A busca de fontes alternativas de pigmentos naturais tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com diferentes frutos e resíduos tropicais. No presente trabalho, optou-se por estudar o aproveitamento do bagaço gerado na produção de suco de jabuticaba. A jabuticaba é uma fruta rica em antocianinas, um pigmento natural que, além da capacidade de conferir cor, também possui atividades benéficas à saúde. No entanto, o seu uso como corante natural na indústria de alimentos como uma forma de substituir os corantes sintéticos é limitado pela sua instabilidade frente às condições de processamento e da presença de outros componentes. Uma alternativa para aumentar a estabilidade das antocianinas é através da técnica de microencapsulação no qual o ingrediente sensível é protegido dentro do material de revestimento. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou a produção, caracterização e a verificação da estabilidade dos pós obtidos por liofilização utilizando a maltodextrina, a pectina e a proteína isolada de soja como materiais de parede em diferentes proporções. Os pós foram caracterizados quanto ao teor de umidade, atividade de água, solubilidade, higroscopicidade, tamanho de partícula, morfologia, análise térmica e colorimétrica, teor de fenólicos totais, antocianinas monoméricas e atividade antioxidante com o radical ABTS. Os mesmos também foram avaliados quanto à estabilidade na presença da luz UV durante a estocagem e comparadas com o extrato de antocianinas liofilizado não microencapsulado. As antocianinas presentes no bagaço de jabuticaba foram extraídas com ultrassom utilizando a água acidificada com ácido cítrico (1 %) O extrato de antocianinas concentrado apresentou uma quantidade de antocianinas monoméricas de 510 ± 0,09 mg.100 g-1 de bagaço, um teor de fenólicos totais de 12.860 ± 1,5 mg AGE.100 g-1 bagaço e uma atividade antioxidante de 39.590 ± 1,25 μM TE.g-1 de bagaço todos expressos em base seca. Os pós produzidos por liofilização apresentaram estruturas irregulares amorfas sem estrutura cristalina com tamanho médio de partículas entre 311,66 – 419,74 μm com distribuição bimodal. Além disso, as amostras apresentaram baixos valores de umidade (2,09 ± 0,10 a 4,15 ± 0,32%), atividade de água (0,053 ± 0,003 a 0,162 ± 0,002), higroscopicidade (10,8 ± 0,1 a 14,2 ± 0,3 g/100g) e baixa solubilidade em água (10,9 ± 0,1 a 21,3 ± 0,2 %), atributos desejáveis na obtenção de alimentos em pó. Com a análise térmica foi possível verificar que houve a microencapsulação das antocianinas com os diferentes materiais de revestimento testados devido à formação de novas transições endotérmicas, e ainda foi possível observar que os pós apresentaram uma estabilidade térmica até a temperatura de 130 °C. A fotoestabilidade dos pós liofilizados bem como do extrato de antocianinas liofilizado não microencapsulado armazenados por 90 dias mostraram que a degradação desse pigmento seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem e os parâmetros cinéticos foram calculados Para o extrato não microencapsulado os valores obtidos para a constante de degradação e tempo de meia-vida foram iguais a 0,0135 d-1 e 51 dias, respectivamente, correspondendo a uma redução de 77% de antocianinas monoméricas, 56 % de fenólicos totais e 43 % da capacidade antioxidante. Por outro lado, os materiais de parede protegeram o pigmento do efeito deletério da luz em mais de 90 % em relação ao teor de fenólicos totais, 80 % para a quantidade de antocianinas monoméricas, de modo que a atividade antioxidante foi mantida em 70 % durante o período de estocagem. Os valores da constante de degradação para todas as formulações variaram de 0,0022 a 0,0070 d-1 e os tempos de meia-vida variaram de 101 a 320 dias. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que a pectina e a proteína isolada de soja podem ser consideradas potenciais materiais de revestimento na microencapsulação de antocianinas a serem utilizados na indústria de alimentos. / The search for alternative sources of natural pigments has stimulated the development of research with different tropical fruits and their waste; in the present work, we chose to study the use of the bagasse generated in the production of jaboticaba juice was studied. Jaboticaba is a fruit rich in anthocyanins, a natural pigment, which besides the ability of providing color, also has beneficial health activities. However, its use as a natural colorant in the food industry, replacing the synthetic coloring agents is limited by their instability due