Traditionally, German citizenship has been viewed as one that embraces a common culture and heritage. The attributes of this culture and heritage are closely associated with the national identity of Germany. However, this national identity has been challenged, both through the tumultuous events of Germany’s twentieth century as well as the allegations that the basis for German citizenship is exclusionary and contributes to a racist understanding of German national identity. This thesis investigates such allegations through a particular category of citizenship, Aussiedler, those who were considered German based upon their lineage and upholding of German culture and tradition, although they lived in Central and Eastern Europe, sometimes for generations. By analyzing Aussiedler from the context of its creation as a category in the aftermath of the Nazi dictatorship through to its modifications following the end of the Cold War the fluid nature of German national identity is traced through a shifting citizenship policy. / Graduate / 2017-12-15

"The present study is limited to the programs of colleges and universities designed to meet the needs of the veterans. Its primary purpose is to make a survey of the policies and programs of a cross-section of institutions in the nation and to evaluate the programs in light of needs and purposes of veterans as shown by certain surveys....in conclusion the following evaluation is made of the results of this study: 1. The men and women returning from the armed forces to civilian life will have many adjustments to make. To facilitate these adjustments, additional education in many instances will be required. 2. The federal government has made it possible for a much larger number of veterans to return to school than could resume their education otherwise. 3. Not only will the students be more numerous than before, they will be more heterogeneous, thus presenting more complex problems for the schools. The changes being made to accomodate the veterans are obviously changes which do not fundamentally alter the characteristics of higher education. They are changes in the mechanics of education designed to assist veterans in making proper adjustments to academic and civilian life as quickly and as easily as possible."-- leaves 2,96.

During the first decades of the twentieth century, Americans grappled with the idea of what it meant to be a modern society. As in other periods and places, arts, architecture and design played a significant role in expressing and exploring the issues and concerns of the day. In the period 1930 to 1965, and emerging practice called "interior design," in particular, became a potent medium for this purpose.Like modern art and modern architecture, the key to the practice of interior design was its basis in ideas. As curator Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., pointed out in his 1950 explanatory booklet "What is Modern Interior Design?" published by the Museum of Modern Art, interior design's foundation, in contrast to interior decorating, was in "principles rather than effects." To use the word "design" instead of "decoration," in relation to the creation of interiors implied the use of systematic and rational approach based in ideas not personal preferences. By the late 1930s both the discourse and practice of interior design as an alternative to interior decoration had begun to emerge in the United States.This study will explore how the emerging practice of interior design between 1930 and 1965, developed through the efforts of designers from various fields who all embraced this systematic and rational approach to creating interiors based in "principles and not effects." It will discuss how designers such as Ray and Charles Eames, George Nelson, Richard Neutra, Florence Knoll, and Russel and Mary Wright, whose work is highlighted in this study, used interior design as a way to explore and express theoretical considerations that could be learned, understood and disseminated by the designed interior. By doing so it exposes the ideas at work behind the interior designs of this period, which for the most part have not been fully considered by current histories, and presents a richer, more complete and more accurate account of this moment in design history and interior design's contribution to it.

The collapse of Nazi Germany was accompanied by a humanitarian disaster of staggering proportions. The newly-founded United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and its successor the International Refugee Organization (IRO) identified repairing the damage that the war had inflicted on Allied displaced populations as one of its foremost humanitarian obligations. These UN agencies cast themselves as pre-eminent agents of ‘rehabilitation’, facilitating a fast transition from war to peace through scientific methods of refugee management conducted along Rooseveltian lines. Departing from earlier relief efforts, their ambition was to provide more than a mere ‘soup kitchen’ charity, their aim being to ‘rehabilitate’ Displaced Persons (DPs). Their methods were, however, vigorously contested in the field by military and occupation authorities, by members of established voluntary societies, and by UNRRA/IRO’s own continental recruits. This thesis explores these confrontations through the lens of French DP administration. Although these UN agencies proclaimed a new era of internationalism, solutions to DP problems were often defined in nationalist terms. DPs were organised by ethnicity and strong ties attached relief workers to their own national groups. For French planners and humanitarian workers, the DP question was much more than a humanitarian problem, and was bound up with issues of domestic reconstruction, culture and identity as much as the provision of medical aid and relief. This thesis demonstrates that distinctive diplomatic constraints, economic requirements and cultural differences influenced the thought and practices of refugee humanitarianism, shaping alternate ways of arranging interim provision and ‘rehabilitating’ DPs in the French zone of occupation. Despite the fact that Allied responses to the DP problem mirrored divergent wartime experiences and differing national visions for the post-war future, this thesis argues that the history of UNRRA and the IRO in the French zone cannot be solely understood as a story of inter-Allied confrontation and clashes of political culture. Numerous transfers of expertise and the circulation of ideas and people between the zones belie such a view. New-Deal influenced methods penetrated the French zone and local UNRRA/IRO staff progressively embraced the organizations’ declared mission of ‘self-help’, albeit on terms that reflected their particular interpretation of DPs’ best interests. The real impact of UNRRA and the IRO lies in this grey area of subtle processes of imitation and re-interpretation.

