O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a compreensão da temática polissêmica da preguiça a partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise. Com a articulação de algumas figuras específicas da preguiça a preguiça-tristeza, a preguiça-heroica e a preguiça-onírica busca-se identificar as relações e os elementos em comum desses fenômenos. Assim, nessa pesquisa confronta-se a preguiça com alguns temas que ajudam a compor o seu significado;a articulação dessa dinâmica em eixos específicos se constrói, ao mesmo tempo, sobre o fundo polissêmico da preguiça, de forma a compor o seu significado segundo as relações que podem ser verificadas da interação entre as figuras e o fundo. A preguiça-tristeza foi uma figura investigada em sua relação com o pecado capital do cristianismo denominado até pelo menos o século XIII como acídia e com a melancolia, tal como descrita na teoria freudiana. A preguiça-heroica, por sua vez, abre a articulação com o universo do trabalho e das utopias, na tentativa de mostrar a existência de uma noção de preguiça que não é avessa à criatividade e à vida, senão à servidão e ao trabalho forçado. Em ambas essas figuras, percebe-se a existência da repetição de dois elementos em comum na preguiça, identificados a partir do referencial teórico adotado, a saber, a fantasia e a regressão. No estudo desses recortes procura-se delimitar alguns conceitos psicanalíticos e a maneira que a psicanálise entende o desenvolvimento do sentido de realidade, de forma a tecer considerações metapsicológicas sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o estudo da fantasia e dos princípios do funcionamento psíquico se articulam com algumas considerações a respeito da noção de realidade e das maneiras pelas quais é possível alterá-la. Por último, observa-se a preguiça-onírica como a emergência do exagero cômico da ociosidade festiva, configurando-se como uma fantasia preguiçosa que só pode se formar em momentos de preguiça. Formulação esta, que, aproximada da articulação psicanalítica entre a necessidade do sono para a existência do sonho, possibilita a investigação a respeito do caráter regressivo da preguiça. Nesse último recorte, a regressão é discutida com um enfoque na sua aparição na clínica, no sentido de observar como a preguiça pode ser entendida e manejada nesse dispositivo. Apesar da tentativa de delimitação e do recorte do argumento, considerações pertinentes a uma figura ou eixo surgem nos demais e a forma ensaio é a tentativa de organizar, na forma de um texto, a variedade de significados que esse tema adquire / This work has the objective to understand the polysemy of laziness from the psychoanalytic theoretical framework. Through the observation and description of three specific figures of laziness sad-laziness, heroic-laziness and oniric-laziness are identified the common elements that are present in each of these forms, as well as the relations between them. Therefore, in the present work, the confrontation of laziness with other themes is essential to build its meaning. The articulation of this dynamic in specific axis is made over a more general comprehension of the polysemy of laziness, in order to compose its meaning according to the relations that can be verified from the interaction between the figures and the background. The sad-laziness is a figure investigated in relation with the capital sin of Christianity called until at least the end of the XIII centuryas acedia and with melancholy, as described by Freud. In turn, heroic-laziness opens the universe of articulation between laziness, work and utopia, in the attempt to demonstrate the existence of a certain sense of laziness that is not antagonistic to creativity or to life itself, but to servitude and forced labor. Two elements are present in each of these figures: fantasy and regression. There is an attempt to delimitate some psychoanalytic concepts and the way psychoanalysis understands the development of the sense of reality in order to construct some metapsychological comments on this subject. In this sense, the study of fantasy and of the principles of mental functioning makes it possible to consider the ways and means by which someone can alter reality. Finally, with the oniric-laziness we observe the emergence of a radical and comic form of festive idleness that shapes itself as a lazy fantasy, which can only gain shape from a moment of laziness. This formulation, that is analogically similar to the psychoanalytic assertion that sleep is the condition to dream, guides the investigation of the regressive nature of laziness. This happens with a scope aimed for the problem of clinical regression, in the sense to observe how one can understand and handle laziness in the psychoanalytic device. Despite the attempt to delimitate and to organize the argument in three distinct figures, some comments that are relevant to one axis or figure may appear in the others, and the essay is the form chosen as an attempt to arrange such variety of meanings that laziness can acquire

