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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Síntese e propriedades do óleo de soja funcionalizado com grupos hidroxílicos para aplicação em poliuretanos / Synthesis and properties of hydroxyl-functionalized soybean oil for application in polyurethanes

Pontel, Carlos Eduardo 27 January 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo a modificação de óleo de soja por meio da sua funcionalização com grupos hidroxílicos visando seu uso na síntese de poliuretanos. As reações de funcionalização foram conduzidas em duas etapas, uma de epoxidação seguida de hidroxilação utilizando álcoois de baixo peso molecular como agente hidroxilante. Na primeira etapa do processo, a epoxidação, duas amostras foram obtidas variando o grau de funcionalidade de aproximadamente 2 mol de epóxido por mol de óleo epoxidado (F2) e, aproximadamente, 2,5 mol de epóxido por mol de óleo epoxidado (F2,5). Na segunda etapa, variou-se os álcoois utilizados como agentes hidroxilantes da amostra F2 entre metanol, etanol, isopropanol e 1-butanol; enquanto que a amostra F2,5 foi hidroxilada apenas com etanol. Os óleos modificados foram caracterizados por meio de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons (RMN 1H); determinação do percentual de epóxido, índice de hidroxila e de acidez, distribuição de massa molar e viscosidade dinâmica. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os valores típicos do óleo de mamona que por ser naturalmente hidroxilado é muito usado na síntese de poliuretanos. A caracterização estrutural permitiu comprovar a eficácia da síntese, apresentando evidências claras quanto às diferenças estruturais existentes entre as amostras funcionalizadas e o óleo de mamona. As técnicas de FTIR e RMN 1H mostraram a formação do grupo beta-hidroxi-éter, vicinal à hidroxila, de acordo com o tipo de álcool usado na hidroxilação de cada uma das amostras. Variações entre a estimativa do índice de hidroxila, através do percentual de epóxido e o índice de hidroxila experimental sugeriram reações paralelas durante a síntese. A influência da acidez durante o processo e a acidez final de cada uma das amostras também foi determinada. As curvas de GPC comprovaram umas das vias paralelas sugeridas com a formação de fases oligoméricas entre os triglicerídeos. A viscosidade final apresentou grande variação, principalmente em função do grupo beta-hidroxi-éter formado em cada caso, do grau de funcionalidade, além da redução do teor de insaturações do óleo modificado. Dados sobre a energia de ativação de escoamento do fluido em função da temperatura mostraram que o fator mais significativo na variação da viscosidade é o índice de hidroxila final das amostras. As amostras sintetizadas foram usadas na polimerização de poliuretanos. A reatividade das amostras foi determinada através de ensaios de cura acompanhados por FTIR, além de uma caracterização mecânica dos poliuretanos finais feita por Análise Dinâmico Mecânica (DMA). As amostras apresentaram uma alta variação quanto à reatividade no processo de polimerização. Os ensaios de DMA mostraram a relação direta entre a temperatura de transição vítrea e o grau de funcionalidade, além do efeito plastificante gerado pelas cadeias livres contidas na fase flexível formada pelos triglicerídeos parcialmente funcionalizados. / The objective of this work was the modification of soybean oil by its functionalization with hydroxyl groups for its use in the synthesis of polyurethanes. Functionalization reactions were conducted in two steps, one epoxidation followed by hydroxylation using low molecular weight alcohols as hydroxylating agent. In the first step, two samples were obtained varying the degree of functionality of approximately 2 moles of epoxide per mole of epoxidized oil (F2) and approximately 2.5 moles of epoxide per mole of epoxidized oil (F2,5). In the second step, the process was varied using different alcohols as hydroxylating agents of the F2 sample, which were methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol; while the F2.5 sample was hydroxylated only with ethanol. The modified oils were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1HNMR), determination of the percentage of epoxide, hydroxyl and acidity index, molar mass distribution and dynamic viscosity (Brookfield viscosity). The obtained results were compared to the typical values of castor oil which, because it is naturally hydroxylated, is widely used in the synthesis of polyurethanes. The structural characterization allowed proving the efficacy of the synthesis, presenting clear evidence regarding the structural differences between the functionalized samples and castor oil. The results from FTIR and 1HNMR techniques showed the formation of the beta-hydroxyl ether group, side to the hydroxyl, according to the type of alcohol used in the hydroxylation of each of the samples. Variations between the estimation of the hydroxyl number, through the percentage of epoxide and the experimental hydroxyl number, suggested parallel reactions during the synthesis. The influence of the acidity during the process and the final acidity of each of the samples were also determined. The GPC curves confirmed one of the parallel pathways suggested with the formation of oligomeric phases between the triglycerides. The final viscosity showed great variation according to the beta-hydroxyl ether group formed in each case, the degree of functionality and the reduction of unsaturation content in the modified oil. Activation energy values of fluid flow as a function of temperature showed that the most significant factor in the viscosity variation is the final hydroxyl number of samples. The synthesized samples were used in the polymerization of polyurethanes. The reactivity of the samples was determined by curing tests monitored by FTIR technique, in addition to a mechanical characterization of final polyurethanes by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The samples showed a high variation in reactivity in the polymerization process. The DMTA tests showed the relationship between the glass transition temperature and the degree of functionality in addition to the plasticizing effect generated by free chains contained in the flexible phase formed by the partially functionalized triglycerides.
132