This thesis deals with the post-war years of the Rumburk district, more precisely with post-war expulsions and mainly with resettlement. The work was based on archival materials (SOkA Děčín), especially on the administrative ones, secondly, the comparison of accessible secondary literature was made and lastly, the actual memories of those who still remember were composed into the research. The accessible literature and sources are introduced to the reader right in the introduction. The thesis is divided into three basic parts. The first part focuses on the topic of post-war expulsions, what the author considers to be crucial for understanding of the phenomena of resettlement. Furthermore, this part consists of two parts: perception of post- war expulsions generally in the whole Czechoslovakia and concretely in the Rumburk region. The second part of the thesis includes the topic of resettlement, generally and concretely, as well. The last section deals with the Rumburk region from the view of historical sources and those who still remember. It also contains a chapter about the regional social and cultural life (culture and sports clubs, religion, towns and landscape transformation). The aim of the presented paper is not informing the reader about past-war expulsions or resettlement but it is...

This essay is a qualitative examination of tayloristic labour processes in Swedish healthcare from 1945 to 1960. It focuses on nurses and explores how they reacted to changes in their working conditions brought about by taylorism through their association journal, Tidskrift för Sveriges Sjuksköterskor. The study has three major themes: what topics were important to nurses, what their views were on changes in working conditions and how their ideals changed. By looking at articles pertaining to these themes the study found that nurses were not averse to changes to their own working conditions. They were positive about the more qualified work and higher status taylorism created. However, they were negative about the possible effect that it could have on the care given to patients.

Thesis advisor: Paul Mariani / Robert Lowell, Lyric and Life investigates the meaning of autobiography as it is represented and produced by the work of art. I begin by tracing Lowell's poetics to the highly personal Romanticism of William Wordsworth and the highly impersonal Modernism of T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Allen Tate. Reading Lowell's writing in light of this dual inheritance, I am able to point out the limitations of calling Lowell's poetry "confessional" and to propose a model of the lyric self that accounts for the significant semiotic and psychological complexity that goes into the making of a lyric "I." I argue that, from a reader's point of view, Lowell's autobiographical poems are more creations of experience than they are records of experience; that, although the reader is supposed to believe he is "getting the real Robert Lowell," what he really gets is a fictive representation. Taking hold of what Robert Lowell called the "thread of autobiography" that strings together his life's work, I then trace the changing role of Lowell's autobiographical lyric self in a series of three chapters. The first of these chapters concerns the manuscript drafts and published poems of Life Studies (composed from 1953-1959) and, through attention to Lowell's revisions, demonstrates the great extent to which Lowell fictionalized his experience: for instance, by omitting some of the most personal details of the poems in favor of elegant prosodic or thematic composition. The next chapter takes up what I designate "the Notebook poems" (the sonnets published between 1967 and 1972 in the volumes Notebook 1967-68, Notebook, History, and For Lizzie & Harriet), examining the ways in which Lowell's move to New York City and his readings of Hannah Arendt, Eric Auerbach, Simone Weil, and Herbert Marcuse (among others) affected his views of the lyric self in relation to history. This chapter ends by arguing for the Dantesque contours of the Notebook poems, and again takes a close look at Lowell's drafts, including an unpublished essay on Dante. A final chapter examines two ekphrastic autobiographical poems ("Marriage" and "Epilogue"), from Lowell's final volume, Day by Day (1977), in relation to poems by Elizabeth Bishop and William Wordsworth. It concludes by showing, through a close reading of "Epilogue" and its drafts, Lowell's own retrospective concern to question and doubt the autobiographical pursuits of his poetry. A brief epilogue draws the variegated threads of these chapters together and offers a final reflection on the inextricable knot of Lowell's lyrics and his life by way of reading his final poems and the biographical record of his death. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English.