to the process conditions and the presence of other components. An alternative to increase stability of anthocyanins is microencapsulation technique in which the sensitive ingredient is protected within the coating material. The present work aims the production, characterization and verification of the stability of the powders obtained by freeze-drying using maltodextrin, pectin and the isolate soy protein as wall materials in different proportions. The powders were analyzed for moisture content, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity, particle size, morphology, thermal and colorimetric analysis, total phenolics content, total monomeric anthocyanin and capacity to scavenge the ABTS.+. They were also evaluated for stability in the presence of UV light during storage and compared with the lyophilized extract of anthocyanins not microencapsulated. Anthocyanins were extracted from jaboticaba pomace with ultrasound using water acidified with citric acid (1%) The concentrated extract anthocyanins showed an amount of monomeric anthocyanins of 510 ± 0.09 mg. 100g-1 a content of total phenolics of 12.860 ± 1.5 mg GAE.100g-1 and antioxidant activity of 39,590 ± 1.25 μM TE.g-1 pomace dry basis. In addition, the samples presented low moisture values (2.09 ± 0.10 to 4.15 ± 0.32%), low water activity (0.053 ± 0.003 to 0.162 ± 0.002) and hygroscopicity ranging from 10.8 ± 0.1 to 14.2 ± 0.3 g/100g as well as low solubility in water (10.86 ± 0.1 to 21.28 ± 0.2%) which are desirable attributes for food powder. Through the thermal analysis it was verified that the anthocyanins were effectively microencapsulated with the different coating materials tested due to the formation of new endothermic transitions; it was also observed that the powders showed a thermal stability up to 130 °C. The photostability the powders and extract of anthocyanins lyophilized not microencapsulated stored for 90 days showed that this pigment degradation followed a first-order kinetics. For the extract not microencapsulated the values obtained of degradation and half-life were equal to 0.0135 d-1 and 51 days, respectively, corresponding to a 77 % reduction of monomeric anthocyanins, 56% total phenolics content and 43 % of antioxidant capacity In contrast, the wall material protected the pigment against the deleterious effect of light in more than 90 % for total phenolic content and 80 % for the amount of monomeric anthocyanins, so the antioxidant activity remained at 70 % for the storage period. The rate constants according to a first-order reaction for all formulations ranged from 0.0022 to 0.0070 d-1 and the half-life times ranged from 101 to 320 days. Therefore, the results of this study showed that the pectin and the isolate soy protein can be potentially be used as coating materials in the microencapsulation of anthocyanins for use in the food industry.

A carne de frango, em razão da elevada concentração de ácidos graxos insaturados, é altamente suscetível ao processo de oxidação lipídica, que afeta sabor, aroma, cor e textura dos alimentos, limitando sua estabilidade e vida-útil. Devido à possível toxicidade dos antioxidantes sintéticos e à demanda atual por produtos mais saudáveis, o uso de antioxidantes naturais, como o extrato de semente e casca de uva, representa uma alternativa na prevenção da oxidação lipídica em carne de frango, além de permitir aproveitamento do resíduo do processamento do vinho e suco de uva. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar extratos de bagaço de uva (sementes e cascas) das variedades Isabel e Niágara (Vitis labrusca L.) quanto à atividade antioxidante em carne de frango processada crua e cozida. Foram adicionados à carne de frango 4 tipos de antioxidantes: butilhidroxitolueno; mistura comercial de eritorbato de sódio, ácido cítrico e açúcar; extrato de semente e casca de uva Isabel; extrato de semente e casca de uva Niágara; além do tratamento controle, sem antioxidante. A carne de frango foi processada no formato de mini-hambúrgueres, embalada a vácuo e armazenada sob congelamento (-18°C), durante 9 meses. As amostras foram caracterizadas através da determinação da composição centesimal. A cada três meses, foram realizadas análises de pH, cor instrumental, avaliação microbiológica, oxidação lipídica (valor das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico TBARS) e análise sensorial. Não foi verificada alteração significativa (p>0,05) na composição centesimal e no valor de pH de amostras cruas e cozidas, em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. Ambos os extratos de bagaço de uva mostraram efeito na inibição da oxidação lipídica da carne de frango crua e cozida, apresentando resultados comparáveis aos antioxidantes sintéticos utilizados. Houve interferência dos extratos de bagaço de uva na coloração da carne de frango cozida. Na análise de cor objetiva, os tratamentos com extrato de semente e casca de uvas Isabel e Niágara apresentaram-se mais escuros, menos avermelhados e com menor intensidade de cor amarela e, na análise subjetiva, as notas destes tratamentos, para o atributo alteração de cor, foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) que as dos demais tratamentos. A coloração da carne de frango crua não foi afetada pela adição dos extratos. Através da análise sensorial, o extrato de bagaço de uva Isabel causou menor alteração no sabor e odor da carne de frango, apresentando resultados semelhantes aos antioxidantes sintéticos. Os resultados da análise microbiológica indicaram que as amostras de todos os tratamentos apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A utilização de bagaço da indústria vinícola (semente e casca) como antioxidante natural, combinado com o uso da embalagem a vácuo e armazenamento congelado, pode ser considerada um método eficiente para retardar a oxidação lipídica de carne de frango processada, tanto crua, como cozida. Entretanto mais estudos devem ser conduzidos a fim de aprimorar a compatibilidade dos extratos ao produto, buscando minimizar suas interferências nas características sensoriais e organolépticas. / Chicken meat, due to the high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, is highly susceptible to lipid oxidation, which affects taste, aroma, colour and texture of foods, limiting its stability and shelf-life. Due to the possible toxicity of synthetic antioxidants and the current demand for healthier products, the use of natural antioxidants, such as grape seed and peel extract, is an alternative in the prevention of lipid oxidation in chicken meat, and allows the use of residues from wine and grape juice processing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate grape pomace extracts (seeds and peels) of Isabel and Niagara varieties (Vitis labrusca L.) on the antioxidant activity in raw and cooked processed chicken meat. Four types of antioxidants were added to chicken meat: butylhydroxytoluene; commercial mixture of sodium erythorbate, citric acid and sugar; Isabel grape seed and peel extract; Niagara grape seed and peel extract; and the control, without antioxidant. The chicken meat was processed in the form of mini-burgers, vacuum packaged and stored under freezing (-18°C) for 9 months. The samples were characterized by determining the proximate composition. Every three months, the following analyses were carried out: pH, instrumental color, microbiological evaluation, lipid oxidation (value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS) and sensory analysis. No significant changes (p>0.05) in proximate composition and pH values were observed for raw and cooked samples, in none of the treatments. Both grape pomace extracts showed effect on inhibiting lipid oxidation in raw and cooked chicken meat, with results comparable to synthetic antioxidants used. There was interference from grape pomace extracts in the color of cooked chicken meat. In the objective color analysis, Isabel and Niagara grape seed and peel extract treatments were darker, less red and with less intense yellow color, and in the subjective analysis, the scores for these treatments, for attribute color alteration, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other treatments. The color of raw chicken meat was not affected by the addition of extracts. Through sensory evaluation, the Isabel grape pomace extract caused less change in taste and odour of chicken meat, with results similar to synthetic antioxidants. The results of microbiological analysis indicated that samples from all treatments were within the standards established by Brazilian legislation. The use of pomace from the wine industry (seeds and peels) as natural antioxidant, combined with the use of vacuum packaging and frozen storage, can be considered an effective method to retard lipid oxidation in processed chicken meat, both raw and cooked. However, further studies should be conducted in order to improve the compatibility of the extracts to the product, aiming to minimize its interference in the sensorial and organoleptic characteristics.

This work deals with the problem of microbial degradation of the waste materials from food industry. This work is focused on the production of technological significant enzymes producing by microorganisms, which were able to use the waste as a sole carbon source. In the first part of this work, the attention was focused on the production of pectolytic enzymes. This part was made within study interships in Slovak Academy of Sciences, department of Glycomics in Bratislava. The grape pomace as the waste form winegrowing was used as a sole carbon source for microbial growth and enzymes production. The production of pectolytic enzymes was tested on this waste. After screening the most suitable microorganisms was chosen with the highest production of polygalacturonase activity. Produced enzymes were isolated by extraction techniques, purified and then identified proteomically. The aim of the second part of this work was the waste water treatment containing lipids and lipolytic enzymes. The reason was the cooperation with the company constructing grease traps. The characterization of supplied commercial preparations was the subject of this work and the other reason was the characterization of conditions for lipases secreting by microorganisms, identification of microorganisms present in the commercial preparation and testing of new microbial cultures for the development of new preparation for the grease traps.

No description available.

This project combines nonwoven technology, biological technology and food waste management and seeks for this feasibility to use fungal microfiber (FM) as a binder for lyocell pro-duction and the characterizations for possible applications. Rhizopus delemar was cultivated apple pomace in liquid-state fermentation to obtain mycelia biomass. The biomass was later blended in a kitchen blender for one minute. The blended FM was later mixed with 6 mm lyocell fibre at different FM dry weight percentage and water to make nonwoven webs by wet-laid method. The feasibility of using fungal microfiber as a binder for lyocell nonwovens was confirmed in this study. It is not possible to make nonwoven webs using lyocell short fibre without any binder applied. With 5%_FM, the tensile strength of lyocell nonwoven webs reached 0.0989 MPa. A clear increasing tensile strength was recorded as the increasing of FM weight per-centage and resulted a highest tensile strength at 9.38 MPa when applying 60%_FM. The re-sult of water contact angle proved that the increasing FM could decrease the hydrophobicity of nonwoven samples. Abrasion test showed that FM could improve the abrasion resistance of the lyocell nonwoven samples. Porosity test showed that lyocell nonwoven samples with a higher FM ended up with smaller mean flow pore size diameter (MFP) that nonwoven samples with 65%_FM has an average MFP at 7.26 m m. The SEM images reviled that FM bonded nonwoven webs had a fibrous structure, which is due to binding effect of fungal microfiber on lyocell short fibers. These characterizations have demonstrated the mechanism of using fungal microfiber as a binder for lyocell nonwovens in this project. In this thesis project, FM bonded lyocell nonwoven webs showed a great potential on the application of nonwoven applications such as interior materials or filtration materials.

In this work Rhizopus Delemar was grown on an apple pomace medium, a waste product from the juice industry. The apple pomace was pre-treated with the enzyme invertase to hydrolyse the sucrose available in the waste to glucose and fructose, which are digestible by the fungus. Combination of invertase pre-treatment and yeast extract supplementation, resulted in highest biomass growth which was 4.3 ± 0.5 g/l biomass. The fungal cell wall was separated from fungal biomass using an alkali treatment. A hydrogel was formed from the cell wall material and used for spinning of filaments using dry gel spinning. The average dry weight percentage of the gel was 11.6 ± 1.3 %. The gel was spun through a needle to a collecting rotating surface to make filaments. The filaments were easy to spin and to collect continuous fibres. The spun filaments had a rubber-like texture. All the tested filaments had an ultimate tensile strength approximately 2-3 MPa and 10 – 12% elongation at break. The conclusion of this work is that it is possible to produce fibers from fungi grown in apple waste and that it is possible to improve fungal growth using invertase and yeast extract. The tensile strength of the filaments needs further improvement to compete with other materials used in woven fabrics.

