A lot of the research has been made in the field of plant polyploidy since the discovery of this phenomenon. However, the more we know, the more questions arise. Overall, the most insistent questions remain: How did the polyploids arise and become established? Is it advantageous to be polyploid? We chose a perennial herb Vicia cracca L. to study the causes and consequences of polyploidisation on microevolution of a diploid-tetraploid complex in central European conditions. First, evidence from both flow cytometry and molecular markers (allozymes, DNA sequences, microsatellites) confirmed a hypothesised autopolyploid origin of tetraploids. Based on allozymes, we proved that tetraploids are genetically richer than diploid ancestors. However, we showed that the conclusions depend on statistics used for genetic variation measurements. Nevertheless, tetraploids of V. cracca suffered lesser reduction in seed production after artificial selfing than diploids. We thus infer that they profit from multiple allele dosage, which can mask deleterious alleles. We also corroborated an existence of a central European contact zone of diploids and tetraploids and discovered two other contact zones in south-western and south- eastern Europe. The central European contact zone with several mixed-ploidy populations served us as...

This diploma thesis examines the impact of nutrition as a vital variable for human health and analyses risk factors involved in unhealthy diet. When incorporated into framework of general principals and broader social context, it is focused on an age group of adults. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part outlines the term nutrition, describes functions of different components of nutrition and energy balance in organism. Furthermore, the theoretical part deals with methods of assessment of nutritional status, description of diet recommendations and evaluation of risks to the health, which can be caused by diet. The practical segment focuses on establishment of dietary habits and spread of knowledge about benefits of healthy and costs of unhealthy nutrition among students attending selected school in Čelákovice. By the use of survey then followed by comparison of surveyed data, this thesis finds insufficient degree of dietary knowledge amongst students of all three fields of study - Graduate pharmaceutical assistant, Graduate social worker and Pre-school and After-school Education. The survey has shown that students have a ground work of theory regarding nutrition and risks regarding unhealthy diet, yet it does not correspond to adherence to healthy diet in...

The current demographical situation of the Czech Republic suggests that its population is rapidly aging. It is, therefore, imperative to improve the employment rate for citizens above the age of 50. For this diploma thesis, the goal is to identify the factors that influence Czech senior citizens while deciding at which age to retire, and to recommend additional solutions to improve the employment rate for Czech citizens above the age of 50. To determine these factors, the secondary data from the SHARE database of 2011, 2013, and 2015 were analyzed. Additionally, the results of the quantitative survey are supplemented with in-depth interviews focused on the motivations of Czech seniors for remaining in the labor market. Several of the most important factors identified include the following: work satisfaction, chronic diseases, household income per person, hours worked per week, depression rate, subjectively perceived health, physical demand of the job, and level of education. Several recommendations have been proposed for the state, regions, organizations, and individuals as a result of the analyses. In particular, changes have been proposed for the pension system, the central organization supporting seniors' health, the support of seniors' education, the application of phased retirement and the bridge jobs, the job position of the intergenerational mentor, the ergonomics of the workplace, the support of active lifestyle, and the establishment of clubs.

The thesis deals with age management at selected elementary schools. It de-scribes demographic development, labour market, specifics of older workers, age management and pedagogical profession. Using qualitative research, data were obtained from teachers over 50 years old and the management of selected schools for subsequent analysis. These data were supplemented by quantitative research. Based on an analysis of all data and in accordance with the literature, measures have been proposed, for which the cost of their implementation was subsequently estimated.

This thesis deals with the identification of factors influencing the level of economic performance of the countries. A theoretical platform presents the total population, the technological level and the economic freedom as possible factors of influence. Groups of countries, which have the similar character of the level of economic performance, are sorted out by cluster analysis. To describe the common factors influencing the level of economic performance among every created group of countries the panel data models are used. The results prove the influence of total population, technological level and economic freedom in the most developed, moderately developed and in developing countries around the world. Each of these indicators shows the positive effect on the level of economic performance, thereby creating an opportunity for the improvements.

This thesis deals with the usage of age management in human resources management in an organisation. The aim of the thesis is to suggest a set of suitable recommendations and measures for the chosen organisation in relation with the concept of age management which will be applicable in practice and its aim is to lower risks connected with current demographic development in the Czech Republic. In the theoretical part the basic terms which this thesis works with are defined and current knowledge about age management is analysed. The practical part consists of an analysis of internal and external environment of the organisation in question. Based on the research findings suggestions and recommendations which lead to appropriate implementation and realization of age management in the chosen organisation will be provided.

