources through the acquisition of unique Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes). A recent metagenome study of the microbiomes from a Japanese human population identified putative CAZymes in several bacterial species, including Bacteroides plebeius that have significant amino acid sequence similarity with those from marine bacteria. Analysis of one potential CAZyme from B. plebeius (BpGH50) is described here. While displaying up to 30% sequence identity with β-agarases, BpGH50 has no detectable agarase activity. Its crystal structure reveals that the topology of the active site is much different than previously characterized agarases, while containing the same core catalytic machinery. It is unclear whether the enzyme has endo- or exo- activity; the large binding ‘groove’ is typical of an endo-acting enzyme, while a loop at one end of the groove may provide a terminal pocket for the substrate, which is suggestive of exo-activity. Furthermore, the enzyme contains a basic pocket that may dock a sulphated substrate, like porphyran. While no quantifiable porphyran activity was observed, properties of the putative active site suggest that this unusual enzyme may be specific on an unusual substrate, such as a porphyran-agarose hybrid. / Graduate

Cette thèse visait à caractériser la composition en polysaccharides des fibres de bois de tension chez le peuplier et établir de possibles corrélations avec les mécanismes de création de la tension. A cette fin, nous avons étudié le bois de jeunes peupliers qui ont poussé sous conditions contrôlées. Nous avons pu déterminer la composition en polysaccharides des couches G isolées ainsi que la structure de ces polysaccharides. L’évolution de cette composition au long de la différentiation du bois de tension et du bois opposé a été évaluée à l’aide de 178 anticorps dirigés contre les principaux polysaccharides pariétales. La fonction de deux protéines à arabinogalactanes avec domaine fascicline-like a été également étudiée à l’aide des anticorps produits à cet effet. La génétique inverse a été également utilisée pour compléter l’étude de la fonction d’une de ces protéines dans la formation du bois de tension. Les résultats obtenus ont mis en évidence une évolution de la composition de la couche G au cours de la différenciation. Des différences entre la composition de la couche S2 des fibres du bois de tension et du bois opposé ont aussi été détectées. Une grande quantité de pectines de type RG-I a été décelé dans la couche G, molécules qui pourraient participer à la formation d’un gel. Le gonflement de ce gel serait responsable de la mise en tension des microfibrilles de cellulose. Cependant, nos travaux ne montrent aucune évidence pour la présence de xyloglucanes dans la couche G. Des indices en faveur de l’implication des FLAs dans la construction de la couche G ont été également trouvés dans cette étude. Ce travail de thèse ouvre des perspectives pour l’identification du déterminisme moléculaire à l’origine de la création de la tension dans le bois de tension. / This work aimed at characterizing the composition in polysaccharides of poplar tension wood fibres and a possible correlation with mechanisms for creating tension. Firstly, we isolated G-layers from tension wood formed in young poplars which grows in a greenhouse under controlled conditions and determine its polysaccharides composition and the structure of these polysaccharides. Therefore, we investigate the polysaccharide distribution during tension and opposite wood fibres differentiation by using 178 antibodies raised against the major wall polysaccharides. The distribution and function of two fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were studied using two antibodies produced to this end and the function of one of the proteins were studied by reverse genetics. This work show an evolution in the polysaccharides composition of G-layer through its differentiation and also differences concerning S2 layer composition between tension and opposite wood fibres. No evidences for the presence of xyloglucans in the G-layer. However, this work shows the presence of a high quantity of RG-I type pectin which may be implicated in a gel-like structure formation which swelling could be responsible for tension creation in cellulose microfibrils. Our results suggest an implication of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins in G-layer construction. Further, this work opens up new perspectives towards identification of molecular basis of tension creation in tension wood.

