Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá přípravou, síťováním a fyzikálně-chemickou charakterizací hydrogelů na bázi polysacharidů. Cílem práce bylo vyvinout elastické filmy, které by mohly být použity pro vlhké hojení ran. Teoretická část shrnuje současné způsoby regenerace měkkých tkání a jejích náhradách (ať už se jedná o přírodní nebo syntetické materiály). Zároveň jsou zdůrazněny základní informace o přírodních polysacharidech (chemická struktura, rozpustnost, tepelná a pH stabilita atd.), jejich modifikace a chemické síťování. Experimentální část je zaměřena na modifikaci přírodní gumy Karaya tak, aby transparentní hydrogely měly nastavitelnou hydrolytickou stabilitu. Vzorky byly analyzovány pomocí FTIR, TGA následované vyhodnocením bobtnání a hydrolytické degradace. Z výsledků vyplynulo, že chemická modifikace zvýšila stabilizaci elastického filmu z přírodního polysacharidu ve vodě až na 25 dní. Díky řízené degradaci a vysoké absorpci vody (85 - 96%) jsou tyto nové hydrogely využitelné především pro vlhké hojení ran (např. popálenin).

Orientador: Fauze Ahmad Aouada / Resumo: Com o objetivo de aplicar agroquímicos de uma forma controlada, e reduzir os danos à saúde e ao meio ambiente causados por estes, foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho, dois novos hidrogéis a partir de dois polissacarídeos diferentes carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e quitosana (Qs), suportados em redes de poli (ácido metacrílico)-co-poliacrilamida (PMAA-co-PAAm). Também foi investigada a influência da zeólita nas principais propriedades agroquímicas desses materiais como sorção e dessorção de herbicidas. A estabilidade da zeólita na solução polimérica foi estudada por meio de medidas de viscosidade. Estes comprovaram que a adição de polissacarídeo na solução formadora dos hidrogéis possibilita a obtenção de um hidrogel nanocompósito homogêneo. A incorporação da zeólita nos hidrogéis foi confirmada pela presença das bandas características da zeólita em 798 cm-1 e 600 cm-1 nos espectros de FTIR dos hidrogéis nanoestruturados. Outros indícios de incorporação foram a redução no volume dos poros e a presença de microporos nas paredes dos poros dos hidrogéis, aumento na massa residual dos hidrogéis nanoestruturados a 800ºC, observados nos resultados obtidos por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise termogravimétrica (TG), respectivamente. Constatou-se também que a presença da zeólita reduziu o grau de intumescimento desses materiais, devido ao decréscimo na elasticidade das cadeias poliméricas. Entretanto, nos resultados de dessorção observou-se que a presença da zeólita pode... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to apply agrochemicals in a controlled manner, and to reduce the damages to the health and environmental caused by these, two new hydrogels based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and chitosan (Qs) polysaccharides supported on poly(methacrylic acid)-co-polyacrylamide (PMAA-co-PAAm) networks were synthesized. The influence of zeolite on the main properties of these materials such as sorption and desorption was also investigated. The stability of zeolite in the polymeric solution was studied by viscosimetry. These results showed that the addition of polysaccharide in the hydrogel-forming solution enables the obtaining of homogeneous nanocomposite hydrogels. The incorporation of zeolite into hydrogels was confirmed by the presence of spectroscopic bands at 798 cm-1 and 600 cm-1 in the FTIR nanocomposite spectra. Other indicatives were the reduction in pore volume and the presence of micropores in the pore walls of zeolite hydrogels, and increase in the residual mass of nanostructured hydrogels at 800ºC, observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), respectively. It was also observed that the presence of zeolite reduced the degree of swelling of these materials, due to the decrease in the elasticity of the polymeric chains. The results of desorption in saline medium show that the hydrogels studied in this work can reduce the presence of Al+3 ions, which in acidic soils are harmful to some crops. These results indicate that the hydrogel... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. One host defense function of C-reactive protein (CRP) is to protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection as shown by experiments employing murine models of pneumococcal infection. The protective effect of CRP is due to reduction in bacteremia. There is a distinct relationship between the structure of CRP and its anti-pneumococcal function. CRP is functional in both native and non-native pentameric structural conformations. In the native conformation, CRP binds to pneumococci through the phosphocholine molecules present on the C-polysaccharide of the pneumococcus and the anti-pneumococcal function probably involves the known ability of ligand-complexed CRP to activate the complement system. In the native structure-function relationship, CRP is protective only when given to mice within a few hours of the administration of pneumococci. The non-native pentameric conformation of CRP is created when CRP is exposed to conditions mimicking inflammatory microenvironments, such as acidic pH and redox conditions. In the non-native conformation, CRP binds to immobilized complement inhibitor factor H in addition to being able to bind to phosphocholine. Recent data using CRP mutants suggest that the factor H-binding function of non-native CRP is beneficial: in the non-native structure-function relationship, CRP can be given to mice any time after the administration of pneumococci irrespective of whether the pneumococci became complement-resistant or not. In conclusion, while native CRP is protective only against early stage infection, non-native CRP is protective against both early stage and late stage infections. Because non-native CRP displays phosphocholine-independent anti-pneumococcal activity, it is quite possible that CRP functions as a general anti-bacterial molecule.

Bei der Biofabrikation werden Zellen mit einem Biomaterial versetzt (vereint werden diese als Biotinte definiert) und durch additive Fertigungsmethoden wie dem 3D-Druck zu hierarchischen Strukturen aufgebaut. Zur Herstellung von künstlichen Gewebe und zukünftig auch von funktionalen Organen ist ein detailliertes Zellverständnis essentiell. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden Systeme generiert, um die Zellmembranen von mesenchymalen Stromazellen gezielt zu verändern und um die Modifikationen zu charakterisieren. Durch Inkubation mit unnatürlichen Zuckern werden diese von Zellen aufgenommen und in den Zellmetabolismus eingeschleust und auf die Glycoproteine übertragen. Diese Methode ist als metabolic glycoengineering bekannt. Dazu wurden diverse humane Saccharid-Analoga mit bioorthogonalen Gruppen (Azid oder Alkin) synthetisiert. Alle in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Moleküle wurden NMR-spektroskopisch als auch massenspektrometrisch charakterisiert. Die acetylierten Mannosamin-Derivate konnten über zwei Stufen und die Sialinsäure-Derivate über sechs Stufen synthetisiert werden. Sialinsäuren sind die terminalen Zucker an Glycanketten von Proteinen mit wichtigen biologischen Funktionen. Im Rahmen des SFB TRR225 konnte in Kooperation mit der Gruppe von Prof. Dr. R. Ebert der Einbau der Saccharide in mesenchymalen Stromazellen durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie evaluiert werden. Aufgrund des effizienteren Einbaus der Sialinsäure mit Alkingruppe gegenüber der mit Azidgruppe, wurde dieser in den folgenden massenspektrometrischen Analysen eingesetzt. Die Messungen der markierten Glycoproteine wurden von Dr. Marc Driessen durchgeführt und der metabolische Einbau von SiaNAl und Ac4ManNAl in den Stromazellen gegenübergestellt. 55 Glycoproteine konnten durch SiaNAl und 94 durch Ac4ManNAl charakterisiert werden. Ein Abgleich der Proteindatenbanken eine Anreicherung von Proteine durch Fütterung von SiaNAl die in Signaltransduktion, Zellkontakte und Differenzierung involviert sind, womit metabolic glycoengineering prinzipiell zur Optimierung von Biofabrikationsprozessen genutzt werden kann. / In the field of biofabrication, cells are mixed with biomaterials (forming bioinks) to produce hierarchical structures using additive manufacturing such as 3D printing. A detailed understanding of cells is crucial for the production of artificial tissue and, in the future, also of functional