Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar por meio dos métodos de substituição, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) das leveduras de cerveja e de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e íntegra, e de inclusão de teores crescentes das leveduras de cana-de-açúcar em dietas extrusadas para cães adultos. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos; no primeiro foi utilizado o método de substituição e 4 dietas experimentais, uma dieta referência isenta de levedura e outras três compostas pela substituição de 15% da dieta basal por leveduras de cerveja e de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e íntegra, respectivamente. Para o segundo ensaio foram utilizados 35 cães adultos distribuídos em 5 tratamentos e 7 repetições por dieta, estas sendo: 0 (basal), 7,5 e 15% de levedura de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e 7,5 e 15% de íntegra. No primeiro ensaio, os CDA da PB são 96,47, 62,98 e 74,70% e da EB 84,01, 68,43 e 75,95%, respectivos as leveduras; havendo diferença entre as leveduras avaliadas apenas para o CDA da PB (p<0,05). No segundo ensaio, os tratamentos não se mostraram diferentes quanto a digestibilidade para os nutrientes MS, MO, EEA, FDN e EB (p>0,05). As energias das dietas acima são respectivamente (Kcal/Kg MS): ED (4107,74; 3995,23, 3922,53; 4066,7; 3921,15) e EM (3714,96; 3749,46; 3667,53; 3876,23; 3673,16) e os CDA (%): MS (81,95; 82,13; 79,14; 80,79; 80,59), MO (86,56; 85,88; 83,68; 85,09; 85,07), PB (84,68; 85,20; 81,90; 83,31; 82,89), EEA (83,68; 83,58; 81,28; 83,82; 82,69), FB (44,99; 33,10; 30,14; 37,33; 22,37), FDN (47,40; 54,20; 45,36; 46,70, 50,99) e EB (86,03; 85,09; 82,54; 84,81; 84,13). A utilização da levedura de cana-de-açúcar não influenciou o CDA das dietas para MS, MO, PB, EEA, FDN, EB e EM das dietas (p<0,05), porém prejudicou linearmente, conforme aumento na inclusão das leveduras de cana-de-açúcar, o CDA da FB e ED (p>0,05). Conforme aumento na ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aimed to determine, for dogs, the digestibility of the brewer's yeast and sugar cane yeast, autolyzed and integral, and the diets' nutrients that used the sugar cane yeast in increasing inclusions. Two metabolism assays were performed, the first one had used the substitution method to define the digestibility of the ingredients tests, being made one without yeast (control) and others 3 tests diets (15% brewer's yeast, sugar cane autolyzed and integral + 85% control diet). In the second assay, it was used 35 adult dogs distributed in 5 treatments with 7 replications for each diet. These were: 0 (control), 7,5 and 15% sugar cane yeast autolyzed and 7.5 and 15% of integral yeast. In the first assay, the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) of the CP were 96.47, 62.98 and 74.70%, and CE 84.01, 68.43 and 75.95%, respectively from yeasts; just the CP was different between the yeast evaluated (p<0,05). In the second assay, the treatments weren't difference for the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid ether extract (AEE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude energy (CE) between the ingredients. The energies from diets were respectively (Kcal/Kg CM): digestible energy (DE) (4,107.74; 3,995.23; 3,922.53; 4,066.7; 3,921.15) and metabolizable energy (ME) (3,714.96; 3,749.46; 3,667.53; 3,876.23; 3,673.16) and the CAD (%): DM (81.95; 82.13; 79.14; 80.79; 80.59), OM (86.56; 85.88; 83.68; 85.09; 85.07), CP (84.68; 85.20; 81.90; 83.31; 82.89), AEE (83.68; 83.58; 81.28; 83.82; 82.69), crude fiber (CF) (44.99; 33.10; 30.14; 37.33; 22.37), NDF (47.40; 54.20; 45.36; 46.70, 50.99) and CE (86.03; 85.09; 82.54; 84.81; 84.13). The sugar cane yeast did not affect the diets' CAD of DM, OM, AEE, NDF and ME of the diets (p<0.05); but, the CDA had a linear reduction in CP, CF, CE and DE (p>0.05) with the increasing inclusions. Therefore, the brewer's yeast presented ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Coorientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Walter Motta Ferreira / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Mestre

