By shaping a project inspired by the way water excavates, erodes, and forms land masses, the project seeks to connect people with and give them a new relationship to the river through architecture. My methodology has consisted of exploring form and texture through castings, along with studying the geometries in nature that have re­sulted from the way water shapes landmasses. This project explores the meeting and contrast between linear geometries and geometries shaped by water. Some key words when talking about the way water affects masses are: ero­sion, excavation, and buoyancy.

Using as a springboard the forthcoming development of Nacka into an urban cityscape, I aim to investigate the challenges and possibilities of designing and integrating a public building in this new context. My thesis project is a proposal for a new Aquatics Arena in central Nacka. The questions I have worked with all begin with the task of designing for the programme in accordance with the future environment, and producing value beyond the building itself. I have worked with a topographical concept. The main spaces are lowered into the ground and the sloping roofs have windows to allow desired daylight conditions. Besides the essential function an arena the programme is extended with spaces for a gym and health practitioners. The Aquatics Arena is accompanied by direct connections to a public space and elevators leading to a new subway station. The idea is to achieve a symbiosis between the three public entities and making the arena a civics centre in the growing city. / Genom att använda den kommande utvecklingen i Nacka mot en urban stadsbild som språngbräda vill jag undersöka de utmaningar och möjligheter som det innebär när man gestaltar och integrerar en publik byggnad i en ny kontext. Mitt examensarbete är ett förslag till en ny simarena i centrala Nacka. Frågorna som jag har jobbat med har alla sin grund i att utforma för programmet och den framtida miljön, att skapa mervärde utöver byggnadens egna värden. Jag har arbetat med ett topografiskt koncept. De viktigaste rummen är nedsänkta i marken och de sluttande taken har takfönster som ska tillåta önskade dagsljusförhållanden. Utöver de grundläggande funktionerna som simarena är programmet utökat med rum för en träningsanläggning och hyrbara rum för hälso- och friskvårds praktiker. Simarenan ligger i direkt anslutning till en publik plats och hisskoppling till en ny tunnelbanestation i centrala Nacka. Tanken är att de tre publika funktionerna ska fungera i symbios och utgöra ett medborgarcentrum i den nya, växande staden.

A pool boiling experimental facility has been designed and built to investigate nucleate pool boiling in water under sub atmospheric pressure. Liquid crystal thermography, a non intrusive technique, is used for the determination of surface temperature distributions. This technique uses encapsulated liquid crystals that reflect definite colors at specific temperatures and viewing angle. Design of the test section is important in this experimental study. Since a new TLC is required for every new set of test conditions, a permanently sealed test section is not an option. The real challenge is to design a leak proof test section which is flexible so that it can be taken apart easily. A plexiglass test section, including a top chamber with an internal volume of 60.9 x 60.9 x 66.4 mm and a bottom plate of 5.5mm thickness is designed and assembled together using quick grips. In the test section, water is boiled using 85.0mm x 16.0mm and 0.050mm thick Fecralloy® as the heating element. The TLC sheet is attached to the bottom plate and the heating element is placed on top of TLC so that the temperature distribution of the heating element during boiling can be interpreted from TLC. A camera system fast enough to capture the thermal response of the TLC and an arrangement to capture both hue of the TLC and growth of the bubble on the same frame has been designed and successfully used. This system allowed recording of position, size and shape of the bubble with synchronized surface temperature. In order to get hue vs. temperature relation, in-situ calibration of the TLC is performed for each test condition with the present experimental setup and lighting conditions. It is found that the calibration curve of the TLC at atmospheric pressure is different from the calibration curve of the same TLC at subatmospheric pressures. The maximum temperature difference between the two curves for the same hue is found to be only 0.6°C. The experiment is run at four different test conditions of subatmospheric pressure and low heat flux. It is run at system pressures of 6.2kPa (0.89Psi) and 8.0kPa (1.16Psi) with a constant heat flux of 1.88kW/m2 and 2.70kW/m2, and a constant heat flux of 2.70kW/m2, 3.662kW/m2 and 4.50 kW/m2 respectively. Analysis of nucleating surface temperatures using thermochromic liquid crystal technique is performed for these test conditions and the bubble dynamics is studied. The temperature distribution is quite varied in each case and the temperature is at its maximum value at the center of the bubble and it decreases radially from the center. The dry spot observed during the experiments indicates that the process of evaporation of the microlayer is dominant at subatmospheric pressures. It is observed that at very low pressure and heat flux the bubble growth is accompanied by the neck formation. Boiling parameters such as bubble frequency, bubble size and contact are also analyzed and a summary of these results for four different test conditions is presented and the relevant differences between the cases are discussed and the effect of increase in pressure and heat flux is noted.

A heater designed to monitor surface temperature fluctuations during pool boiling experiments while the bubbles were simultaneously being observed has been fabricated and tested. The heat source was a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) layer commercially deposited on a fused quartz substrate. Four copper-nickel thin film thermocouples (TFTCs) on the heater surface measured the surface temperature, while a thin layer of sapphire or fused silica provided electrical insulation between the TFTCs and the ITO. The TFTCs were micro-fabricated using the liftoff process to deposit the nickel and copper metal films. The TFTC elements were 50 microns wide and overlapped to form a 25 micron by 25 micron junction. TFTC voltages were recorded by a DAQ at a sampling rate of 50 kHz. A high-speed CCD camera recorded bubble images from below the heater at 2000 frames/second. A trigger sent to the camera by the DAQ synchronized the bubble images and the surface temperature data. As the bubbles and their contact rings grew over the TFTC junction, correlations between bubble behavior and surface temperature changes were demonstrated. On the heaters with fused silica insulation layers, 1-2 C temperature drops on the order of 1 ms occurred as the contact ring moved over the TFTC junction during bubble growth and as the contact ring moved back over the TFTC junction during bubble departure. These temperature drops during bubble growth and departure were due to microlayer evaporation and liquid rewetting the heated surface, respectively. Microlayer evaporation was not distinguished as the primary method of heat removal from the surface. Heaters with sapphire insulation layers did not display the measurable temperature drops observed with the fused silica heaters. The large thermal diffusivity of the sapphire compared to the fused silica was determined as the reason for the absence of these temperature drops. These findings were confirmed by a comparison of temperature drops in a 2-D simulation of a bubble growing over the TFTC junction on both the sapphire and fused silica heater surfaces. When the fused silica heater produced a temperature drop of 1.4 C, the sapphire heater produced a drop of only 0.04 C under the same conditions. These results verified that the lack of temperature drops present in the sapphire data was due to the thermal properties of the sapphire layer. By observing the bubble departure frequency and site density on the heater, as well as the bubble departure diameter, the contribution of nucleate boiling to the overall heat removal from the surface could be calculated. These results showed that bubble vapor generation contributed to approximately 10% at 1 W/cm^2, 23% at 1.75 W/cm^2, and 35% at 2.9 W/cm^2 of the heat removed from a fused silica heater. Bubble growth and contact ring growth were observed and measured from images obtained with the high-speed camera. Bubble data recorded on a fused silica heater at 3 W/cm^2, 4 W/cm^2, and 5 W/cm^2 showed that bubble departure diameter and lifetime were negligibly affected by the increase in heat flux. Bubble and contact ring growth rates demonstrated significant differences when compared on the fused silica and sapphire heaters at 3 W/cm^2. The bubble departure diameters were smaller, the bubble lifetimes were longer, and the bubble departure frequency was larger on the sapphire heater, while microlayer evaporation was faster on the fused silica heater. Additional considerations revealed that these differences may be due to surface conditions as well as differing thermal properties. Nucleate boiling curves were recorded on the fused silica and sapphire heaters by adjusting the heat flux input and monitoring the local surface temperature with the TFTCs. The resulting curves showed a temperature drop at the onset of nucleate boiling due to the increase in heat transfer coefficient associated with bubble nucleation. One of the TFTC locations on the sapphire heater frequently experienced a second temperature drop at a higher heat flux. When the heat flux was started from 1 W/cm^2 instead of zero or returned to zero only momentarily, the temperature overshoot did not occur. In these cases sufficient vapor remained in the cavities to initiate boiling at a lower superheat.

Media coverage of Post-World War II military conflicts resulted in a reorganization of war coverage procedures. The predominant reason for the reorganization is the tension created within the organizational program that constantly sets one subgroup against another. This study is interested in the tension that caused the transformation of the war coverage effort as it evolved from one war to another. This dissertation addresses how the different war coverage policies and programs were formed to manage media involvement during war. It is a descriptive account, identifying characteristics from past wars that caused the military and the media to revamp the war coverage procedures in the hope of addressing the tension inherent in their relationship. The study focuses on the organizational dimension of the war coverage program within the particular environment that influences the tension. By exploring the war coverage practices this study determines how the military and media address their relationship during times of war drawing inferences from organizational elements to account for the contentious relationship. Specifically, this study examines the military-media relational characteristics within Richard Hall's organizational elements. It juxtaposes the war coverage programs against the elements of organizational structure (power, authority, and conflict), and environment (munificence, complexity and dynamism). The research focuses on specific techniques and processes that the war coverage programs use to initiate these practices. In doing so, it examines how certain characteristics influence the military-media relationship. The research uses a multiple-case study approach to explore war coverage during WW II, the Vietnam War, The Gulf War, and the Iraq War. The multiple-case study approach compares and contrasts these different war coverage procedures from both military and media perspective. Media reports, scholarly writings, and other analytical studies for each period provide the data for the research. The findings of the research are substantiated through interviews, personal journals of war correspondents, and other reports. The findings identify significant trends and patterns within and across the wars. / Ph. D.

This thesis studies a droplet of ferrofluid impacting a liquid water pool. The ferrofluid is oil-based and therefore immersible in water. The shape of the ferrofluid drop at impact is changed by using an electromagnet underneath the liquid pool. The magnet is turned off by an external trigger just before the drop collides with the liquid pool surface, to stop the magnetic interaction. The prolate or oblate shape of the drop has an influence on the cavity formation and evolution after the impact. The experiments look specifically at the maximum depth and diameter of the cavity, as a function of the drop impact shape for the same impact velocity. This is done over a range of impact velocities. The prolate drops generate deeper cavities than spherical or oblate drops. Furthermore, a study is conducted on the jet formation that occurs during the cavity collapse to investigate the influence of droplet shape on the jet velocity.

Common pool resources (CPRs) are noted for their excludability and subtractability issues and early academic commentary stressed that due to the resources' complexity and uncertainty, management efforts were futile and a "tragedy of the commons" was the end result. Recent academic commentary has challenged this end result and has elaborated institutional design principles to sustainably manage CPRs which include the need for nested institutional arrangements (NIAs). However, little is known about how to move between the two extremes, that is, how we change public policy in a move towards and the sorts of institutional innovations that lead us to greater sustainability. This research begins to unravel nested institutional arrangements. It develops a framework for what constitutes a nested institutional arrangement and measures their effect on groundwater policy changes (frequency, type, magnitude) under different conditions of uncertainty as applied to a comparative case study between the Great Lakes Basin (high uncertainty; Ontario, New York) and the Ogallala Aquifer in the U.S. Midwest (low uncertainty; Nebraska). This dimensional mapping reveals the centrality of the nature of the linkages between governance units (especially linkage functionality), linkage complementarity and the effects of diffuse authority structures. In short, it is possible to unravel what an NIA is from the various strands in the literature and to develop linkages between NIAs and outcomes for particular situations (e.g. high vs. low uncertainty areas) in relation to common pool resources (e.g. groundwater). The results provide theoretical guidance for the study of groundwater policy changes by staking out the broad parameters of a strategy for groundwater policy change. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> Examination of subsurface cores of the Middle-Lower Silurian Thorold Sandstone from Consumers' Gas Silver Creek 004 Grimsby Pool indicate the presence of a single laminated sandstone facies deposited in a lower shoreface environment. Subsurface thin sections show greater development of quartz cement in the form of quartz overgrowths when compared to thin sections from surface outcrop leading to a porosity decrease of 20%. Petrographic and cathodoluminescence studies reveal that concavo-convex and sutured grain contacts, responsible for 80% of the grain contacts within the Thorold Sandstone, are generally between authigenic overgrowths and not detrital grains indicating that pressure solution is not the major source of silica within the Thorold Sandstone. Studies of detrital and authigenic clays utilizing a combination of thin section, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction techniques show that illite (both detrital and authigenic) is the dominant clay mineral within the Thorold Sandstone in the 004 Pool, followed by approximately one half as much detrital kaolinite and minor authigenic chlorite. Shallow maximum depth of burial ( 786 to 1160m) and low diagenetic temperatures (30°c) suggest that clay minerals are unlikely to have undergone extensive diagenetic transformation. Consequently, detrital minerals represent the clay minerals present at the time of deposition while authigenic clays form by direct precipitation from pore fluids. During eodiagenesis mechanical compaction has reduced sandstone porosity from 40% to 28 to 29% while during mesodiagenesis the progressive paragenetic assemblage of authigenic quartz overgrowths, authigenic chlorite and authigenic illite have reduced porosity to its present value of 4 to 10%.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Northern peatlands have acted as persistent sinks of CO2 throughout the Holocene largely owing to their ability to maintain shallow water table depths that limit decomposition rates and supports the growth of keystone vegetation including Sphagnum mosses. There is concern, however, that the future success and ecosystem function of these northern peat deposits may be at risk to climate change, where temperatures and evaporation rates are predicted to increase substantially in the next century. While numerous studies have examined the hydrology and carbon dynamics in large expansive peatland systems where a water table (WT) is ever-present, relatively little research has been done on small scale peat-accumulating systems where their vulnerability remains unknown. One region where a broad spectrum in the scale of peat accumulation is present is in the bedrock depressions of Canadian Shield rock barrens, which are of special importance as many peat deposits here provide habitat to species at risk including the Blanding’s Turtle and the Massassauga Rattlesnake. This study examines the controls that govern water storage dynamics and moss water availability in 18 different peat-accumulating depressions that vary in size, catchment area, and sediment composition. The magnitude of WT variability was often several times greater in shallower bedrock depressions (<50 cm deep) as compared to deeper ‘bogs’ (>60 cm deep). The magnitude of depression WT variability appeared to be closely linked to the WT depth (WTD), the relative proportions of different sediment types within the depression, and the depth dependant specific yield (Sy) of each sediment type. Sites which contained large fractions of Polytrichum moss or mineral soil – which were more common in shallow depressions ¬¬– had the greatest WT variability due to the lower porosity and Sy of this sediment as compared to Sphagnum peat. Sphagnum dominated ‘vernal pools’ (30-50 cm deep) had a WT variability two to three times greater than Sphagnum dominated bogs at WTDs > 20-25 cm, which may be related to exceptionally high ash concentrations near the base of vernal pools which reduced peat porosity and Sy as compared to more organic-rich peat. As compared to bogs, pits (<15 cm deep) and vernal pools had greater rates of WT decline during drying intervals, deeper average WTDs when a WT was present, and extended periods of WT absence during the summer months. As such, moss growing in pits and vernal pools generally had lower near-surface water availability as compared to bogs, though the importance of depression depth in determining the timing of moss stress is also dependant on the hydrophysical properties (Kunsat and moisture retention) of the moss species in question. WT dynamics and moss water availability were generally weakly correlated to depression catchment size, although during wetter periods of the year the rate of WT recession was moderated in pits and vernal pools which had an upslope depression that could provide sustained water inputs for multiple days after rainfall. The results of this study suggest that depression depth may be a first order control in determining peatland vulnerability to future regime shifts induced by external forcings or disturbances. Furthermore, this study suggests that systematic differences may exist between the hydrophysical properties of peat in shallow vs. large bedrock depressions, potentially resulting from contrasts in fire frequency/severity, and/or the degree of humification/compression among geological settings. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Canada is home to one of the largest reservoirs of organic carbon stored on land in the world, in unique ecosystems called peatlands. Peatlands are formed in wetland environments where a thick layer of organic matter has accumulated over time due to the average rate of vegetation growth on the surface of peatlands exceeding the rate of decomposition of the underlying organic matter. This net accumulation of organic matter over time has caused peatlands to act as a long term sink of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that is a primary driver of global warming. The ability of peatlands to have slow decomposition rates and support the growth of key peatland vegetation, most notably various species of ‘peat moss’, is highly dependent upon their ability to keep their water table (i.e. the surface below which pore spaces in the organic matter are saturated with water) close to their growing surface. There is concern, however, that a warmer and dryer climate in the future could cause deeper water table positions in peatlands, thereby increasing decomposition rates, decreasing the growth rate of peat moss, and potentially turning peatlands into a net source of carbon dioxide. Most peatland studies to date, however, have focused on water storage/movement and carbon exchange in large, deep peatland systems, whereas relatively little research has been conducted on smaller peatlands. As such, the vulnerability of these smaller peatlands to future climate change remains uncertain. One region where peatlands exist over a wide range of different sizes and landscape positions is in bedrock depressions of the Canadian Shield, which are of special interest as they also provide habitat for species at risk including the Blanding’s Turtle and the Massassauga Rattlesnake. This study looked at how the water table positions and water availability to different species of peat moss compared over the growing season between 18 peatlands of different sizes and landscape position (i.e. peatlands with a relatively ‘small’ and ‘large’ area upslope of them). This study finds that deeper peatlands (with organic matter layers > 60 cm deep) usually had a shallower water table over the summer months than shallower peatlands (< 50 cm deep), primarily due to differences in the properties of the organic matter underlying their growing surfaces. Furthermore, each of the 12 studied peatlands < 50 cm deep lost their water table for a considerable amount of time during the summer (when their water table position dropped below the underlying bedrock of the depression), whereas each of the six peatlands > 60 cm deep had a water table present for the entire growing season. Surprisingly, a peatland’s position on the landscape seemed to have a relatively minor effect on determining the depth/presence of its water table. As deeper peatlands usually had a water table that was closer to the growing surface and was always present, more moisture was available to the peat moss growing at their surface than for peat moss in shallower depressions, though this moisture availability also depended upon the growth form of the different species of peat moss (some species of peat moss were better at accessing subsurface water than others). Through its impact on water table positions and moisture availability for peat moss, peatland depth is likely a primary control governing peatland vulnerability climate change, with shallower peatlands being more vulnerable to warmer and dryer conditions in the future.

Nobel laureate and economist Elinor Ostrom earned a Nobel prize in economic sciences in 2009 for her research on a community's ability to self-govern a common pool resource with the use of eight design principles. While Ostrom's accumulated efforts to analyze these principles and apply them to community resources have earned widespread recognition, these principles have yet to take off on a grand scale as a blueprint for self-governance systems globally. There is also a lack of empirical evidence that supports these principles as empirical investigations have yet to manipulate the principles individually or as an intervention package as independent variables. The purpose of the present study is to empirically test Ostrom's eight design principles in a tabletop game model of a community utilizing a common pool resource (CPR) by implementing as well as removing the principles within an adapted version of the board game Catan. In three groups, the CPR almost always fully crashed in baseline but not when Ostrom's principles were in place as game rules. Results indicated that Ostrom's design principles may organize participant responses and maintain resource levels over time more effectively than without Ostrom's rules applied.