A lot of the research has been made in the field of plant polyploidy since the discovery of this phenomenon. However, the more we know, the more questions arise. Overall, the most insistent questions remain: How did the polyploids arise and become established? Is it advantageous to be polyploid? We chose a perennial herb Vicia cracca L. to study the causes and consequences of polyploidisation on microevolution of a diploid-tetraploid complex in central European conditions. First, evidence from both flow cytometry and molecular markers (allozymes, DNA sequences, microsatellites) confirmed a hypothesised autopolyploid origin of tetraploids. Based on allozymes, we proved that tetraploids are genetically richer than diploid ancestors. However, we showed that the conclusions depend on statistics used for genetic variation measurements. Nevertheless, tetraploids of V. cracca suffered lesser reduction in seed production after artificial selfing than diploids. We thus infer that they profit from multiple allele dosage, which can mask deleterious alleles. We also corroborated an existence of a central European contact zone of diploids and tetraploids and discovered two other contact zones in south-western and south- eastern Europe. The central European contact zone with several mixed-ploidy populations served us as...

This thesis deals with differences between individual states of the United States from the demographic point of view, and searches for causes of these differences. United States are composed of several disparate areas, which are different from each other in their location, size, number and composition of the population, and historical evolution. All this affects the demographic characteristics of those territorial units. Probably the main cause of differentiation of individual states is racial composition, since the intensity of demographic events is specific to each race or ethnicity. The states differ in levels of fertility, mortality, marriage or education. To confirm these assumptions, the statistical method canonical correlation was used. Using cluster analysis has revealed that there are groups of states that have similar demographic profile. Most notably, it shows the influence of ethnic and racial composition in the south of the United States, where the highest proportion of populations is composed by black race and hispanic origin. The differentiation of levels of infant mortality and life expectancy are mainly influenced. Key words: United States of America, race, ethnicity, black population, hispanic population, total fertility rate, life expectancy, canonical correlation, cluster analysis

B-lymphocytes are a subset of immune cells that can be distinguished mainly by carrying clonally diversified membrane-bound immunoglobulin specialized to specific antigen recognition. Together with other immunocytes B-lymphocytes play a central role in adaptive immune system which takes part in defense of the host against wide variety of pathogens. Recently the evidence has supported the emerging concept of different B-cell subpopulations to play a direct or indirect role in a pathogenesis of spectrum of disorders. However, so far the knowledge has been limited mainly in the way of how the specific differentiation stages of B-lymphocytes are involved in pathogenesis of diseases and how course of disease, stage, and eventually different treatment can affect B-cell homeostasis. That is the reason for the thesis to be focused on an analysis of B-cell population profile changes in disease, identification of any association present among specific B-cell subpopulations, as well as association between these subpopulations and clinical parameters. Using polychromatic flow cytometry we analyzed frequencies of 11 B-cell subpopulations including stages of transient B-lymphocytes through effector antibody-producing plasma cells. We examined 81 individuals including 22 healthy controls and 59 patients with...

Intensive cytotype screening in the primary contact zone of relict serpentine Knautia arvensis agg. revealed a striking predominance of the derivative tetraploid (81 % of subpopulations) over the diploid maternal race. Eleven mixed-ploidy subpopulations with the close spatial proximity of both cytotypes were identified. Flow cytometric analyses of almost 5 000 individuals led to discovery of two extremely rare minority cytotypes (3x, 6x). Vegetation analyses were made at two different spatial scales and in both cases confirmed the absence of distinctions in habitat preferences of cytotypes. Slight microhabitat segregation of cytotypes was however apparent at the finest spatial scales. Cytotype distribution within mixed-ploidy sites was not random. Striking patterns of cytotype clumping into cytotype uniform patches and negative spatial correlations between diploid and tetraploid individuals were apparent at all sites. Distribution of life cycle stages of diploids and tetraploids within the mixed-ploidy subpopulations were significantly different. The clonality was the most common mode of reproduction in the subpopulations of both cytotypes. Seedlings accounted for only 7 % of new plants. Significant distinctions in the plant vigour between the cytotypes were showed during the in situ comparison in...