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are given nutritional education, but the knowledge about their adherence to the food recommendations and associations between dietary intake and metabolic control is poor. Gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent in adults with T1DM than in healthy controls, which may be due to disturbed gastrointestinal motility. The meal content affects the gastric emptying rate and the postprandial glycaemia in healthy adults and adults with type 2 diabetes. Meal ingestion also elicits several postprandial hormonal changes of importance for gastrointestinal motility and glycaemia. Eating disorders are more prevalent in young females with T1DM than in healthy females, and are associated with poor metabolic control. The prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent boys with T1DM is not known.  This thesis focuses on eating and gastrointestinal function in adolescents with T1DM. Three population-based, cross-sectional studies demonstrated that adolescents with T1DM consume healthy foods more often and have a more regular meal pattern than age- and sex-matched controls. Yet both boys and girls are heavier than controls. The intake of saturated fat is higher and the intake of fibre is lower than recommended in adolescents with T1DM. Patients with poor metabolic control consume more fat and less carbohydrates than patients with better metabolic control. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in adolescents with T1DM, but the prevalence is not increased compared with controls. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients are associated with female gender, daily cigarette smoking, long duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control during the past year, and an irregular meal pattern. Adolescent boys with T1DM are heavier and have higher drive for thinness than healthy boys, but do not differ from them in scales measuring psychopathology associated with eating disorders.   In a randomized, cross-over study, we found that a meal with a high fat and energy content reduces the initial (0–2 hours) postprandial glycaemic response and delays gastric emptying in adolescents with T1DM given a fixed prandial insulin dose compared with a low-fat meal. The glycaemic response is significantly associated with the gastric emptying rate. Both a high- and a low-fat meal increase the postprandial concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and suppress the postprandial ghrelin levels in adolescents with T1DM. The postprandial changes of these hormones are more pronounced after the high-fat meal. Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein (IGFBP) –1 concentrations decrease after insulin administration irrespective of meal ingestion. The GLP-1 response is negatively associated with the gastric emptying rate. The fasting ghrelin levels are negatively associated with the postprandial glycaemic response, and the fasting IGFBP-1 levels are positively associated with the fasting glucose levels.  We conclude that nutritional education to adolescents with T1DM should focus more on energy intake and expenditure to prevent and treat weight gain. It should also focus on fat quality and fibre intake to reduce the risk of macrovascular complications and improve glycaemia. Gastrointestinal symptoms in adolescents with T1DM should be investigated and treated as in other people irrespective of having diabetes. However, adolescents with long duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control, and symptoms from the upper gut should have their gastric emptying rate examined during euglycaemia. There may be an increased risk for development of eating disorders in adolescent males with T1DM since they are heavier than healthy boys and have higher drive for thinness. This should be investigated in future, larger studies.  For the first time, we showed that a fat-rich meal delays gastric emptying and reduces the initial glycaemic response in patients with T1DM. The action profile of the prandial insulin dose to a fat-rich meal may need to be postponed and prolonged compared with the profile to a low-fat meal to reach postprandial normoglycaemia. Circulating insulin levels affect postprandial GIP, GLP-1, and ghrelin, but not IGFBP-1, responses less than the meal content. The pronounced GIP-response to a fat- and energy-rich meal may promote adiposity, since GIP stimulates lipogenesis. Such an effect would be disadvantageous for adolescents with T1DM since they already have increased body fat mass and higher weights compared with healthy adolescents. Adolescents with T1DM may have subnormal postprandial ghrelin suppression, which may be due to their increased insulin resistance or elevated growth hormone levels. This needs to be investigated in future, controlled studies.