Insects have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to livestock to help feed the growing population. Edible insects such as mealworms require less land and resources and can utilize food by-products to grow. While insects are consumed by over 2 billion people worldwide, they are not widely accepted in developed countries like the United States because of their unfamiliarity and the perception of disgust associated with entomophagy. The objectives of this research are to 1) grow mealworms using carrot pomace and determine an optimum diet for growth and nutritional composition, 2) identify and classify early adopters of insects, and propose a product form, and 3) assess the acceptability of frozen, ready-to-cook mealworms with early adopters. A response surface design was used to evaluate the use of carrot pomace in various percentages in the substrate and as the moisture source in a mealworm growing system. Mealworms were grown under controlled conditions in a climate chamber until they began to pupate, and statistical models were fitted to predict mealworm mortality, weight, days to pupation, protein content, fat content, and moisture content. An algorithm in Design Expert was used to optimize mealworm growth based on maximizing mealworm weight and minimizing mortality and days to pupation, and the optimum diet was found to be 36% carrot pomace in the substrate with carrot pomace as the moisture source. Early adopters of insects were identified through a survey using Red Jade Sensory Software. Participants were segmented using partitioning around medoids clustering algorithm based on responses to questions on willingness to consume insects in a variety of forms. Four segments were identified: No-thank-you’s, Hideaways, Daredevils, and Peekaboo’s. Daredevils, Peekaboo’s, and Hideaways are early adopters of insects in the nonvisible form, and Daredevils and Peekaboo’s are also early adopters of insects in the visible form. Based on these insights, frozen, ready-to-cook mealworms were selected to target Daredevils and Peekaboo’s as a product to serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock protein. Participants from each of the four segments were shown a video of mealworm cooking and asked their willingness to buy the product and the motivation behind their response. The majority of respondents were unwilling to buy this product, driven by unfamiliarity and the perception of disgust. However, over half of Daredevils were willing to buy the product, driven by the novelty and ease of preparation. Marketing a product towards this group may be a feasible route for entry into the market and increase the familiarity of edible insects, thereby contributing to long-term acceptability.

No description available.

Grape pomace (GP) is one of the most abundant and underutilized fruit-derived wastes. GP is generated during winemaking, occupying over 60% of the total solid winery wastes. GP may cause serious environmental problems if it is not properly handled. On the other hand, it is rich in valuable compounds that are worthy of recovery. Although research has been working on GP upgrading, the utilizations are limited to producing a single product (e.g., grape seeds oil or polyphenol powders), which leads to large volumes of secondary wastes left. Therefore, the goal of this study is to develop an integrated process for the comprehensive utilization of GP by the production of multiple value-added products and evaluate its economic feasibility at a commercial scale. First, the chemical composition of different industrial GPs was analyzed to lay the foundation for the process design. Based on the analyzed chemical composition, an integrated process was developed to produce grape oil, polyphenols, and biofuels from GP. In this process, GP was extracted by hexane to produce oil, followed by aqueous ethanol solution extraction to obtain polyphenols. The solid residue rich in structural carbohydrates was then pretreated by alkali to partially remove lignin and enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce monomer sugars. The produced sugars were used as feedstock to produce acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) through anaerobic fermentation. Under the optimized conditions, the process was able to produce 71.9 g crude oil, 322.8 g crude polyphenols (equivalent to 72.6 g gallic acid), and 20.7 g ABE from 1 kg dry GP. Besides the valuable products, the process co-generated a large amount (50% of input GP biomass) of secondary waste, which is rich in lignin. Therefore, we further converted the secondary waste to biochars and evaluated their potential application in water purification by removing lead (Pb) from contaminated water. Based on the results, the produced biochar showed a high Pb adsorption ability (134 mg/g), with 66.5% of lead removal achieved within the first 30 min. Experimental and modeling results indicated that both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms were involved in the Pb adsorption of the biochar. Finally, techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the integrated processing of GP into oil, polyphenols, and biochar at an industrial scale. The results showed that compared with generating of single product or dual products, the integrated process aiming to produce multiple products had the best economic performance with the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period of $135.0 million, 47.5%, and 1.8 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that plant capacity and polyphenol selling price had major impacts on process economics. Therefore, a suggestion for implementing this integrated process is to invest more in the polyphenol production and purification process to generate high-quality polyphenols with a high selling price and running the plant with a large capacity. Overall, we explored a novel integrated process that aims to produce multiple value-added products to increase the economic gain for the wine industry, and at the same time, potentially reduce the environmental burdens caused by GP disposal. / Doctor of Philosophy / During wine making, a large amount of solid waste is generated, and the major one is called grape pomace (GP). GP is mainly consisted of grape skins, seeds, and some stems. Normally, GP is discarded as waste; however, if it is not handled properly, GP may cause serious damages to the environment such as contaminating soil and stream water. On the other hand, GP has valuable compounds that could be recovered for other applications. Previous researchers used GP to produce a single product, which still leads to a large amount of components not used. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to design a process to comprehensively utilize GP to produce multiple value-added products. The developed process can produce grape seed oil, polyphenols, and biofuels from GP. The solid residue generated from the designed process was further converted into biochar, which can be used as an excellent adsorbent to remove lead (Pb) from contaminated water. Based on the economic model results, the developed process to convert GP into grape seed oil, polyphenols, and biochar could be a promising investment at an industrial scale. Generally speaking, various valuable products were obtained from low value GP waste, which could not only reduce the potential environmental problems caused by waste disposal, but also provide different value-added products for food, pharmacy, chemical, and energy industries.