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a compreensão da temática polissêmica da preguiça a partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise. Com a articulação de algumas figuras específicas da preguiça a preguiça-tristeza, a preguiça-heroica e a preguiça-onírica busca-se identificar as relações e os elementos em comum desses fenômenos. Assim, nessa pesquisa confronta-se a preguiça com alguns temas que ajudam a compor o seu significado;a articulação dessa dinâmica em eixos específicos se constrói, ao mesmo tempo, sobre o fundo polissêmico da preguiça, de forma a compor o seu significado segundo as relações que podem ser verificadas da interação entre as figuras e o fundo. A preguiça-tristeza foi uma figura investigada em sua relação com o pecado capital do cristianismo denominado até pelo menos o século XIII como acídia e com a melancolia, tal como descrita na teoria freudiana. A preguiça-heroica, por sua vez, abre a articulação com o universo do trabalho e das utopias, na tentativa de mostrar a existência de uma noção de preguiça que não é avessa à criatividade e à vida, senão à servidão e ao trabalho forçado. Em ambas essas figuras, percebe-se a existência da repetição de dois elementos em comum na preguiça, identificados a partir do referencial teórico adotado, a saber, a fantasia e a regressão. No estudo desses recortes procura-se delimitar alguns conceitos psicanalíticos e a maneira que a psicanálise entende o desenvolvimento do sentido de realidade, de forma a tecer considerações metapsicológicas sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o estudo da fantasia e dos princípios do funcionamento psíquico se articulam com algumas considerações a respeito da noção de realidade e das maneiras pelas quais é possível alterá-la. Por último, observa-se a preguiça-onírica como a emergência do exagero cômico da ociosidade festiva, configurando-se como uma fantasia preguiçosa que só pode se formar em momentos de preguiça. Formulação esta, que, aproximada da articulação psicanalítica entre a necessidade do sono para a existência do sonho, possibilita a investigação a respeito do caráter regressivo da preguiça. Nesse último recorte, a regressão é discutida com um enfoque na sua aparição na clínica, no sentido de observar como a preguiça pode ser entendida e manejada nesse dispositivo. Apesar da tentativa de delimitação e do recorte do argumento, considerações pertinentes a uma figura ou eixo surgem nos demais e a forma ensaio é a tentativa de organizar, na forma de um texto, a variedade de significados que esse tema adquire / This work has the objective to understand the polysemy of laziness from the psychoanalytic theoretical framework. Through the observation and description of three specific figures of laziness sad-laziness, heroic-laziness and oniric-laziness are identified the common elements that are present in each of these forms, as well as the relations between them. Therefore, in the present work, the confrontation of laziness with other themes is essential to build its meaning. The articulation of this dynamic in specific axis is made over a more general comprehension of the polysemy of laziness, in order to compose its meaning according to the relations that can be verified from the interaction between the figures and the background. The sad-laziness is a figure investigated in relation with the capital sin of Christianity called until at least the end of the XIII centuryas acedia and with melancholy, as described by Freud. In turn, heroic-laziness opens the universe of articulation between laziness, work and utopia, in the attempt to demonstrate the existence of a certain sense of laziness that is not antagonistic to creativity or to life itself, but to servitude and forced labor. Two elements are present in each of these figures: fantasy and regression. There is an attempt to delimitate some psychoanalytic concepts and the way psychoanalysis understands the development of the sense of reality in order to construct some metapsychological comments on this subject. In this sense, the study of fantasy and of the principles of mental functioning makes it possible to consider the ways and means by which someone can alter reality. Finally, with the oniric-laziness we observe the emergence of a radical and comic form of festive idleness that shapes itself as a lazy fantasy, which can only gain shape from a moment of laziness. This formulation, that is analogically similar to the psychoanalytic assertion that sleep is the condition to dream, guides the investigation of the regressive nature of laziness. This happens with a scope aimed for the problem of clinical regression, in the sense to observe how one can understand and handle laziness in the psychoanalytic device. Despite the attempt to delimitate and to organize the argument in three distinct figures, some comments that are relevant to one axis or figure may appear in the others, and the essay is the form chosen as an attempt to arrange such variety of meanings that laziness can acquire

<p>This essay examines the differences and similarities, weaknesses and strengths of the two Cognitive Semantic theories Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Principled Polysemy Approach to Meaning Analysis. To illustrate the two theories, the Swedish verb-particle construction "gå upp" is examined and analyzed accordingly. The results showed differences in the number of polysemous meaning found. The methodological evaluation showed that the differences in the underlying ideas concerning meaning-construction behind these two theories make them incompatible.</p>

This monograph is an empirical study of the competition between the French movement verbs amener/apporter and emmener/emporter, regarded as partial synonyms in the sense that they are interchangeable in certain contexts. The main purpose of this study is to account for these competing verbs from the perspective of actual language use, and to determine to what extent they are synonymous. The study is based on a corpus of French newspaper texts, some literary texts and the answers from a group of informants. It is shown that these lexemes cannot be defined by the principle of shared properties of all the senses represented. They are best analysed as polysemous within the framework of the prototype theory, according to which there is a basic sense from which the other secondary senses are derived through metaphor or metonymy. In the case of these verbs the competition between them arises through the widening of the semantic content of the verbs amener and emmener, extended to the use of inanimate objects uncapable of movement. This case normally calls for the use of the verbs apporter et emporter. In response to the question of the degree of synonymy between these verbs, when adopting a cognitive perspective, it is argued that they are to be considered as lexical variants rather than as perfect synonyms, in the sense that they focus on different aspects of the described movement. In other words, there is an aspectual difference between these closely related lexemes which is determined not only by inherent semantic properties, but to a large extent also by non-linguistic properties, such as the perspective adopted by the speaker in describing the mouvement. Finally, it is pointed out that the prototypical sense of each verb not only explains the different derived senses it gives rise to, but also accounts for the aspectual difference between these competing verbs. / digitalisering@umu