Macrophage-derived foam cells play a predominant role in the deposition of arterial plaques during the early stages of atherosclerosis. The deposition of arterial plaques is known to be effected by several factors, including a person’s dietary habits. The consumption of a high-fat (>60% of calories from fat) meal is known to elevate serum LDL and triglycerides, which have been previously implicated in the formation pf foam cells. One limitation of current research models is that it is not possible to directly measure foam cells in vivo. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to validate the use of blood derived monocytes as a proxy measure of foam cells. In order to complete this objective, we evaluated monocyte oxLDL phagocytosis capacity following consumption of a high-fat meal. Eight men and women participated in the present study and venous blood samples were collected prior to the meal, 1-h, 3-h, and 5-h post-meal. Monocytes (CD14+/16- and CD14+/16+) were evaluated for adhesion molecule expression (CD11a, CD11b, and CD18), scavenger R (CD36) expression, and oxLDL phagocytosis using an image-based flow cytometry method developed in our laboratory for this purpose. Data was statistically analyzed for significance using a single-factor ANOVA with repeated measures and a p < 0.05. Consumption of a high-fat meal caused an increase significant increase in the proportion of pro-inflammatory monocytes (CD14+/16+) and a decrease in classic monocytes (CD14+/16-), with the greatest difference occurring at 5 h post prandial (p = 0.038). We also found that pro-inflammatory monocyte expression of adhesion molecules and CD36 increased in a manner that would promote in vivo movement of monocytes into the subendothelial space. Finally, over the course of the 5 h postprandial period, the majority of oxLDL uptake occurred in pro-inflammatory compared to classic monocytes. These results suggest that consuming a high-fat meal increases the potential of monocytes to become foam cells for at least 5 h postprandial.

No description available.

<p>Mosquitoes pose significant threats to human health because they act as vectors for disease causing viruses and protozoans. Indeed, <em>Aedes aegypti</em> is known as the Yellow Fever Mosquito because of its role as a vector for viral infections that kill thousands of people each year. A more thorough understanding of mosquito physiology will aid development of novel control strategies. Previous work on ion transport across the midgut has been focused primarily on larval <em>A. aegypti</em>, while research on the midgut of the adult stage is less complete. The posterior midgut of the adult female is of particular interest because it is used for the storage and digestion of the blood meal which is required for the production of eggs. This study used an array of electrophysiological methodologies such as the Scanning Ion Electrode Technique (SIET) in order to elucidate the patterns and mechanisms of Na⁺, H⁺ and K⁺ transport across the posterior midgut at intervals during postprandial diuresis and digestion of the blood meal. Measurements of transepithelial potential indicated that the lumen was at its most negative (-13.2 mV) three hours after the blood meal and then gradually became less negative during the time course of digestion. Na⁺ was absorbed (from lumen to bath) at all intervals after the blood meal (6 min, 30 min, 2h, 24 h); calculations of the electrochemical potential indicated that absorption required active transport. H⁺ absorption at all times (6 min – 48 h) after the blood meal was also active (<em>i.e.</em> against the electrochemical gradient for H⁺) and was greatly reduced by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. K⁺ transport across the midgut exhibited two distinct phases. During diuresis, luminal concentrations of K⁺ were in the range 24 – 28 mM and secretion into the midgut was opposed by the electrochemical gradient, indicating active transport. After diuresis, during blood meal digestion, concentrations of K⁺ in the midgut contents were high (95 – 134 mM) and absorption of K⁺ was favoured by the electrochemical gradient. K⁺ absorption was sensitive to the channel blocker Ba²⁺ during this period.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

OBJECTIF: L’apoB plasmatique prédit le diabète de type 2 chez l’humain. Une clairance ralentie des triglycérides (TG) favorise la lipotoxicité et la résistance à l’insuline (RI). Nous avons démontré ex vivo que les LDL, forme majeure d’apoB-lipoprotéines, altèrent le stockage des gras dans le tissu adipeux blanc (TAB) humain. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que le lien reliant l’apoB plasmatique à la RI et l’hyperinsulinémie est médié par un retard de clairance des gras diététiques. MÉTHODE/RÉSULTATS: Nous avons examiné la sécrétion d’insuline (SI), puis la RI lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose intraveineux suivi d’un clamp hyperinsulinémique-euglycémique chez des sujets obèses normoglycémiques (N=29, 45%hommes, indice de masse corporelle (IMC)≥27kg/m2, 45-74ans, post-ménopausés). La clairance des TG diététiques a été mesurée suivant l’ingestion d’un repas gras marqué au 13C. La fonction d’une biopsie de TAB (à jeun) a été mesurée comme la capacité à stocker un substrat de 3H-TG. L’apoB était de 1,03±0,05g/L et corrélait avec la RI, la 2ième phase de SI, un délai de clairance des TG diététiques et une réduction de la fonction du TAB. Un retard de clairance des TG diététiques était associé à la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. Une correction pour la clairance des TG diététiques ou la fonction du TAB a éliminé l’association entre l’apoB et la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. CONCLUSION: L’association entre l’apoB plasmatique et la RI et la SI chez les sujets obèses est médiée par une clairance ralentie des gras diététiques et une dysfonction du TAB. / OBJECTIVE: Plasma apoB predicts type 2 diabetes in humans. Delayed TG clearance promotes lipotoxicity and insulin resistance (IR). We demonstrated ex vivo that LDL, the major form of apoB-lipoproteins, impairs human white adipose tissue (WAT) fat storage. We hypothesized that the link between plasma apoB, IR and hyperinsulinemia is mediated through delayed dietary fat clearance. METHODS/RESULTS: We examined insulin secretion (IS) and IR during a intravenous-glucose tolerance test followed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in normoglycemic obese (N=29, 45%men, body mass index (BMI)≥27kg/m2, 45-74yrs, postmenopausal). Dietary TG clearance was measured after the ingestion of a 13C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal. The function of a fasting WAT biopsy was measured as the ability to store a 3H-TG substrate. Plasma apoB averaged 1.03±0.05g/L, and correlated with IR, 2nd phase IS, delayed dietary TG clearance and reduced WAT function. Moreover, delayed dietary TG clearance was associated with higher IR and 2nd phase IS. Correcting for dietary TG clearance or WAT function eliminated the association of plasma apoB with IR and 2nd phase IS. CONCLUSION: The association of plasma apoB with IR and IS in obese subjects is mediated by delayed dietary fat clearance and WAT dysfunction.

A jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus) é uma fruta que apresenta polpa e semente comestíveis, com ótimo valor nutritivo e qualidade nutricional. Em algumas culturas a jaca é bastante valorizada, sendo considerada um alimento básico. No Brasil, a jaca é subvalorizada, sendo mais aproveitada na fabricação de doces e sua semente, na maioria das vezes, é desprezada ou subaproveitada. O mercado de biscoitos no Brasil tem apresentado crescimento e a utilização de farinhas mistas na produção deste produto, tem sido relatada com boa aceitação no mercado. Ademais, os consumidores têm buscado alimentos que tenham ingredientes considerados saudáveis em sua composição. Em adição a estes consumidores estão os indivíduos que possuem enfermidades e necessitam de uma alimentação adequada, como os diabéticos. O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais prevalentes no mundo atual, caracterizada pelo estado de hiperglicemia resultante da diminuição da ação da insulina em órgãos alvo e de sua secreção reduzida pela célula beta do pâncreas. O indivíduo com diabetes mellitus apresenta intolerância aos alimentos com alto índice glicêmico, como farinhas, batata, mandioca, arroz, etc. por aumentarem rapidamente a glicemia pós-prandial, que esta diretamente relacionada às complicações do diabetes. Uma das dificuldades do paciente com diabetes é manter condições adequadas de alimentação, devido às restrições que a doença impõe, desta forma, a indústria de alimentos tem procurado desenvolver produtos que mais se adequem ao metabolismo do diabético e, ao mesmo tempo, preencha suas necessidades e escolhas alimentares. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver biscoitos amanteigados isentos de açúcar com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta, com farinha de polpa e semente de jaca, e verificar suas propriedades físico-químicas, sua aceitabilidade e seu impacto na glicemia pós-prandial. A adição das farinhas de polpa e semente de jaca provocou aumento no teor de cinzas e fibras, escurecimento nos biscoitos e diminuição no teor de amidos. A adição da farinha de polpa diminuiu o teor de proteínas, enquanto a farinha de semente não provocou alteração deste nutriente. A metodologia de superfície de resposta mostrou que os açúcares presentes nos biscoitos são provenientes, em sua maioria, pela adição da farinha de polpa, assim como, a presença desta farinha deixa os biscoitos mais resistentes à quebra, e a farinha de semente diminui a força de quebra. A fibra solúvel está relacionada à farinha de polpa, enquanto a insolúvel à farinha de semente. O teste de aceitabilidade mostrou que a adição das farinhas de jaca diminuiu a aceitação dos produtos, efeito mais pronunciado com a farinha de semente. O teste de glicemia pós-prandial mostrou que a resposta glicêmica foi semelhante entre os biscoitos, não havendo diferença entre as farinhas de trigo, de polpa ou de semente de jaca. Essa resposta foi verificada em indivíduos com e sem diabetes mellitus. Conclui-se que a indicação de biscoito com farinha de jaca, com relação ao índice glicêmico, é semelhante ao biscoito de farinha de trigo, aos indivíduos com DM2. / The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a fruit that has edible pulp and seeds, with great nutritional value and nutritional quality. In some cultures the jackfruit is highly valued and is considered a staple food. In Brazil, the jackfruit is undervalued, being taken advantage of in the manufacture of sweets and his seed, in most cases, is neglected or underutilized. The biscuit market in Brazil has increased and the use of mixed flours for the production of this product, has been reported with good market acceptance. Furthermore, consumers have sought foods that have ingredients considered healthy in their composition. With, o these consumers are individuals who have disease and need adequate food, such as diabetics. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is among of the chronic diseases most prevalent in currently, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from decreased insulin action in target organs and reduced secretion by beta cells of the pancreas. The individual with diabetes mellitus have intolerance to foods with a high glycemic index, such as flour, potatoes, cassava, rice, etc. Because these kind of food increase postprandial blood glucose, which is directly related to diabetes complications. One of the difficulties of patient with diabetes is able to maintain adequate nutrition due to the disease imposes restrictions. Thus, the food industry has developed products suited to diabetic metabolism and at the same time fill their needs and food choices. The objective of this study was to develop buttery biscuits sugar free with pulp flour and jackfruit seeds with the aid of response surface methodology, and then to check their physicochemical properties, their acceptability and their impact on postprandial blood glucose. The addition of the pulp flour and jackfruit seeds caused increase in ash, fiber content and browning biscuits and decrease in starch content. The addition of the pulp flour decreased protein content, while seed flour resulted in no change of this nutrient. The response surface methodology showed that sugars in biscuits come from, mostly, by adding the pulp flour as well as the presence of this flour makes the biscuits more resistance in the break. On the other hand, the seed flour decreases the force break. The soluble fiber is related to the pulp flour, while the insoluble flour seed. The acceptability test showed that the addition of jackfruit flour decreased acceptance of the products, flour seed presented the most pronounced effect The postprandial blood glucose test showed that glycemic response was similar between the biscuits, with no difference between wheat flour, pulp or jackfruit seeds. This response was seen in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, the biscuits statement with jackfruit flour, regarding the glycemic index is similar to wheat flour biscuit, individuals with DM2.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death, and the underlying atherosclerotic process has its origin in youth. Physical activity lowers future CVD risk, however few adolescents achieve the recommended minimum amount of daily activity and interventions fail to meaningfully increase activity levels in this group. It is therefore essential to identify how small volumes of exercise can be optimised for the primary prevention of CVD. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the influence of exercise intensity on vascular health outcomes in adolescents, and to assess the efficacy of 2 weeks of low volume, high-intensity interval training on CVD risk factors in this population. Chapter 4 demonstrates that a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed one hour before a high fat meal elicits comparable reductions in postprandial lipaemia as a work-matched bout of moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) in girls. However, neither exercise attenuated postprandial lipaemia in the boys. Additionally, HIIE elicited a superior increase in postprandial fat oxidation and decrease in blood pressure, and this was sex independent. These findings are furthered in Chapter 5, which identified that accumulating HIIE, but not MIE, favourably modulates glycaemic control, postprandial blood pressure and fat oxidation in adolescents irrespective of sex. A high fat meal was included in Chapter 6 in order to impair vascular function via oxidative stress. Postprandial vascular function was preserved following MIE, but improved after HIIE, and these changes were not related to changes in postprandial lipaemia or total antioxidant status. Chapter 7 addressed the time course of the changes in vascular function post exercise, and identified that HIIE promotes superior changes in vascular function than MIE. Finally, Chapter 8 identified that 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training improved novel (endothelial function and heart rate variability), but not traditional CVD factors in adolescent boys and girls. However, most of these favourable changes were lost 3 days after training cessation. Thus, this thesis demonstrates that vascular health outcomes are positively associated with exercise intensity. Given that HIIE was perceived to be more enjoyable than MIE in Chapters 4, 6 and 7, performing HIIE appears to be an effectual and feasible alternative to MIE for the primary prevention of CVD.

A jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus) é uma fruta que apresenta polpa e semente comestíveis, com ótimo valor nutritivo e qualidade nutricional. Em algumas culturas a jaca é bastante valorizada, sendo considerada um alimento básico. No Brasil, a jaca é subvalorizada, sendo mais aproveitada na fabricação de doces e sua semente, na maioria das vezes, é desprezada ou subaproveitada. O mercado de biscoitos no Brasil tem apresentado crescimento e a utilização de farinhas mistas na produção deste produto, tem sido relatada com boa aceitação no mercado. Ademais, os consumidores têm buscado alimentos que tenham ingredientes considerados saudáveis em sua composição. Em adição a estes consumidores estão os indivíduos que possuem enfermidades e necessitam de uma alimentação adequada, como os diabéticos. O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais prevalentes no mundo atual, caracterizada pelo estado de hiperglicemia resultante da diminuição da ação da insulina em órgãos alvo e de sua secreção reduzida pela célula beta do pâncreas. O indivíduo com diabetes mellitus apresenta intolerância aos alimentos com alto índice glicêmico, como farinhas, batata, mandioca, arroz, etc. por aumentarem rapidamente a glicemia pós-prandial, que esta diretamente relacionada às complicações do diabetes. Uma das dificuldades do paciente com diabetes é manter condições adequadas de alimentação, devido às restrições que a doença impõe, desta forma, a indústria de alimentos tem procurado desenvolver produtos que mais se adequem ao metabolismo do diabético e, ao mesmo tempo, preencha suas necessidades e escolhas alimentares. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver biscoitos amanteigados isentos de açúcar com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta, com farinha de polpa e semente de jaca, e verificar suas propriedades físico-químicas, sua aceitabilidade e seu impacto na glicemia pós-prandial. A adição das farinhas de polpa e semente de jaca provocou aumento no teor de cinzas e fibras, escurecimento nos biscoitos e diminuição no teor de amidos. A adição da farinha de polpa diminuiu o teor de proteínas, enquanto a farinha de semente não provocou alteração deste nutriente. A metodologia de superfície de resposta mostrou que os açúcares presentes nos biscoitos são provenientes, em sua maioria, pela adição da farinha de polpa, assim como, a presença desta farinha deixa os biscoitos mais resistentes à quebra, e a farinha de semente diminui a força de quebra. A fibra solúvel está relacionada à farinha de polpa, enquanto a insolúvel à farinha de semente. O teste de aceitabilidade mostrou que a adição das farinhas de jaca diminuiu a aceitação dos produtos, efeito mais pronunciado com a farinha de semente. O teste de glicemia pós-prandial mostrou que a resposta glicêmica foi semelhante entre os biscoitos, não havendo diferença entre as farinhas de trigo, de polpa ou de semente de jaca. Essa resposta foi verificada em indivíduos com e sem diabetes mellitus. Conclui-se que a indicação de biscoito com farinha de jaca, com relação ao índice glicêmico, é semelhante ao biscoito de farinha de trigo, aos indivíduos com DM2. / The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a fruit that has edible pulp and seeds, with great nutritional value and nutritional quality. In some cultures the jackfruit is highly valued and is considered a staple food. In Brazil, the jackfruit is undervalued, being taken advantage of in the manufacture of sweets and his seed, in most cases, is neglected or underutilized. The biscuit market in Brazil has increased and the use of mixed flours for the production of this product, has been reported with good market acceptance. Furthermore, consumers have sought foods that have ingredients considered healthy in their composition. With, o these consumers are individuals who have disease and need adequate food, such as diabetics. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is among of the chronic diseases most prevalent in currently, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from decreased insulin action in target organs and reduced secretion by beta cells of the pancreas. The individual with diabetes mellitus have intolerance to foods with a high glycemic index, such as flour, potatoes, cassava, rice, etc. Because these kind of food increase postprandial blood glucose, which is directly related to diabetes complications. One of the difficulties of patient with diabetes is able to maintain adequate nutrition due to the disease imposes restrictions. Thus, the food industry has developed products suited to diabetic metabolism and at the same time fill their needs and food choices. The objective of this study was to develop buttery biscuits sugar free with pulp flour and jackfruit seeds with the aid of response surface methodology, and then to check their physicochemical properties, their acceptability and their impact on postprandial blood glucose. The addition of the pulp flour and jackfruit seeds caused increase in ash, fiber content and browning biscuits and decrease in starch content. The addition of the pulp flour decreased protein content, while seed flour resulted in no change of this nutrient. The response surface methodology showed that sugars in biscuits come from, mostly, by adding the pulp flour as well as the presence of this flour makes the biscuits more resistance in the break. On the other hand, the seed flour decreases the force break. The soluble fiber is related to the pulp flour, while the insoluble flour seed. The acceptability test showed that the addition of jackfruit flour decreased acceptance of the products, flour seed presented the most pronounced effect The postprandial blood glucose test showed that glycemic response was similar between the biscuits, with no difference between wheat flour, pulp or jackfruit seeds. This response was seen in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, the biscuits statement with jackfruit flour, regarding the glycemic index is similar to wheat flour biscuit, individuals with DM2.

Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein (adipocytokine) that is secreted by adipose tissue. It has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective properties, and is thought to be protective against obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Humans and cats are two species that commonly develop type 2 diabetes associated with insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function and spontaneous islet amyloid deposition. The domestic cat (Felis catus) has recently been proposed as an animal model for human type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the physiology of adiponectin in cats. Therefore, we set out to investigate the association of adiponectin profiles with dietary carbohydrate intake, feeding, body weight, fat mass, and insulin sensitivity in healthy young adult cats (n=32; 2-4 years old; gender ratio 1:1; body condition 4-5/9). Cats were fed a moderate carbohydrate diet (37% ME) at maintenance energy requirements for four weeks. Cats were then assigned to either receive a low (19% ME) or high (52% ME) carbohydrate diet and fed at maintenance energy requirements for another four weeks, followed by ad-libitum feeding for eight weeks to facilitate weight gain. Adiponectin profiles including total circulating adiponectin and its distribution [low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin], and proportion of adiponectin that is HMW (SA) were measured by ELISA and velocity sedimentation using sucrose gradients, followed by Western blotting, respectively. We demonstrated inter-animal variation in total adiponectin concentration at baseline (0.6 to 15.0 g/mL), with the adiponectin present in both LMW and HMW forms. Feeding with a high carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased total adiponectin concentration, which was associated with an increased concentration of LMW adiponectin. In contrast, feeding with a low carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased concentration of HMW adiponectin, decreased LMW adiponectin concentration, and increased SA, without a change in total adiponectin concentration. In cats fed the high carbohydrate diet, total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin concentrations become lower at six hours after feeding, as compared to the fasting concentrations. This phenomenon was not observed in cats fed a low carbohydrate diet, indicating a diet-dependent postprandial effect. There was no effect of gender on any of the adiponectin profiles in cats. Unlike other studies in humans and mice in which adiponectin concentrations decreased as fat mass increased, our data indicate that a moderate weight gain achieved by ad libitum feeding of a low carbohydrate diet for eight weeks correlated with increased adiponectin concentrations. Total adiponectin concentration (mirrored by HMW adiponectin) was positively correlated with body weight gain and fat mass gain (but not absolute fat mass) in our overweight cats. Furthermore, the fat mass-related increases in plasma adiponectin over eight weeks correlated with insulin sensitivity (higher adiponectin concentration corresponded to greater insulin sensitivity in overweight cats). These data hint at the possibility that in overweight animals, adiponectin is similar to other adipokines that rise concomitantly with increased of moderate fat mass gain and thus increases insulin sensitivity. Overall, the knowledge in this study therefore provides useful information to veterinarians and cat food manufacturers, and forms a foundation for future studies to extend our knowledge of adiponectin in cats. Data gathered in cats may also be applicable to humans and could therefore inform research using cats as an animal model of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.