Homopolímeros e copolímeros furânicos termorreversíveis / Thermoreversible furanic homopolymers and copolymers

Ferreira, Adriane de Medeiros 14 December 2015 (has links)
Na presente tese foram preparados poliésteres derivados de dois materiais renováveis o ácido 2,5-furanodicarboxílico (AFD) e a isoidida. Foram também preparados monômeros dihidroxílados para uso em poliesterificações e em reações com diisocianatos contendo um aduto de Diels-Alder (DA) formado pela reação de um grupo furano e uma maleimida (reação entre uma bismaleimida e o álcool furfurílico). Esses diois foram utilizados na preparação de poliésteres e poliuretanos termorreversíveis. A termorreversibilidade dos materiais preparados advém do fato de que os adutos de DA são termorreversíveis (rDA). Portanto, ao aquecer os poliésteres preparados com aduto-DA são originados monômeros difuncionais com grupos furano e/ou maleimida. O produto da rDA pode então ser repolimerizado, mas não via reações de poliesterificação ou isocianato/hidroxila, mas pelo acoplamento furano/maleimida (DA). Por fim uma nova rota para a obtenção de copolímeros aleatórios foi investigada. Essa rota consiste em provocar a rDA de uma mistura de dois homopolímeros distintos obtidos por polimerização em etapas contendo no interior de suas unidades repetitivas adutos de Diels-Alder e em seguida provocar a sua repolimerização via DA para dar origem a um copolímero aleatório. Os materiais foram caracterizados por suas estruturas químicas por Espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), ressonância magnética nuclear de próton (RMN ¹H). Foram feitos ensaios de cromatografia de permeação de gel (GPC), onde notou-se uma massa média numérica e ponderal para os poliésteres obtidos a partir do AFD e também para o poliéster e poliuretano termorreversíveis de aproximadamente 1600 g.mol¹. Nos ensaios de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foi obtido Tgs variados para os poliésteres obtidos a partir do AFD indo de 88 a 159ºC, de 80ºC para o poliuretano termorreversível e de 106ºC para o poliéster termorreversível. Para a análise termogravimétrica (TGA) foi observado temperaturas de degradação para os poliésteres obtidos a partir do AFD em torno de 280ºC. Para a análise térmica dinâmico-mecânicas (DMTA) obteve-se Tg\'s em 117, 123 e 120ºC para o poliéster, o poliuretano e o copolímero termorreversíveis. / In this thesis it was prepared polyesters of two renewable monomers, the 2.5-furandicarboxylic acid and isoidide. Dihydroxy monomers were also prepared for use in polysterification and in reactions with diisocyanates, both containing Diels-Alder adduct in the molecule formed by the reaction of a furan group and a maleimide (reaction between bismaleimide and furfuryl alcohol). These diols were used in the preparation of thermoreversible polyesters and polyurethanes. The thermoreversibility of these materials comes from the fact that the DA adducts are thermoreversible (rDA). Therefore, heating these polymers give rise to difunctional monomers with an adduct-DA with furan and/or maleimide functions. The product of the rDA may then be polymerized not via polysterification reactions or isocyanate/hydroxyl, but by furan/maleimide coupling (DA) restoring the DA adduct. Finaly a new route to obtain random copolymers was investigated. This route consists in the rDA of a mixture of two different homopolymers obtained by polymerization in stages containing adducts producing monomers with furan and maleimide functions that can be polymerization via DA reaction to give a random copolymer. The materials were characterized by their chemical structures by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance of proton (¹H-NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), experiments were made, where it was noticed a number and weight average mass for the polyesters obtained from the AFD and also for the thermoreversible polyester and polyurethane 1600 gmol¹. In differential scanning calorimetry tests (DSC) was obtained Tg\'s for various polyesters obtained from the AFD ranging from 88 to 159°C, 80°C for the thermoreversible polyurethane and 106°C for the thermoreversible polyester. For the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was observed degradation temperatures for the polyesters obtained from the AFD around 280°C. For dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) Tg was obtained in 117, 123 and 120°C for polyester, polyurethane and copolymer thermoreversible.
133

