As a result of the profound influence of theories of collective action such as The Tragedy of the Commons, The Prisonerâ s Dilemma Game, and The Logic of Collective Action, policy analysts have recommended external management, either by government control or market participation, as the most efficient option to govern common pool resources. However, due to the repeated failure of the external intervention, a new alternative has been considered, the common property rights. Due to their long term interaction with the resources, local users have developed mechanisms, rules, and institutions that can be used to favor the sustainable management of the resources. Recognizing these benefits in places where the government has nationalized the resources, it has started a process of decentralization of property rights of natural resources to local users. The purpose of this paper is twofold, to analyze the potential benefits that a common property right regime has in the management of the environmental resources, and to evaluate which are the key factors for this arrangement to succeed. In this endeavor, the case of the Irrigation systems in Philippines is presented. / Master of Public and International Affairs

Successful reproduction in salamanders is driven by behavioral, environmental, and temporal interactions among adults. While much of our understanding of salamander mating systems is based upon either courtship behavior of both sexes or aspects of female choice, the decisions made by males regarding where to place spermatophores is much less quantified. In this study, we mapped male spermatophore placement in the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) with respect to ecological and spatial locations within a vernal pool complex in Charles City County, Virginia. The overall goal was to use the spatial and ecological placement of spermatophores to determine if individuals deposit spermatophores randomly within the vernal pool or if males exhibited specific preferences for deposition. Using comprehensive surveys of the vernal pools and individual spermatophores within a 0.5m2 grid and terrestrial LIDAR, a total of 218 spermatophores were identified and mapped. We repeated these surveys for two successive breeding seasons. Placement occurred at an intermediate depth and an intermediate distance to the edge. Males also preferred to place spermatophores on leaf substrate as opposed to sticks or conifer needles. The physical placement of spermatophores exhibited autocorrelation in space during single reproductive events as well as across breeding seasons. These results suggest that males actively select for specific locations within a pool for spermatophore placement-a proverbial Goldilocks zone-which may be consistent with increased reproductive success. This information is key to understanding salamander mating system parameters in this species and may contribute to developing more effective management strategies.

Artikel zur bevorstehenden Einführung von Windows XP in das Dienstespektrum des URZ. Konkret werden ausgewählte PC-Pools genannt sowie technologische Ziele mit Auswirkungen auf den Nutzer. Weiterhin werden Aspekte zum angekündigten Admindienst Windows XP und die Einstellung des Admindienstes Windows NT diskutiert.

Title: Comparative analysis of the kayak forward stroke Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe and to compare the kayak forward stroke performed in the pool with countercurrent and on the flat water. Methods: The research was conducted in an intentionally chosen sample of eight kayakers with high level of performance in whitewater slalom. We watched activity of twelve selected muscles during kayak forward stroke performed in the counterflow pool and on the flat water by surface electromyography and kinematic analysis. Study evaluates intraindividual and subsequently interindividual muscle timing and the size of the muscle activation due to maximal voluntary contraction. Results: The results proved the same timing of muscles in counterflow pool and on flat water. The muscle activity in the counterflow pool was bigger than on flat water. Key words: kayak, counterflow pool, surface electromyography, paddling

There are numerous experiments for the exploration of the corium spreading behaviour, but comparable data have not been available up to now in the field of the long term behaviour of a corium expanded in a core catcher. The difficulty consists in the experimental simulation of the decay heat that can be neglected for the short-run course of events like relocation and spreading, which must, however, be considered during investigation of the long time behaviour. Therefore the German GRS, defined together with Battelle Ingenieurtechnik a benchmark problem in order to determine particular problems and differences of CFD codes simulating an expanded corium and from this, requirements for a reasonable measurement of experiments, that will be performed later. First the finite-volume-codes Comet 1.023, CFX 4.2 and CFX-TASCflow were used. To be able to make comparisons to a finite-element-code, now calculations are performed at the Institute of Safety Research at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf with the code ANSYS/FLOTRAN.For the benchmark calculations of stage 1 a pure and liquid melt with internal heat sources was assumed uniformly distributed over the area of the planned core catcher of a EPR plant. Using the Standard-k-e-turbulence model and assuming an initial state of a motionless superheated melt several large convection rolls will establish within the melt pool. The temperatures at the surface do not sink to a solidification level due to the enhanced convection heat transfer. The temperature gradients at the surface are relatively flat while there are steep gradients at the ground where the no slip condition is applied. But even at the ground no solidification temperatures are observed. Although the problem in the ANSYS-calculations is handled two-dimensional and not three-dimensional like in the finite-volume-codes, there are no fundamental deviations to the results of the other codes.