Streptococcus pneumoniae é uma bactéria encapsulada que coloniza a nasofaringe, sendo uma das principais causas de morte por pneumonia e meningite em crianças e idosos. As vacinas contra S. pneumoniae são compostas por polissacarídeos capsulares (PS) livres ou conjugados à uma proteína. A vantagem do polissacarídeo conjugado em relação ao livre é a resposta timo-dependente. Pelo fato de existirem pelo menos 92 diferentes sorotipos capsulares, a utilização de uma proteína pneumocócica em uma vacina conjugada com apenas alguns sorotipos poderia aumentar a sua cobertura vacinal. Para tal, a utilização da proteína de superfície pneumocócica A (PspA) foi utilizada como carreador protéico covalentemente ligado ao polissacarídeo capsular sorotipo 14. Este trabalho também apresenta uma nova metodologia para a síntese de vacinas conjugadas, que vem demonstrando melhores resultados em nosso laboratório em comparação aos métodos clássicos de conjugação. O conjugado PS14-PspA foi administrado em camundongos BALB/c e o título de IgG anti-PS14 e anti-PspA, o índice de avidez, a deposição de complemento e a distribuição das subclasses de IgG foram avaliados. O título de IgG anti-PS14 conjugado foi significativamente maior do que título de IgG anti-PS14 livre. A avidez e a deposição de complemento do soro anti-PS14 conjugado também foram maiores. A principal subclasse de IgG induzida pelo PS14 livre foi IgG3 enquanto o PS14 conjugado induziu preferencialmente IgG1. No entanto, o índice de avidez, o perfil de distribuição das subclasses de IgG e a medida funcional da atividade opsonofagocítica dos soros anti-PspA livre e conjugada foram os mesmos. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is an encapsulated bacterium that colonizes the nasopharynx, being one of the leading causes of death from pneumonia and meningitis in infants and elderly. Vaccines against S. pneumoniae are constituted by plain capsular polysaccharide (PS) or conjugated to a protein. The advantage of conjugated PS on plain PS vaccine is the thymus dependent immune response. Since there are at least 92 different capsular serotypes, the use of a pneumococcal protein in a conjugate vaccine using only few serotypes might broader its coverage. For this purpose the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was used as protein carrier to bind covalently to the capsular polysaccharide serotype 14. This work also presents a new methodology for the synthesis of conjugate vaccines, which showed better results in our laboratory in comparison to the classic ones. The conjugate PS14-PspA was injected in BALB/c mice and sera were measured for IgG titer against PS14 and PspA. IgG avidity index, complement deposition, and anti-PS14 and anti-PspA IgG subclasses were also evaluated. IgG titer against conjugated PS14 was significantly higher than IgG titer against control PS14. The avidity and the complement deposition of conjugated anti-PS14 serum were also higher. The main IgG subclass induced by free PS14 was IgG3 while conjugated PS14 induced preferably IgG1. Nevertheless, the avidity index, the IgG subclasses distribution profile, and the functional opsonophagocytic measure from free and conjugated anti-PspA sera were the same.

Streptococcus pneumoniae é a maior causa de doenças infecciosas invasivas. As vacinas conjugadas, ao contrário das vacinas polissacarídicas, se mostram eficazes na indução de uma resposta protetora em crianças menores de 2 anos de idade. Entretanto, apesar do sucesso na redução dos casos de doenças pneumocócicas, publicações recentes têm mostrado um aumento nos casos de doença por sorotipos de S. pneumoniae não inclusos nas vacinas conjugadas atualmente licenciadas. Com o objetivo de evitar a substituição dos sorotipos prevalentes e aumentar a cobertura vacinal, nosso projeto prevê a introdução de uma proteína de superfície do pneumococo como carreador em uma vacina conjugada. A Proteína de Superfície Pneumocócica A (PspA), por ser conservada entre diversos sorotipos e por sua alta imunogenicidade, foi escolhida para constituir o conjugado, juntamente com o Polissacarídeo Capsular de S. pneumoniae sorotipo 6B (PS6B), um sorotipo de elevada prevalência no Brasil. Também foi avaliada a influência de diferentes espaçadores entre a proteína carreadora e o PS sobre a resposta imune induzida. Estudos envolvendo diferentes condições reacionais tiveram como objetivo o estabelecimento de um protocolo de conjugação com elevado rendimento. A substituição do ativador EDAC (hidrocloreto de 1-[3-(dimetilamino)propil]-3-etilcarbodiimida), comumente empregado na ativação do grupo carboxila da proteína, pelo DMT-MM (cloreto de 4-(4,6-dimetoxi-1,3,5-triazin-2-il)-4-metilmorfolino) foi capaz de aumentar significativamente o rendimento reacional, o qual passou de menos de 10% para aproximadamente 50%. A proteção com formaldeído dos grupos lisinas da PspA aumentou a especificidade da reação de conjugação, com consequente aumento no rendimento reacional. A PspA modificada manteve a mesma estrutura secundária apresentada pela PspA nativa (análise por dicroísmo circular - CD) bem como sua imunogenicidade (título de anticorpos, capacidade de deposição de complemento e atividade opsonofagocítica). Apesar das análises por CD mostrarem que a conjugação alterou a estrutura secundária da PspA, ensaios imunológicos mostraram que essa desestruturação não afetou a sua capacidade de induzir uma resposta imune protetora. A resposta anti-PspA e anti-PS6B induzida pelo conjugado mostrou-se dose dependente, muito embora o PS6B tenha se comportado como um antígeno pouco imunogênico. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of invasive infectious diseases. Unlike polysaccharide (PS) based vaccines, conjugate vaccines have shown to protect children less than 2 years old. However, regardless of the success in reducing pneumococcal disease, recent reports have shown an increase in the rate of disease caused by serotypes not included in licensed conjugate vaccines. In order to avoid serotype replacement, our project proposes to test a surface exposed pneumococcal protein as carrier. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA), a conserved protein among various serotypes, and highly immunogenic was chosen to take part in the conjugate together with the Polysaccharide Serotype B of Streptococcus pneumoniae (PS6B), a serotype of high incidence in Brazil. In this sense, studies involving different reactional conditions were aimed at stablishing a high yield conjugation protocol. Also, the influence of different spacer between carrier protein and polysaccharide were evaluated on immune response. The replacement of EDAC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride), usually used in the activation of protein carboxyl groups, to DMT-MM (4-[4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-4-methylmorpholinium chloride), was able to significantly increase the reactional yield from less than 10% to approximately 50%. The protection of lysines groups of PspA with formaldehyde increased conjugation specificity, with subsequent increase in reactional yield. Modified PspA maintained the same secondary structure of native PspA (circular dichroism analyses - CD) as well as its immunogenicity (antibody titers, deposition of complement and opsonophaghocytic activity). Despite circular dichroism analyses have shown changes in PspA secondary structure, immunological tests proved that this alteration did not affect its ability in inducing a protective immune response. Anti-PspA and anti-PS6B responses proved to be dose dependent, although PS6B acted as a poor immunogenic antigen in mice.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) é uma bactéria Gram-negativa comensal da nasofaringe e um patógeno oportunista cujo único hospedeiro natural conhecido é o ser humano. As cepas de Hi que possuem cápsula de polissacarídeo estão associadas a doenças invasivas mais graves, sendo as de sorotipo b (Hib) as principais causadoras da meningite bacteriana em populações não vacinadas. Para produzir a vacina contra Hib, o polissacarídeo purificado desta bactéria é conjugado quimicamente ao toxóide tetânico. Industrialmente, a produção do polissacarídeo é realizada cultivando esse micro-organismo em biorreatores, entretanto o rendimento em polissacarídeo é baixo, mesmo com fornecimento de nutrientes, controle de pH e outros ajustes das condições no decorrer do cultivo. O estudo dos diferentes perfis fisiológicos da população bacteriana de Hib no decorrer do cultivo através da transcritômica traz a possibilidade de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o metabolismo desse micro- organismo. As taxas de transcrição dos genes expressos em diferentes momentos considerados como pontos metabolicamente significativos do cultivo de Hib linhagem GB 3291 em batelada alimentada conduzido em Biorreator de 10 L, com aeração submersa e controles de pH (7,0) e temperatura (30° C) foram obtidas através de sequenciamento de RNA paralelo massivo (RNA-seq). A análise de co-expressão dos genes foi realizada com WGCNA, em que oito módulos de genes co-expressos foram identificados, quatro dos quais apresentaram correlação alta com dados fenotípicos dos cultivos, inclusive produtividade de acetato e de polissacarídeo. Análise de enriquecimento funcional identificou vias metabólicas associadas a ribossomo, síntese de parede celular, transportadores e consumo de carbono. A análise de expressão diferencial permitiu observar o comportamento desta bactéria durante o cultivo. Através da análise das taxas de transcrição dos genes foi possível identificar as principais vias de síntese de acetato e de polissacarídeo capsular, sendo esta última feita principalmente através da via de pentose fosfato, em detrimento da via de interconversão pentose-glucuronato. Nossos dados mostram que as diferentes etapas do cultivo de Hib leva à ação conjunta de vários grupos de genes, com destaque àqueles ligados às funções celulares básicas, como a síntese de proteínas e de parede celular, o transporte e a síntese de aminoácidos. Esses resultados contribuem para o entendimento dos processos bioquímicos e celulares que ocorrem durante o processo de cultivo de Hib, possibilitando que sejam feitas sugestões de modificações genéticas em Hib e alteração no processo de cultivo com propósito de diminuir produção de acetato e aumentar produção do polissacarídeo. / Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a nasopharynx commensal Gram-negative bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen whose only known natural host is human being. Hi strains with polysaccharide capsule are related to more severe invasive diseases, wherein type b capsule (Hib) strains are the main cause of bacterial meningitis in unvaccinated population. To produce Hib vaccine, purified polysaccharide of this bacterium is chemically conjugated to tetanus toxoid protein. Industrially, polysaccharide production is performed by cultivating this micro-organism in bioreactors; however, the yield of polysaccharide is low, even with supply of nutrients, pH control and further adjustments of the fermentation conditions during cultivation. The study of different physiological profiles of Hib bacterial population during cultivation by transcriptomics brings the possibility to deepen the knowledge about the metabolism of this micro-organism. Transcription of genes expressed at different times considered metabolically significant points of Hib strain GB 3291 grown in fed-batch conducted in a 10 L bioreactor with submerged aeration and pH (7.0) and temperature (30 ° C) control rates were obtained through massive parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Gene co-expression analysis was performed with WGCNA, in which eight modules of co-expressed genes were identified, four of which showed high correlation with cultivation data traits, including acetate and polysaccharide productivity. Enrichment analysis identified pathways related to ribosome, cell wall synthesis, transports and carbon consumption. Differential expression analysis allowed to observe this bacteria behaviour during cultivation. Through transcription rate analysis, it was possible to identify the main pathways for acetate and polysaccharide synthesis, which is through pentose phosphate pathway instead of glucoronate-pentose pathway. Our data show that different stages in Hib cultivation leads to joint action of several gene groups, highlighting genes related to basic cellular roles, like protein and cell wall synthesis, transport and aminoacid synthesis. These results contribute to the understanding of biochemical and cellular processes that ocurr during Hib cultivation process, allowing suggestions to be made to modify Hib gene circuitry and to change cultivation process in order to decrease acetate production and to decrease acetate production and increase polysaccharide production.

A utilização descontrolada de pesticidas tem provocado no decorrer dos anos a intoxicação de milhares de pessoas no mundo, uma vez que, seus resíduos têm sido depositados em alimentos, em solos e em ambientes aquáticos. Assim, a construção de duas novas plataformas sensoras para a detecção de pesticidas é o objetivo desse trabalho. Na primeira plataforma foi utilizado o polieletrólito catiônico polietilenoimina (PEI) em conjunto com o polissacarídeo extracelular algal (PSE) produzido pela microalga criptofícea Cryptomonas tetrapirenoidosa preparados através da técnica de deposição \"spin-coating\". E a segunda plataforma foi produzida por eletrodeposição pulsada, entre um potencial de redução e um de oxidação, utilizando nanoestruturas de óxido de zinco (ZnO). Para caracterizar as plataformas, foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura com fonte de emissão de campo (FEG-SEM), difração de raios X (XRD), espectroscopia de absorção ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis), microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e espectroscopia de reflexão-absorção no Infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS). Através da imobilização da enzima polifenol oxidase na forma de extrato bruto em sua fonte natural (fruto abacate), as plataformas de PEI/PSE e ZnO, foram avaliadas como biossensores de catecol e do inseticida carbaril. De modo comparativo, as plataformas de PEI/PSE sem a presença imobilizada da enzima também foram estudadas para a detecção do catecol e do carbaril. A simplicidade na formação e na construção dessas plataformas vem qualificá-las como viáveis a serem produzidas em escala industrial e com baixo custo de processamento. E diante dos resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento desses biossensores destaca-se a eficiência e a rapidez de detecção, o que os tornam economicamente promissores e competitivos em termos de aplicações ambientais. / The uncontrolled use of pesticides has resulted over the years the intoxication of thousands of people in the world, since their waste has been deposited in food, in soil and aquatic environments. Thus, the construction of two new sensors platforms for pesticide detection is the objective of this work. At first platform was used cationic polyelectrolyte polyethyleneimine (PEI) along with the extracellular algal polysaccharide (EPS) produced by microalgae criptofícea Cryptomonas tetrapirenoidosa prepared by deposition technique \"spin-coating\". The second platform was produced by pulsed electrodeposition between a reduction and an oxidation potential using nanostructures zinc oxide (ZnO). To characterize the platforms, we used the techniques of field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). By immobilization of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme as a crude extract in their natural source (avocado fruit), platforms PEI/PSE and ZnO, they were evaluated as catechol and carbaryl insecticide biosensors. In a comparative way, the platforms PEI/PSE without the presence of immobilized enzyme were also studied for detection of catechol and carbaryl. The simplicity in the formation and construction of these platforms comes qualify them as viable to be produced on an industrial scale and low cost processing. And on the results obtained in the development of such biosensors stand out the efficiency and speed of detection, which make them economically promising and competitive in terms of environmental applications.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococo) é um importante patógeno humano, responsável por graves infecções das vias respiratórias. O principal fator de virulência desse microrganismo é a cápsula polissacarídica (PS), antígeno das vacinas atuais, que são elaboradas com os PS purificados de cepas de pneumococo prevalentes na população. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um processo de purificação do PS do sorotipo 14, responsável por 39% das doenças em crianças de 0-6 anos no Brasil. A metodologia de purificação envolveu separação celular por microfiltração tangencial e concentração do microfiltrado com membrana de ultrafiltração tangencial de 50 kDa. O produto dessa etapa foi diafiltrado com dodecil sulfato de sódio em membrana de ultrafiltração tangencial de 30 kDa, seguido de precipitação com ácido tricloroacético a 5%, precipitação por etanol (20% e 60%) e cromatografia de troca aniônica. A pureza do PS foi avaliada pelo conteúdo de proteínas e ácidos nucleicos remanescentes e o tamanho por cromatografia de exclusão molecular. O PS foi obtido com pureza e tamanho requeridos pelos órgãos regulatórios e o rendimento final do processo foi de 65%. / Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen responsible for severe respiratory tract infections. The main virulence factor of this microorganism is the capsular polysaccharide (PS), which is the antigen of all current vaccines, which are prepared with purified PS of pneumococcal strains prevalent in the population. The objective of this work was to develop a new purification process for PS of serotype 14, responsible for 39% of diseases in children of 0-6 years old in Brazil. The purification method involved cell separation by tangential microfiltration and concentration of cell-free culture broth containing PS by tangential ultrafiltration (50 kDa). The product of this step was diafiltrated with sodium dodecyl sulfate by tangential ultrafiltration (30 kDa), following by 5% trichloroacetic acid precipitation, 20% and 60% ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. The PS purity was evaluated by the content of residual proteins and nucleic acids, and the molecular mass by size exclusion chromatography. The purity and molecular mass requirements were achieved and the process global yield was 65%.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) é uma importante bactéria Gram-negativa causadora de pneumonia, meningite e septicemia em crianças abaixo dos 5 anos de idade. A prevenção contra a doença pode ser alcançada pela imunização da população com vacina conjugada polissacarídeo-proteína, uma vez que a vacina de polissacarídeo não é eficiente. As vacinas conjugadas disponíveis comercialmente custam para o governo brasileiro cerca de US2,7 a dose, sendo necessárias no mínimo 3 doses para imunização completa. O presente estudo desenvolveu um novo método de conjugação de polissacarídeo capsular de Hib (PRP) com toxóide tetânico (TT). O método hidrazona baseia-se em 3 etapas simples: oxidação e derivatização de PRP com espaçador molecular e conjugação com TT na presença de uma carbodiimida e de um éster amino reativo. Após um estudo detalhado de cada etapa do método hidrazona, o novo processo mostrou excelentes resultados de rendimento mesmo após escalonamento. A imunogenicidade e o índice de avidez do conjugado hidrazona foram avaliados e os resultados encontrados foram comparáveis a vacina comercial Hiberix®. A técnica de HPSEC mostrou-se eficaz e o perfil cromatográfico do conjugado hidrazona foi muito similar ao da vacina Hiberix. Finalmente, o novo processo de conjugação de vacina permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma poderosa tecnologia constituindo uma excelente opção para o governo brasileiro. / Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an important encapsulated bacteria, which causes pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia in infants. Prevention against infection is achieved by the currently available polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine. However, due to its high production costs (around U$ 2,7 per dose) this formulation cannot be used in mass immunization programs in Brazil. In the present study, we developed a new method for the conjugation of Hib polysaccharide (PRP) and tetanus toxoid (TT). The hydrazone method is based on 3 singles steps: PRP oxidation, PRP derivatization with linker spacer and conjugation with TT in the presence of carbodiimide and an amino reactive ester. After detailed study of each step of method, the new process showed very good yield of conjugation even when it was scaled-up. The immunogenicity and the avidity index of hydrazone conjugate were evaluated and the results were comparable with those obtained with the commercial vaccine Hiberix®. The HPLC hydrazone profile was very similar to HPLC Hiberix profile. Finally, the new conjugation process allows the development of a powerful vaccine technology, constituting an excellent choice for the brazilian government.