The smoldering behavior of upholstered polyurethane cushionings and its relevance to home furnishing fires

Salig, Ronald James January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Ronald James Salig. / M.S.
134

Estudo do envelhecimento de poliuretanos aplicados na indústria de petróleo / Study of polyurethanes ageing applied to offshore industry

Fábio Gosi de Aquino 06 May 2009 (has links)
A indústria do petróleo é um dos setores com maior número de sistemas produtivos empregando alta tecnologia. O Brasil é mundialmente renomado como um líder na extração de petróleo, em águas profundas e ultraprofundas. Dentro da cadeia produtiva, grande parte do petróleo e do gás produzido é escoado através de dutos flexíveis que conectam os poços de produção com as plataformas. Existem dois segmentos dessas linhas que recebem diferentes denominações de acordo com o seu local de aplicação. Quando estão apoiadas sobre o fundo do mar, em condição de serviço estático, são denominados flowlines e quando se elevam do fundo do mar até a plataforma, em condição de serviço dinâmico, são denominados risers. Os tubos projetados para aplicações dinâmicas são dotados de bends stiffeners, componentes com formato cônico e, em geral, de base uretânica que têm a função de fornecer uma transição de rigidez suave entre a estrutura dos tubos flexíveis e a extremamente rígida, à plataforma, não permitindo que este componente infrinja seu raio mínimo de operação. A adequada compreensão dos enrijecedores de curvatura e do material empregado em sua fabricação vem se tornando cada vez mais importante na indústria devido à sua crescente utilização, bem como à ocorrência de falhas que vem sendo constatada nos últimos anos. Este trabalho abordou a variação das propriedades mecânicas de poliuretanos pela ação da hidrólise, calor e pela ação dos raios-UV por envelhecimento acelerado, assim como variação de massa, considerando que esses materiais são projetados para uma vida útil superior a vinte anos para trabalhos imersos em meio aquoso. / The oil industry is one of the sectors with the highest number of production systems employing high technology. Brazil is worldwide renowned as a leader in oil and gas extraction in deep and ultra deep water. Inside the production chain, a great part of the oil and gas produced is conveyed through flexible pipelines that connect the production wells to the platforms. There are two segments of these lines that receive different names according to their application characteristics. When the pipes are laid on the seabed in a static service condition, are called flowlines and when they raise from the seabed to the platform in a dynamic service condition, are called risers. The pipes designed for dynamic applications are equipped with bend stiffeners, components with conical form and in general with urethane basis, which has the function of providing a smooth stiffness transition between the flexible structure of the pipes and an extremely rigid structure, the platform, not allowing that this component infringes their minimum operation bend radius. The proper compression of curvature stiffeners and the material used in its manufacture is becoming increasingly important in industry due to its growing use and the occurrence of failures that have been recorded in recent years. This work discussed the changes in the mechanical properties of polyurethanes due to hydrolysis, heating and UV-rays exposure by accelerated ageing, as well as mass variation, considering that these materials are designed for a service life exceeding twenty years for operation in water.
135