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This study investigated whether English second language learners learn the senses of polysemous vocabulary items in an order from a core sense to more extended senses. Polysemous words have one form but many interrelated meanings. It was hypothesised that such an order could be explained by way of the theory of prototypicality. / 48 ESL learners from three language groups, French, Japanese and Chinese, took part in the study. The participants translated into their first language 29 English sentences using different senses of the word over. Translations were coded for correct translations of the sense of over and for variation in the correct translations. A MANOVA analysis showed that core senses were translated significantly more correctly than extended senses. A negative correlation was shown between variation in translation and correctness of translation. Following Krzeszowski, T. (1990), the study confirms that the theory of prototypicality offers an effective way of explaining language transfer.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2008. / Reproduction of unpublish thesis typescript. Advisers: Stephen Sivo, Keith Folse. Also available as a PDF on the World Wide Web. Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-182).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

In this thesis, the phenomenon of intercategorial polysemy is approached from two related but previously unconnected perspectives, namely that of linguistic creativity and mental representation. It is argued that the creativity that is part and parcel of the linguistic abilities of each and every human being, has been neglected in the study of linguistics, and should, in fact, form the basis of studies such as these in cognitive lexical creativity. It is argued that structural productivity (the generative view of linguistic creativity) and conceptual creativity lie on a continuum, the middle ground of which is covered by phenomena which are both productive and creative and which have both a formal and a semantic aspect to them. One such a phenomenon is intercategorial polysemy. Explaining the way in which speakers of a language such as English can systematically and productively produce and interpret words that belong to more than one syntactic category (for example, hammerN - hammerV, tableN - tableV, skyN - skyV), which may range from the conventionalised to the completely innovative, has long been a problem for linguists. Traditional morphological accounts involving theoretical notions such as zero derivation have always been found to be inadequate, mostly because zero derivation does not account for the variation in meaning and the background knowledge that is needed to produce and interpret novel instances. The main problem addressed in this thesis then is the question as to the nature of the lexical knowledge of speakers and its mental representation, so that it can form the basis for the cognitive processes that will enable language users to be linguistically creative. Various theoretical models that have been proposed to account for intercategorial polysemy, namely the representationalderivational model, the network-activation model, as well as the theory of conceptual integration (also called blending), are presented and evaluated in the light of a representative sample of completely novel instances of intercategorial polysemy. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phi. (Linguistics)

Over the years, an increasing number of scholars have argued that a "coming out imperative" characterizes Western society, urging those who harbor hidden identities to make those identities visible for the greater good. A number of sources repeatedly remind queer-identified individuals, for example, that coming out of the closet results in crucial visibility that, among other things, can help lead to political advances for the GLBTQ community. Yet, the call to make the invisible visible also valorizes the gender and sexual binary system that queer theory seeks to dismantle. How might we view the closet--a location that we find ourselves in repeatedly over time, regardless of any and all coming out events--in queer terms? How might we queer common conceptualizations of its construction and its utility? While he does not technically identify as gay, the popular culture stalwart known as Superman provides a useful exemplar for engaging in such a task. Since his first appearance in the pages of comic books more than seventy years ago, consumers and critics have continually inscribed Superman with meanings other than those presumably intended by his authors, thus attesting to the figure's polysemy. These subtextual layers enable consumers to recognize aspects of his texts that they find especially salient, including cues that speak to queer experiences. For example, because Superman's identity is in constant flux, with Superman always masking Clark Kent and vice versa, queer audiences may view Superman as especially relatable given their own experiences with a sexual- and gender-based closet. Superman does not adhere to the "coming out imperative," though, since he constantly relies on his closet in order to perform his super-job efficiently and effectively. His narrative, by its very nature, valorizes some measure of invisibility as a viable approach to managing a life with difference, however super or terrestrial that difference may be. This project analyzes four Superman texts--the television series Smallville, the motion picture Superman Returns, and the animated films Superman: Brainiac Attacks! and Superman: Doomsday--to ponder a closet that may offer opportunity rather than blanket oppression. Through his own identity negotiation, Superman struggles with his difference in ways that are similar to his queer human counterparts, and his eventual embrace of that identity, costume and all, suggests that he achieves some measure of pride in that difference. Yet, his closet remains intact. He may not always appreciate its limitations, but he understands the opportunities it bestows, and I believe we can learn from him. In other words, rampant heteronormativity and heterosexist presumption ensure that we must live with our queer closets everyday. This project seeks to reclaim that space for its practical and critical utility.