<p>U okviru disertacije kreirani su novi, nutritivno obogaćeni, fini pekarski proizvodi na bazi bra&scaron;na od cerealija i pseudocerealija, kroz čiju se proizvodnju valorizuju sporedni proizvodi prehrambene industrije &ndash; trop cvekle. Rezultati istraživanja pružaju nova saznanja o stepenu redukcije bioaktivnih jedinjenja (polifenola i betalaina) tokom postupka proizvodnje i skladi&scaron;tenja finih pekarskih proizvoda obogaćenih ekstraktom tropa cvekle, kao i njihov uticaj na reakcije neenzimskog tamnjenja.<br />Uspe&scaron;no realizovana istraživanja ukazala su na stepen stabilinosti bioaktivnih jedinjenja iz tropa cvekle inkapsulacijom na protein soje i na opravdanost primene ove metode (tehnike) u proizvodnji funkcionalne hrane. Na ovaj način se obezbeđuju funkcionalni proizvodi koji sadrže dovoljnu količinu visokovrednih jedinjenja koja imaju veću bioraspoloživost i finalan zdravstveni efekat. Zbog niza prednosti inkapsulirane forme ekstrakta imaju veliki potencijal primene u industriji u vidu boja i aditiva, tj. funkcionalnih dodatakau prehrembenim ali i kozmetičkim proizvodima. Istraživanja u okviru disertacije omogućavaju dobijanje inovativnih proizvoda koji pro&scaron;iruju asortiman nutritivno vrednih proizvoda i doprinose kvalitetnijoj ishrani potro&scaron;ača.<br />Upotrebom nusproizvoda prerade voća i povrća smanjuje se količina otpada i doprinosi za&scaron;titi životne sredine, povećava dobit proizvođača kroz pobolj&scaron;anje iskori&scaron;ćenja sirovine i konkurentnosti na trži&scaron;tu.</p> / <p>Within the thesis a new, nutrient-rich, fine bakery products based on flour of cereals and pseudocereals were created, through the production of which valorizing by-products of the food industry are produced- pomace beetroot. Results of the research provide new knowledge about degree of reduction bioactive compounds (polyphenols and betalains) during process of production and storage of fine bakery products enriched with beetroot pomace extracts, as well as their influence on non-enzymatic tanning reactions.<br />Successfully realized researches have indicated degree of stability bioactive compounds from beetroot pomace by encapsulation on soy protein and justification of application this method (technique) in the production of functional food. In this way, functional products witch contain a sufficient amount of high-value compounds which have higher bioavailability and final health effect are provided. Due to a number of advantages, encapsulated form of the extract have a great potential for application in industry like food color and additives, ie. functional supplements for food and cosmetic products. Research in the framework of the thesis allow obtaining innovative products which expand the range of nutritionally valuable products and contribute to the quality consumers diet.<br />Using by-products of processing fruits and vegetables reduces the amount of waste and contributes to the protection of environment, increases the profit of producers by improving the efficiency of raw materials and market competitiveness.</p>