Com esta investigação proponho o estudo da cultura por uma vertente não canônica, convergindo para o conteúdo humano, imaginativo e desejante presente na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XX. Para isso, trabalhei entre outras fontes com a obra de alguns mediadores culturais: Carolina Maria de Jesus, Plínio Marcos, João Antonio e Ozualdo Candeias, que se encontravam nas vias de comunicação entrecruzada entre a cultura formal, o espetáculo e o gesto espontâneo, inscrevendo suas impressões, de forma delicada, com um rústico alfabeto na superfície instável que era a cidade de São Paulo entre as décadas de 40 e 60, encantando com palavras, imagens, gestos e ritmos, ao mesmo tempo em que se deixavam encantar pela gestualidade, a exuberância e o transbordamento que os cercavam. Parti assim de uma concepção de cultura como criação móvel e movente, que envolve o uso experimental e tático de elementos dispensados por diferentes segmentos da sociedade e das sobras de tradições as mais diversas por parte daqueles que não tinham paradeiro, mas que buscavam um canto. O que traz em si o desvio (détournement) situacionista de Guy Debord, a caça não-autorizada (braconnage) de Michel de Certeau e a viração de João Antonio e Plínio Marcos, ou seja, a apropriação não permitida, nas fímbrias da invisibilidade, daquilo que é lançado pela sociedade e o seu uso em sentidos diferentes daqueles que foram determinados, não apenas com a intenção de sobrevivência, mas também, e foi o que aqui mais me interessou, com a possibilidade do \"desperdício\" da criação / This research proposes the study of culture under a non canonical view, which converges to the human, imaginative and desiring content found in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the 20th century. To that end, I researched the works of the following cultural mediators, among others: Carolina Maria de Jesus, Plínio Marcos, João Antonio, and Ozualdo Candeias, who were at the communication crossroads of formal culture, the spectacle and the spontaneous gesture, and used a rustic alphabet to write with grace their impressions on the unstable surface which was the city of São Paulo between the 1940s and 1960s. They enchanted people with their words, images, and rhythms while they became themselves enchanted by the gestures, the exuberance and the overflow of emotions around them. My starting point was therefore a concept of culture as creation on the move and movable, which involves the experimental and tactical use by drifters - looking for a haven and a song - of elements cast away by different segments of society, and leftovers of diverse traditions. This carries in itself Guy Debord\'s situational deviation (détournement), Michel de Certeau\'s poach (braconnage), and João Antonio\'s viração, that is, unallowed appropriation, on the fringes of invisibility, of what society throws away to be used with meanings that are different from those that were previously determined, not only for the purpose of survival, but - and this has interested me most - as a possibility of \"waste\" of creation

This thesis is concerned with the development of a Fair Trade social movement in Britain between 1960 – 2000. It situates the analysis of Fair Trade within the context of historical debates about political consumption. It examines the role of the ethical consumer as a political activist and questions whether Fair Trade has led to a new understanding of the meaning of global citizenship. It is argued that contemporary questions about the limitations of Fair Trade as a model for international development should be grounded in an informed understanding of the intellectual and applied origins of the movement. Revisiting the origins of Fair Trade is not only an important academic exercise but provides the movement with an opportunity to reassess its core values. The intellectual origins of the movement are considered with reference to the nineteenth century thinkers and consumer campaigns. Although building on the politics of the past, the messages and organisational structure of Fair Trade represented a new and distinctly modern approach to campaigning more closely aligned with the ‘new social movements’ than traditional labour or consumer politics. The roles of the main actors are explored, including development non-governmental organisations, religious groups, consumer organisations, co-operatives and supermarkets. While acknowledging the consumer at the heart of the Fair Trade movement, it is argued that what is needed is a more nuanced approach to our understanding of ethical consumerism.

This thesis examines the British Commonwealth and Allied Naval forces operation on the west coast during the final two and a half years of the Korean War, particularly focused on their co-operation with the anti-Communist guerrillas. The purpose of this study is to present a more realistic picture of the United Nations (UN) naval forces operation in the west, which has been largely neglected, by analysing their activities in relation to the large number of irregular forces. This thesis shows that, even though it was often difficult and frustrating, working with the irregular groups was both strategically and operationally essential to the conduct of the war, and this naval-guerrilla relationship was of major importance during the latter part of the naval campaign. It concludes that, to the British Commonwealth Commanders and Allied Naval forces on the west coast, a large part of the relationship with the guerrillas during the Korean War could be explained as that involving a compelled co-operation with unreliable partners.