organs. In this work, systems were generated to specifically modify the cell membranes of mesenchymal stromal cells. Unnatural saccharides are introduced into the cell metabolism during incubation and transferred onto extra- and intracellular glycoproteins. This method is known as metabolic glycoengineering. For this purpose, various human saccharide analogues with a bioorthogonal group (azide or alkyne) were synthesised. All molecules presented in this work were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Acetylated mannosamine and sialic acid derivatives were synthesised over two and six steps, respectively. Sialic acid is the terminal saccharide in complex glycan chains of proteins and mediates biological functions. The incorporation of the synthetic saccharides in mesenchymal stromal cells were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy in cooperation with the research group of Prof. Dr. R. Ebert (within the framework SFB TRR225). The alkyne variant displayed a more efficient incorporation and was chosen for the following mass spectrometric analysis. Therefore, lysates from stromal cells incubated with SiaNAl or Ac4ManNAl were measured by Dr. Marc Driessen. 55 and 94 glycoproteins were identified using SiaNAl and Ac4ManNAl, respectively. A comparison of protein databases indicated an enrichment for SiaNAl labelled proteins involved in signal transduction, cell junction and differentiation and thus metabolic glycoengineering can be used to optimize biofabrication processes. This hypothesis was also investigated by measuring the cell stiffness and the correlating protection from shear stress of modified cells with the research group of Prof. Dr. B. Fabry. These experiments showed a tendency to increase the stiffness, but the results could not be reproduced. A synthetic galectin-1 ligand was used as modification of the cell membrane.

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Polysaccharide has attracted great attentions for its benefits to human health. Polysaccharide from natural sources have diverse anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and wound healing activities. Polysaccharide is not only valuable in medicine, also widely used in foodstuffs such as gel thickening or emulsifying agents, emulsifiers, fillers. Recently there has been an increase in the demand for polysaccharides, so research into new sources of polysaccharide with plant-based bio-activity is essential. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Wall. ex Lindl.) Radlk belong to genus of Pseuderanthemum. Common names (Vietnamese): Xuân hoa răng. This species is native in the forests of Vietnam. The polysaccharide content in P. crenulatum leaves was (7.47 ± 0.6) % in dry weight. The appropriate polysaccharide extraction conditions were determined: material/ water ratio (1g/25ml), extracted temperature of 60°C, extraction time 12 hours. The polysaccharide composition was purified by TCA 10%, with a purity of (55.6 ± 1.19) %. / Trong những năm gần đây, polysaccharide là nhóm hợp chất rất được các nhà khoa học trên thế giới quan tâm do các tác dụng quan trọng của chúng về tăng cường miễn dịch, kháng viêm, làm lành vết thương, chống ung thư… Polysaccharide không những có giá trị trong Y học mà còn được sử dụng rộng rãi trong thực phẩm như các chất tạo độ đặc hay tạo gel, chất làm bền nhũ tương, chất độn… Hiện nay, nhu cầu sử dụng polysaccharide từ thực vật ngày càng gia tăng nên việc điều tra, khai thác nguồn polysaccharide mới có hoạt tính sinh học là rất cần thiết. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Wall. ex Lindl.) Radlk thuộc chi Pseuderanthemum sp, tên thông thường là cây Xuân hoa răng, là cây mọc tự nhiên trong rừng Việt nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã tách chiết, xác định hàm lượng và tinh sạch sơ bộ polysaccharide từ lá cây Pseuderanthemum crenulatum. Hàm lượng polysaccharide trong lá cây Xuân hoa răng đạt (7.47 ± 0.6) % trọng lượng khô. Các điều kiện chiết rút polysaccharide thích hợp đã được xác định: nhiệt độ chiết rút 60°C, tỷ lệ nguyên liệu/nước (1g mẫu khô/25ml nước), thời gian chiết rút 12 giờ. Chế phẩm polysaccharide đã được tinh sạch bằng TCA 10%, có độ sạch đạt (55.6 ± 1.19)%.

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