Phase segregation study of thermoplastic polyurethanes

Mace, Tamara Lee 01 December 2003 (has links)
No description available.
136

Combinatorial Synthesis and High-Throughput Characterization of Polyurethaneureas and Their Nanocomposites with Laponite

Joe-Lahai, Sormana 26 July 2005 (has links)
Segmented polyurethaneureas (SPUU) are thermoplastic elastomers with excellent elastic properties, high abrasion resistance and tear strength, making them very useful in numerous industrial applications ranging from microelectronics (slurry pad) to biomedical (artificial heart vessels) applications. The elastic and mechanical properties of these materials are strongly influenced by their two phase morphology. The factors that influence phase separation include difference in polarity between the hard and soft phases, composition and temperature. In general good phase separation results in materials with superior mechanical and elastic properties. Due to the immense potential applications of SPUU elastomers, there is a need for materials with higher strength. However, higher strength is not desired at the detriment of elasticity. If fact, stronger materials with enhanced elasticity are desired. In this thesis, high-strength SPUU elastomers were synthesized by incorporating reactive Laponite particles with surface-active free amine. The synthesis of pure SPUU is very complex, and addition of a reactive silicate further increases the complexity. To remedy this challenge, combinatorial methods and high-throughput screening techniques were used to optimize the diamine concentration and cure temperature. It was determined that pure SPUU elastomers prepared at a diamine stoichiometry of 85 100 mole %, and cured at 90 95 oC produced materials with higher strength and elongation at break. SPUU nanocomposites were prepared by maintaining the overall diamine stoichiometry at 95 mole %, and cured at 90 oC. Uniaxial tensile strength was optimized at a particle weight fraction of 1 wt. %, with a nearly 200 % increase in tensile strength and a 40 % increase in elongation at break, compared to pristine SPUU.
137

Synthesis and characterization of shape memory poly (epsilon-caprolactone) polyurethane-ureas

Ren, Hongfeng 17 January 2012 (has links)
A series of segmented poly (epsilon-caprolactone) polyurethane-ureas (PCLUUs) were prepared from poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) diol, different dissociates and chain extenders to improve the recovery stress of shape memory polymers. NMR and FT-IR were used to identify the structure of the synthesized shape memory polyurethane-ureas. Parameters such as soft segment content (molecular weight and content), chain extender and the rigidity of the main chain were investigated to understand the structure-property relationships of the shape memory polymer systems through DSC, DMA, physical property test, etc. Cyclic thermal mechanic tests were applied to measure the shape memory properties which showed that the recovery stress can be improved above 200% simply by modifying the chain extender. Meanwhile, the synthesis process was optimized to be similar to that of Spandex /LYCRA®. Continuous fibers were made from a wet spinning process, which indicated excellent spinnability of the polymer solution. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the morphology of the hard segment at different temperatures and stretch rates and found that the monodisperse rigid cylinder model fit the SANS data quite well. From the cylinder model, the radius of the cylinder increases with the increasing hard segment content. The SANS results revealed phase separation of hard and soft segments into nano scale domains.
138

Application of cellulose nanowhisker and lignin in preparation of rigid polyurethane nanocomposite foams

Li, Yang 18 May 2012 (has links)
Cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) prepared by acid hydrolysis of softwood Kraft pulp was incorporated as nanofiller in rigid polyurethane (PU) foam synthesis. The density, morphology, chemical structure, mechanical properties and thermal behavior of the products were characterized. The nanocomposites exhibited better performance especially at high CNW¡¯s content which was probably due to the high specific strength and aspect ratio of CNW, the hydrogen bonding and crosslinking between CNW and polymer matrix, a higher crosslinking density compared to the control, and the function of CNW as an insulator and mass transfer insulator. Lignin polyol was synthesized through oxypropylation and used for rigid PU foam preparation. The density, morphology, chemical structure, compressive property and thermal behavior of the product were characterized. Lingin-based rigid PU foam showed improved compressive property compared to its commercial counterpart. Ethanol organosolv lignin-based PU showed a slightly stronger compressive property than Kraft lignin-based PU. The enhancement was primarily attributed to the rigid phenolic structure and the high hydroxyl functionality of lignin. Lignin-based PU generated more char than common PUs which was possibly related to the better flame retardant property. This study provided an alternative way to valorize the two most abundant biopolymers and resulted in relatively environmentally benign rigid PU nanocomposite foam.
139