In Sweden, there are both public roads and civic roads. The civic roads are managed by the people who utilize them. These roads go most through forests and farmlands but also in urban detached areas and are supposed to have a lower cost than with governmental management. Previous regulation has put out the reinvestment in the civic roads in urban areas and left them in a bad shape. I have studied an attempt to reinstall the civic road management system for such urban areas in Leksand. Based on the theory of public goods and common pool resources, I have made a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) to see if the civic road management system will be effective in the long run compared to municipality management. I found that if it works, the civic road management system is the most effective due to the marginal excess tax burden that harms the municipality management. However, the civic road management system gives great responsibility and administration to a few people and might not work well in the long run. Instead I suggest a user-fee financing of the municipality management which is not affected by the marginal excess tax burden. / I många svenska kommuner har kvalitén på de enskilda vägarna i tätorter försämrats på grund av otydliga ansvarsförhållanden. Jag har studerat ett pågående projekt i Leksand som håller på att bilda samfällighetsföreningar som skall ansvara för de enskilda vägarna i tätort. För att bedöma om samfälld förvaltning är effektivt över tid har jag gjort en samhällsekonomisk konsekvensanalys baserad på teorin om kollektiva nyttigheter och förvaltning av gemensamma resurser. Det visade sig att samfälld förvaltning var effektivast jämfört med kommunal förvaltning, mycket beroende på marginalkostnaden för skatter överskottsbörda. Samfälld förvaltning innebär dock stort ansvar och omfattande administrativa uppgifter för ett fåtal och det är osäkert hur väl det fungerar på lång sikt. Som ett alternativ föreslår jag att finansiering med användaravgifter möjliggörs för kommunal förvaltning av enskilda vägar vilket inte påverkas av marginell överskottsbörda.

Water scarcity is a common phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa, and Kenya is one of the hardest-hit countries. Estimates show that up to 41% of the population lacks access to clean and safe drinking water, and ten million people collect their daily drinking water from polluted sources. The situation is particularly critical in Machakos County, which has the country's lowest level of developed water resources, such as piped infrastructure. This study aims to understand which characteristics affect water users' participation in collaborative environmental management and whether resource users' involvement in managing water resources affects their perceptions of the performance of water services. The study shows a low level of participation among domestic water users in Machakos County. The low level of participation is mainly due to the lack of social interaction between the resource users and the governing institutions. At the same time, the study cannot link the outcome of water management to the level of participation among resource users.

<p>Heat sinks have the capability of increasing operating heat flux limits for improved thermal management in the immersion cooling of electronics using dielectric fluids. However, even for arrays of simple, straight fins, the generation of vapor between and along fins during pool boiling lead to performance effects that are not well understood. Further investigation of the heat-flux-dependent variation of boiling modes that can manifest along the fin height is required. Although methods for the prediction of fin boiling heat transfer exist that incorporate a variable heat transfer coefficient determined from a flat surface, they have been developed and assessed for single, isolated fins under the assumption that the sides of the fin at any location behave like that of a flat surface. As a result, when applied to fin arrays, these methods may not always be accurate for the full range of heat flux operation along boiling curve up to the critical heat flux, due to the fins interfering with each other when arranged in arrays of differing spacing and height. To establish when the fins in an array can be described as isolated and having the flat surface boiling behavior, pool boiling experiments are performed using copper heat sinks in two fluids with vastly different properties: HFE-7100 and water. The spacing and height of the longitudinal fins are varied across a range from much larger to less than half of the scale of the capillary length scale of both fluids, <em>L</em>_<em>b</em>. High-speed visualizations enable the identification of different boiling regimes to identify correspondence between flow observations and the boiling performance, such as when there is bubble confinement from fin interference. Trends in the pool boiling data are also compared, noting changes in superheat at various heat fluxes to establish when fin height or spacing affects boiling behavior. The experimental boiling performance is compared to predictions developed assuming isolated fins so as to identify the spacings and heights for which the fin arrays follow this behavior. Overall, the data from both fluids strongly support a hypothesis that <em>L</em>_<em>b</em> is the key length scale. Heat transfer from fin array heat sinks with heights and spacings above <em>L</em>_<em>b</em> are shown to be accurately predicted in both fluids. However, spacings smaller than <em>L</em>_<em>b</em> lead to bubble confinement which affects the superheat, particularly at low heat fluxes, while heights shorter than <em>L</em>_<em>b</em> are unable to support multiple boiling regimes along the fin sidewall. This work identifies the capillary length as the key length scale at which confinement and height effects need to be considered for accurate predictions of immersion cooling applications.</p>

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23352号 / 地環博第210号 / 新制||地環||40(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 德地 直子, 准教授 渡邉 哲弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM