Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la représentation et à la prise en compte des incertitudes dans les systèmes de prévision hydrologique probabilistes à moyen-terme. Ces incertitudes proviennent principalement de deux sources : (1) de l’imperfection des prévisions météorologiques (utilisées en intrant de ces systèmes) et (2) de l’imperfection de la représentation du processus hydrologique par le simulateur pluie-débit (SPQ) (au coeur de ces systèmes).La performance d’un système de prévision probabiliste s’évalue par la précision de ses prévisions conditionnellement à sa fiabilité. L’approche statistique que nous suivons procure une garantie de fiabilité à condition que les hypothèses qu’elle implique soient réalistes. Nous cherchons de plus à gagner en précision en incorporant des informations auxiliaires.Nous proposons, pour chacune des sources d’incertitudes, une méthode permettant cette incorporation : (1) un post-traitement des prévisions météorologiques s’appuyant sur la propriété statistique d’échangeabilité et permettant la prise en compte de plusieurs sources de prévisions, ensemblistes ou déterministes ; (2) un post-traitement hydrologique utilisant les variables d’état des SPQ par le biais d’un modèle Probit arbitrant entre deux régimes hydrologiques interprétables et permettant ainsi de représenter une incertitude à variance hétérogène.Ces deux méthodes montrent de bonnes capacités d’adaptation aux cas d’application variés fournis par EDF et Hydro-Québec, partenaires et financeurs du projet. Elles présentent de plus un gain en simplicité et en formalisme par rapport aux méthodes opérationnelles tout en montrant des performances similaires. / In this thesis, we are interested in representing and taking into account uncertainties in medium term probabilistic hydrological prediction systems.These uncertainties mainly come from two sources: (1) from the imperfection of meteorological forecasts (used as inputs to these systems) and (2) from the imperfection of the representation of the hydrological process by the rainfall-runoff simulator (RRS) (at the heart of these systems).The performance of a probabilistic forecasting system is assessed by the sharpness of its predictions conditional on its reliability. The statistical approach we follow provides a guarantee of reliability if the assumptions it implies are complied with. We are also seeking to incorporate auxilary information to get sharper.We propose, for each source of uncertainty, a method enabling this incorporation: (1) a meteorological post-processor based on the statistical property of exchangeability and enabling to take into account several (ensemble or determistic) forecasts; (2) a hydrological post-processor using the RRS state variables through a Probit model arbitrating between two interpretable hydrological regimes and thus representing an uncertainty with heterogeneous variance.These two methods demonstrate adaptability on the various application cases provided by EDF and Hydro-Québec, which are partners and funders of the project. Those methods are moreover simpler and more formal than the operational methods while demonstrating similar performances.

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Compressed images are used very frequently in interactive applications in digital video broadcasting. New methods increasing efficiency of the image transmission in digital video broadcasting networks are proposed. Adaptive spatial filtering methods have been proposed for enhancement of the visual perception of the compressed images. New optimalization method is based on application of the filtering algorithms on more compressed images (data size are reduced). Visual quality enhancement is processed in interactive application. Further, new compression methods JPEG2000 and H.264 for image compression have been analysed. Novel compound image compression method for standard and high spatial television resolution is proposed in the thesis.

Topology optimization has seen rapid developments in its field with algorithms getting better and faster all the time. These new algorithms help reduce the lead time from concept development to a finished product. Simulation and post-processing of geometry are one of the major developmental costs. Post-processing of this geometry also takes up a lot of time and is dependent on the quality of the geometry output from the solver to make the product ready for rapid prototyping or final production. The work done in this thesis deals with the post-processing of the results obtained from topology optimization algorithms which output the result as a 2D image. A suitable methodology is discussed where this image is processed and converted into a CAD geometry all while minimizing deviation in geometry, compliance and volume fraction. Further on, a validation of the designs is performed to measure the extracted geometry's deviation from the post-processed result. The workflow is coded using MATLAB and uses an image-based post-processing approach. The proposed workflow is tested on several numerical examples to assess the performance, limitations and numerical instabilities. The code written for the entire workflow is included as an appendix and can be downloaded from the website:https://github.com/M87K452b/postprocessing-topopt.

This presentation is intended to inform about the enhancements of Creo Simulate and the Roadmap for the future.

Additive Manufacturing, and specifically powder bed fusion processes, have advanced rapidly in recent years. Selective Laser Melting in particular has been adopted in a variety of industries from biomedical to aerospace because of its capability to produce complex components with numerous alloys, including stainless steels, nickel superalloys, and titanium alloys. Post-processing is required to treat or solve metallurgical issues such as porosity, residual stresses, and surface roughness. Because of the geometric complexity of SLM produced parts, the reduction of surface roughness with conventional processing has proven especially challenging. In this Thesis, two processes, abrasive flow machining and ultrasonic shot peening, are evaluated as surface finishing processes for selective laser melted 316L. Results of these experiments indicate that AFM can reliably polish as-built internal passages to 1 µm Ra or better but is unsuitable for passages with rapidly expanding or contracting cross-sections. AFM can also polish relatively small passages, but lattice components may prove too complex for effective processing. USP cannot achieve such low surface roughness, but it is a versatile process with multiple advantages. Exterior surfaces were consistently processed to 1.7 to 2.5 µm Ra. Interior surfaces experienced only partial processing and demonstrated high geometric dependence. USP significantly hardened the surface, but steel media hardened the surface better than ceramic media did. Both AFM and USP are recommended processes for the surface finishing of SLM manufactured parts. Good engineering judgement is necessary to determine when to use these processes and how to design for post-processing.

As the fidelity of computer generated imagery has increased, the need to digitally create convincing natural phenomena like fluids has become fundamental to the entertainment production industry. Because fluids are complex, the underlying physics must be computationally simulated. However, because a strictly physics-based approach is both computationally expensive and difficult to control, it does not lend itself well to the way artists and directors like to work. Directors require control to achieve their specific artistic vision. Furthermore, artistic workflows rely on quick iteration and the ability to apply changes late in the production process. In this dissertation we present novel techniques in adaptive simulation and fluid post-processing to improve artistic workflows for fluid simulation. Our methods reduce fluid simulation iteration time and provide a new way for artists to intelligently resize a wide range of volumetric data including fluid simulations. To reduce iteration time, we present a more cache-friendly linear octree structure for adaptive fluid simulation that reduces the overhead of previous octree-based methods. To increase the viability of reusable effects libraries, and to give artists intuitive control over simulations late in the production process we present a ``fluid carving" technique. Fluid carving uses seam carving methods to allow intelligent resizing on a variety of fluid phenomena without the need for costly re-simulation. We present methods that improve upon traditional seam carving approaches to address issues with scalability, non-rectangular boundaries, and that generalize to a variety of different visual effects data like particles, polygonal meshes, liquids, smoke, and fire. We achieve these improvements by guiding seams along user-defined lattices that can enclose regions of interest defined as OpenVDB grids with a wide range of shapes. These techniques significantly improve artist workflows for fluid simulation and allow visual entertainment to be produced in a more intuitive, cost-effective manner.

This presentation is intended to inform about the enhancements to Creo Simulate 4.0 and the Roadmap for the future (5.0 +)

Följande studie syftar till att kartlägga planeringsprocessen och identifiera brister med den, samt ge förbättringsåtgärder för omrullningen på ett fallföretag. Genom utvecklingen av en generell konceptuell modell för att förbättra planeringsprocesser av omrullning. Under alla år har efterbehandlingsprocessen varit nedprioriterad på fallföretaget, och därmed också planeringsprocessen av den. Vid produktion av papper sker, som i många industrier, ett oväntat utfall av produkter som fått defekter under tillverkningen. Produkterna som har defekter kan oftast räddas och säljas genom att efterbehandlas, och en av dessa efterbehandlingar kallas omrullning. Att undersöka och förstå processer inom företag är avgörande för att göra förbättringar.   Studien presenterar förbättringsförslag som baserats på de brister som identifierades med planeringsprocessen. Förslagen innefattar bland annat att skapa ett effektivare IT-system, etablera tydliga kommunikationsvägar och öka engagemanget från ledningen. Dessa insatser kan öka effektiviteten, minska slöseri och bättre tillgodose kundernas behov, vilket ökar konkurrenskraften och lönsamheten inom pappersindustrin. Företaget kan implementera detta förbättringsarbete genom att tillsammans analysera och bryta ner målbilden till mindre små mål som går att uppnå på kort sikt. Baserat på insamlade data presenterar studien en konceptuell modell för att analysera och förbättra planeringsprocessen för omrullning. Förslag på vidare studier har getts, där det kan undersökas samma process på flera företag för att se om samma problematik finns där. Det är också vidare forskning att på fler företag använda den framtagna modellen för att analysera och förbättra planeringsprocesser för efterbehandling för att öka generaliserbarheten. / The following study aims to map the planning process and identify deficiencies within it, as well as provide improvement measures for the rewinding process in a case company. By developing a general conceptual model to enhance rerolling planning processes. Over the years, post-processing operations have been overseen, including the planning process associated with them. In paper production, like in many industries, defective products are generated during manufacturing. These defective products can often be salvaged and sold through post-processing, with one such process being rewinding. Examining and understanding processes within companies is crucial for making improvements. This study aims to map the planning process of rewinding and develop a conceptual model to enhance post-processing planning.   The study presents improvement suggestions based on the deficiencies identified in the planning process. The suggestions include creating a more efficient IT system, establishing clear communication channels, and increasing management involvement. These efforts can enhance efficiency, reduce waste, better meet customer needs, thereby increasing competitiveness and profitability within the paper industry. The company can implement these improvement efforts by collectively analyzing and breaking down the target vision into smaller short-term goals that can be achieved. Based on the collected data, the study presents a conceptual model for analyzing and improving the rerolling planning process. Suggestions for further studies have been provided, where the same process can be examined in multiple companies to determine if similar issues exist. Additionally, further research can be conducted in more companies using the developed model to analyze and improve post-processing planning processes, aiming to increase generalizability.

Additive manufacturing has increased in popularity in recent years partly due to the possibilities of producing complex geometries in a rapid manner. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a type of additive manufacturing technique that utilizes polymer powder and a layer-by-layer technique to build up the desired geometry. The main drawbacks with this technique are related to the reproducibility, mechanical performance and the poor surface finish of printed parts. Surface roughness increase the risk of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, which is unbeneficial for parts to be used in the healthcare industry. This thesis investigated the possibility in reducing the surface roughness of SLS printed polyamide 12 with the fully automated post-processing technology PostPro3D. The postprocessing relies on chemical post-processing for smoothening of the parts’ surface. PostPro3D utilizes vaporized solvent which condenses on the printed parts causing the surface to reflow. By this roughness, in terms of unmolten particles, is dissolved and surface pores are sealed. The influence of alternating post-processing parameters; pressure, temperature, time and solvent volume was evaluated with a Design of Experiments (DoE). The roughness reduction was quantified with monitoring the arithmetic mean average roughness (Ra), the ten-point height roughness (Rz) and the average waviness (Wa) using a stylus profilometer and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The effect of post-processing on mechanical properties was evaluated with tensile testing and the effect on microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A comparison was made between post-processed samples and a non-postprocessed reference, as well as between samples post-processed with different degree of aggressivity, with regards to the roughness values, mechanical properties and the microstructure. Results indicated that solvent volume and time had the largest effect in reducing the roughness parameters Ra and Rz, while time had the largest influence in increasing the elongation at break, tensile strength at break and toughness. The post-processing’s effect on waviness and Young’s modulus was less evident. SEM established that complete dissolution of powder particles was not achieved for the tested parameter ranges, but a clear improvement of the surface was observed for all different post-processing conditions, as compared to a non-post-processed specimen. The reduction in roughness by increased solvent volume and time was thought to be due to increased condensation of solvent droplets on the SLS-parts. The increase in mechanical properties was likely related to elimination of crack initiation points at the surface. In general, the mechanical properties experienced a wide spread in the results, this was concluded to be related to differences in intrinsic properties of the printed parts, and highlighted the problems with reproducibility related to the SLS. An optimal roughness of Ra less than 1 µm was not obtained for the tested post-processing conditions, and further parameter optimization is required. / Möjligheten att tillverka komplexa geometrier på ett snabbt sätt, har fått additiv tillverkning att öka i popularitet. Selective laser sintering (SLS) är en typ av additiv tillverkning där polymer pulver sintras samman succesivt lager för lager. Dessa lager bygger tillsammans upp den önskade geometrin. De största nackdelarna med SLS är att de tillverkade delarna har bristande mekaniska egenskaper, har brister i reproducerbarheten samt att ytan har en dålig kvalitet, den är ojämn. Ytojämnheten ökar risken för att bakterier fastnar och ett en biofilm bildas. Då produkten ska användas inom sjukvården, är det viktigt att biofilm bildning undviks. Den här uppsatsen har undersökt möjligheterna att reducera ytojämnheten av SLS-printad polyamid 12 med hjälp av kemisk efterbehandling i PostPro3D. Denna maskin är helt automatisk och åstadkommer ytbehandling genom att förånga lösningsmedel som sedan kondenserar på det SLS-printade materialet. Ytan på materialet löses upp vilket minskar ytojämnheter i form av pulver partiklar samt sluter porer på ytan. Genom att ändra på parametrarna för efterbehandlingen kan graden av aggressivitet påverkas, detta gäller tryck, temperatur, tid och lösningsmedels volym. De optimala parametrarna för att åstadkomma en jämn yta utvärderades med en Design of Experiments (DoE). Reducering av ytojämnhet mättes med hjälp av aritmetisk genomsnittlig ojämnhet (Ra), tio-punkts höjd ojämnhet (Rz) och medel-vågighet (Wa), med nålprofilometer och konfokal mikroskop. Efterbehandlingens påverkan på de mekaniska egenskaperna utvärderades i ett dragprov, medan mikrostrukturen undersöktes med svepelektronmikroskop (SEM). Ytjämnheten, de mekaniska egenskaperna och mikrostrukturen jämfördes mellan icke behandlade prover och ytbehandlade prover, med varierad grad av aggressivitet. Resultaten indikerade att tid och volym hade störst effekt på Ra och Rz, medan tid hade störst positiv inverkan på töjning, styrka och seghet. Effekten på styvheten (E-modulen) och vågigheten (Wa) var mindre uppenbar, och någon tydlig påverkan kunde inte observeras. SEM-analys visade att fullständig upplösning av partiklar på ytan inte sker för de testade behandlingarna, men en tydlig förbättring kunde ses vid jämförelse av ett obehandlat prov och ett behandlat prov. Den ökade ytjämnheten för längre tid och högre volym tros bero på en ökad kondensering av lösningsmedel på ytan under efterbehandlingen. Ökningen i mekaniska egenskaperna är troligtvis relaterade till eliminering av kritiska defekter på ytan. Generellt visade de mekaniska egenskaper en stor spridning i resultaten, detta tros bero på inneboende egenskaper i provstavarna. Denna slutsats understryker den bristande reproducerbarheten för SLS-printning. En optimal ytjämnhet antas vara ett Ra värde under 1 µm, denna ytjämnhet har inte uppnåtts med de testade efterbehandlingsparameter värdena, därför krävs ytterligare parameter optimering för att nå optimal efterbehandling.