Polyethylene oxide-containing block copolymers as surface modification additives in polyurethanes for protein and cell resistance /

Tan, Jiahong. Brash, John L., January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2005. / Supervisor: John L. Brash. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
140

Caracterização de filmes poliméricos utilizados em acabamento de couros

Winter, Cristiana January 2014 (has links)
Artigos de couro estão associados com tendências de moda e sofisticação em produtos de consumo. No processamento do couro, a fase de acabamento consiste de um conjunto de operações e tratamentos, essencialmente de superfície, que conferem características finais ao produto. Os objetivos do acabamento são reduzir defeitos visíveis, modificar as propriedades superficiais e melhorar os atributos de uso. Nesta fase final, são aplicadas, dentre outros produtos, resinas, geralmente, poliacrilatos e poliuretanos, e algumas vezes caseínas e outros polímeros que formam filmes de recobrimento protetores sobre o couro. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa a uma avaliação dos filmes formados com resinas comerciais utilizadas industrialmente no acabamento de couros, relacionando a composição destes materiais com características sensoriais, com resistência mecânica, através de testes de tração, com estabilidade à água ou a solvente orgânico, com análise de dureza, e através de caracterizações por infravermelho e DSC. Ensaios de tração mostraram que as resinas poliuretânicas, no geral, apresentam uma maior resistência à tração quando comparadas com resinas acrílicas, assim como os valores de tenacidade, indicando que esses filmes suportam um maior impacto para levar o material à ruptura. A adição de pigmentos diminui essa resistência, tanto em resinas acrílicas quanto em resinas poliuretânicas, enquanto que a produção de filmes compactos apresenta características intermediárias com relação aos componentes puros. Todos os filmes acrílicos testados apresentaram uma maior capacidade de alongamento. Com relação à dureza, as resinas que se mostraram mais flexíveis e com maior alongamento, foram as que apresentaram menor dureza. A estabilidade dos filmes com relação à água e solventes mostrou que os componentes solúveis em água e em solvente aumentam com a presença de pigmento e que a absorção de água é maior e de solvente é menor em filmes com pigmento, tanto para acrilatos quanto para poliuretanos. As caracterizações a partir de análise por FTIR e DSC indicaram os grupamentos químicos e picos de temperaturas característicos dos acrilatos e poliuretanos, respectivamente. / Leather goods are associated with fashion trends and sophistication in consumer products. In the leather processing, the finishing phase consists of a series of operations and treatments, essentially in surface, conferring its final characteristics. The objectives are to reduce visible defects, modify surface properties and improve the usage attributes In this final stage are applied, among other products, resins, generally polyacrylates and polyurethanes, sometimes casein and other polymers, which form protective coating films on leather. In this context, this paper evaluates the films formed with commercial polymeric resins used industrially in finishing leather, relating the composition of these materials with their sensory characteristics, with their strength by tensile testing, with its stability to water or organic solvent, with analysis of hardness and characterizations by IR and DSC. Tensile tests showed that the polyurethane resins in general have a higher tensile strength when compared with acrylic resins, as well as the toughness values, indicating that these films support a greater impact to bring the material to rupture. The addition of pigments decreases this resistance, for acrylic resins and polyurethane resins, while the production of compact film has intermediate characteristics with respect to the pure components. All acrylic films tested had a higher elongation. With respect to hardness, the resins that were more flexible and more stretching, showed the lowest hardness. The stability of the films with respect to water and solvents has shown that water soluble solvent components increased by the presence of pigment and the water absorption is higher and the solvent is lower in pigmented films to acrylates and polyurethanes. The characterizations from IR and DSC analysis indicated the chemical groups and characteristic temperatures peaks of acrylates and polyurethanes, respectively.

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