As CMOS scaling faces a technological barrier in the near future, novel design paradigms are being proposed to keep up with the ever growing need for computation power and speed. Most of these novel technologies have device sizes comparable to atomic and molecular scales. At these levels the quantum mechanical effects play a dominant role in device performance, thus inducing uncertainty. The wave nature of particle matter and the uncertainty associated with device operation make a case for probabilistic modeling of the device. As the dimensions go down to a molecular scale, functioning of a nano-device will be governed primarily by the atomic level device physics. Modeling a device at such a small scale will require taking into account the quantum mechanical phenomenon inherent to the device. In this dissertation, we studied one such nano-device: Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). We used probabilistic modeling to perform a fast approximation based method to estimate error, power and reliability in large QCA circuits. First, we associate the quantum mechanical probabilities associated with each QCA cell to design and build a probabilistic Bayesian network. Our proposed modeling is derived from density matrix-based quantum modeling, and it takes into account dependency patterns induced by clocking. Our modeling scheme is orders of magnitude faster than the coherent vector simulation method that uses quantum mechanical simulations. Furthermore, our output node polarization values match those obtained from the state of the art simulations. Second, we use this model to approximate power dissipated in a QCA circuit during a non-adiabatic switching event and also to isolate the thermal hotspots in a design. Third, we also use a hierarchical probabilistic macromodeling scheme to model QCA designs at circuit level to isolate weak spots early in the design process. It can also be used to compare two functionally equivalent logic designs without performing the expensive quantum mechanical simulations. Finally, we perform optimization studies on different QCA layouts by analyzing the designs for error and power over a range of kink energies.To the best of our knowledge the non-adiabatic power model presented in this dissertation is the first work that uses abrupt clocking scheme to estimate realistic power dissipation. All prior works used quasi-adiabatic power dissipation models. The hierarchical macromodel design is also the first work in QCA design that uses circuit level modeling and is faithful to the underlying layout level design. The effect of kink energy to study power-error tradeoffs will be of great use to circuit designers and fabrication scientists in choosing the most suitable design parameters such as cell size and grid spacing.

Orientador: Tiago Zenker Gireli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_LuanaKannKelch_M.pdf: 9568135 bytes, checksum: e1cf844235f741c2950c6e1ecba0b1ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro tem gerado a necessidade de melhoria no transporte e logística dos produtos que circulam pelo país. O transporte marítimo é a opção menos poluente e menos custosa para o transporte de mercadorias. Com o aumento da demanda neste segmento surge o interesse por alternativas ecológicas e economicamente mais atrativas. Como parte integrante do projeto de um terminal portuário, obras de abrigo são necessárias na grande maioria dos casos. Nesse contexto, foi resgatada a importância da pesquisa e inovação do quebra-mar flutuante. Além disso, o quebra-mar também pode promover proteção costeira, outra discussão muito atual. O quebra-mar desenvolvido e estudado nesse trabalho é uma inovação e possui vantagens dentre as concepções praticadas atualmente. O conceito ecológico de empregar garrafas PET descartadas, eliminando-as do ambiente, cria um interesse ímpar por parte dos ambientalistas. Economicamente esse quebra-mar é mais vantajoso, pois os materiais são de baixo custo e de fácil aquisição. E também pode ser construído em terra e rebocado para a posição, no corpo d'água, eliminando as dificuldades e custos de uma construção a partir de plataformas destacadas e flutuantes. Por último, ressalta-se a eficiência na redução da altura de onda, pois esta foi significativamente maior que a encontrada por pesquisadores que testaram concepções comparáveis a essa / Abstract: The growth of the Brazilian economy urges for improvement in transportation and logistics for products that move though the country. Seaways are the less pollutant and the most cost effective way to move ware. The increasing demand for this segment creates interest in more environmentally friendly and cheaper options and sheltering installations are part of a port's design. Within this scenario, the relevance of research and innovation for floating breakwater is recovered. Furthermore breakwater can as well provide coastal protection, which is an existent concern in modern time. The floating breakwater that is being discussed in this paper is an innovative and advantageous when compared to others that are in use have been designed and built. Due to the reuse of many plastic bottles and regarding the fact that they are being taken away from the waste environment, this floating breakwater creates a good impact on the ecologists. From the economic point of view it is less expensive due to the fact of the purchase of used plastic bottles to be cheap and easy. Also, the breakwater can be constructed on shore and dragged to position which eliminates the complexity and coast of building of a vessel. Its efficiency in wave height reduction goes significantly beyond the reduction ratio of other concepts that are comparable to this floating breakwater / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Yes / This work integrates a harmonic tuning mechanism in synergy with the GaN HEMT transistor for 5G mobile transceiver applications. Following a theoretical study on the operational behavior of the Class-F power amplifier (PA), a complete amplifier design procedure is described that includes the proposed Harmonic Control Circuits for the second and third harmonics and optimum loading conditions for phase shifting of the drain current and voltage waveforms. The performance improvement provided by the Class-F configuration is validated by comparing the experimental and simulated results. The designed 10W Class-F PA prototype provides a measured peak drain efficiency of 64.7% at 1dB compression point of the PA at 3.6GHz frequency.

Central to tapping mode atomic force microscopy is an oscillating cantilever whose tip interacts with a sample surface. The tip-surface interactions are strongly nonlinear, rapidly changing, and hysteretic. We explore numerically a lumped-mass model that includes attractive, adhesive, and repulsive contributions as well as the interaction of the capillary fluid layers that cover both tip and sample in the ambient conditions common in experiment. To accomplish this, we have developed and used numerical techniques specifically tailored for discontinuous, nonlinear, and hysteretic dynamical systems. In particular, we use forward-time simulation with event handling and the numerical pseudo-arclength continuation of periodic solutions. We first use these numerical approaches to explore the nonlinear dynamics of the cantilever. We find the coexistence of three steady state oscillating solutions: (i) periodic with low-amplitude, (ii) periodic with high-amplitude, and (iii) high-periodic or irregular behavior. Furthermore, the branches of periodic solutions are found to end precisely where the cantilever comes into grazing contact with event surfaces in state space corresponding to the onset of capillary interactions and the onset of repulsive forces associated with surface contact. Also, the branches of periodic solutions are found to be separated by windows of irregular dynamics. These windows coexist with the periodic branches of solutions and exist beyond the termination of the periodic solution. We also explore the power dissipated through the interaction of the capillary fluid layers. The source of this dissipation is the hysteresis in the conservative capillary force interaction. We relate the power dissipation with the fraction of oscillations that break the fluid meniscus. Using forward-time simulation with event handling, this is done exactly and we explore the dissipated power over a range of experimentally relevant conditions. It is found that the dissipated power as a function of the equilibrium cantilever-surface separation has a characteristic shape that we directly relate to the cantilever dynamics. We also find that despite the highly irregular cantilever dynamics, the fraction of oscillations breaking the meniscus behaves in a fairly simple manner. We have also performed a large number of forward-time simulations over a wide range of initial conditions to approximate the basins of attraction of steady oscillating solutions. Overall, the simulations show a complex pattern of high and low amplitude periodic solutions over the range of initial conditions explored. We find that for large equilibrium separations, the basin of attraction is dominated by the low-amplitude periodic solution and for the small equilibrium separations by the high-amplitude periodic solution. / Ph. D.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents the prototyping and analysis of new multiplier architectures under the physical level of abstraction. Circuits recently presented in the academic community are analyzed and compared against the state of the art. The new architectures operate on signed multiplication and maintain the pure form of an array multiplier. These architectures are extended for radix-2m encoding, where m is the number of the bits, which leads to a reduction of the number of partial lines. The proposed approach significantly improves the state of the art, enabling gains in performance and power consumption. Such aspects are attractive for the implementations of the new multipliers in the physical level. For the most of the systems, functionality tests are used in order to verify if a circuit is functionally equivalent to a given specification. These types of tests have to be the first part of the development of the circuit. Thus, we have developed in this work a flow of the circuit analysis. This flow covers since the functional tests, passing through the stages of physical synthesis in transistors level and FPGA, until the prototyping in Silicon of the architectures. In this work, we have used the same test vectors in all the stages of the project which involves, since the verification of the logical functionality until the extraction of the power consumption in physical level. / Este trabalho apresenta a prototipação e análise de novas arquiteturas de circuitos multiplicadores digitais sob o ponto de vista físico. São analisados circuitos recentemente apresentados no meio científico e comparados com o estado da arte. As novas arquiteturas efetuam operações de multiplicação com sinal e mantêm a mesma regularidade de um multiplicador array convencional. As arquiteturas podem operar com números na base 2m, onde m é o número de bits, o que permite a redução do número de linhas de produtos parciais, tendo-se desta forma, ganhos significativos em desempenho e redução do consumo de potência. Tais características, tornam-se um fator atrativo para as implementações dos circuitos multiplicadores no nível físico. Para a maioria dos sistemas, testes de funcionalidade envolvem a necessidade de provar que o circuito é funcionalmente equivalente a uma determinada especificação. Estes devem ser usualmente os primeiros testes que um projetista deve construir como parte do processo de desenvolvimento do circuito. Desta forma, também faz parte deste trabalho o desenvolvimento de um fluxo de análise dos circuitos. Este fluxo deve percorrer desde os testes funcionais, passando por etapas de síntese física em nível de transistores e em FPGA, até a prototipação em Silício das arquiteturas. Neste trabalho, as arquiteturas de multiplicadores foram submetidas aos mesmos vetores de teste em todas as etapas de projeto, que envolvem desde a verificação da funcionalidade lógica, até a extração do consumo de potência no nível físico.

Power dissipation of integrated circuits is the most demanding issue for very large scale integration (VLSI) design engineers, especially for portable and mobile applications. Use of multiple supply voltages systems, which employs level converter between two voltage islands is one of the most effective ways to reduce power consumption. In this thesis work, a unique level converter known as universal level converter (ULC), capable of four distinct level converting operations, is proposed. The schematic and layout of ULC are built and simulated using CADENCE. The ULC is characterized by performing three analysis such as parametric, power, and load analysis which prove that the design has an average power consumption reduction of about 85-97% and capable of producing stable output at low voltages like 0.45V even under varying load conditions.

Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, la physiologie apparente de Streptomyces pristinaespiralis et plus spécifiquement la production de pristinamycines (déclenchement et concentration) a été reliée à son environnement hydrodynamique. Des cultures de S. pristinaespiralis ont été réalisées sous diverses conditions d'agitation et d'aération, en fioles lisses d’Erlenmeyer. Ces conditions engendrent des dissipations volumiques comprises entre 0,55 et 14 kW.m-3 et des kLa compris entre 30 et 490 h-1. Partant du constat de la complexité combinée de l’hydrodynamique rencontrée dans les bioréacteurs et de la réponse cellulaire, nous avons développé une approche pluridisciplinaire et multiéchelle à l’interface entre génie des procédés et physiologie quantitative. La réponse physiologique apparente a été quantifiée en termes de croissance, consommation des substrats, morphologie et production. L’hydrodynamique des fioles agitées a été notamment décrite par utilisation de la simulation numérique des écoulements. Par l’utilisation originale d’un modèle de rupture, les diamètres des pelotes ont été corrélés à l’échelle de dissipation de Kolmogorov. De plus, il a été montré que la dissipation défavorisait la croissance des pelotes. Ainsi, par le découplage de l’agitation et de l’aération, il a été montré que la taille des pelotes, contrôlée par la turbulence, impactait directement la consommation d’oxygène et la quantité de pristinamycines produites. Par ailleurs, le déclenchement de la production, résultante d’une limitation en substrats azotés et d’un apport en oxygène suffisant, est déterminé conjointement par la quantité du transfert d’oxygène et par la dissipation volumique / During this study, the physiology of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and more specifically the production of pristinamycins (induction and concentration) were related to its hydrodynamic environment. Cultures of S. pristinaespiralis were performed under various conditions of agitation and aeration in non baffled Erlenmeyer flasks. According to the operating conditions, the volume power dissipation was from 0.55 to 14 kW.m-3 while kLa was from 30 to 490 h-1. Based on the observation of the complexity of both hydrodynamics encountered in bioreactors and of the cellular response, a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach between process engineering and quantitative physiology was developed. The apparent physiological response was quantified in terms of growth, substrates consumption, morphology and production. The hydrodynamics of the shake flasks was described using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Using an original break up model, the pellet diameters were correlated to the Kolmogorov dissipation scale. Moreover, it was shown that pellet growth was slowed down by the dissipation scale increase. Then, by decoupling the agitation and the aeration, it was shown that the pellets size, controlled by turbulence, impacted directly the consumption of oxygen and the concentration of pristinamycins. Furthermore, onset of pristinamycin production resulted in a limitation in nitrogen substrates as well as a sufficient oxygen supply which are determined by the oxygen transfer and the volume power dissipation

Des travaux préliminaires réalisés en fiole d'Erlenmeyer ont montré que l'environnement hydrodynamique, caractérisé par la puissance dissipée volumique (P/V) et le coefficient de transfert en oxygène (kLa), jouait un rôle important lors du procédé de production de pristinamycines par Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (Mehmood, 2011). L'objectif de ce travail est donc d'étudier l'influence de ces deux phénomènes dans des bioréacteurs mécaniquement agités (STR), largement utilisés à l'échelle industrielle, et de type gazosiphon. Dans un premier temps, une description de l'environnement hydrodynamique global a été réalisée en STR. En ce qui concerne le bioréacteur gazosiphon, celui-ci a été conçu et dimensionné spécifiquement pour ce travail. Une caractérisation des écoulements dans ce bioréacteur a ensuite été réalisée par simulation numérique des écoulements. En appliquant les mêmes conditions hydrodynamiques que celles étudiées lors de culture en fioles d'Erlenmeyer, les performances en terme de croissance et de production de pristinamycines ont toujours été moindres en STR et en gazosiphon qu'en fiole. Ceci démontre que P / V, kLa mais également la dissipation maximum, ne constituent pas les bons paramètres d'extrapolation. Par contre, les performances mesurées semblent être reliée aux variations de formes morphologiques observées (présence et taille des pelotes) et à la physiologie des cellules au sein de ces structures. De façon surprenante, au cours de ce travail, le déclenchement de la production de pristinamycines a quasiment toujours été obtenu lors de la phase de croissance de S. pristinaespiralis. Nos travaux n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence la raison de ce phénomène. Celui-ci est certainement la conséquence de plusieurs paramètres qui restent encore à préciser / Previous results performed in Erlenmeyer flasks have shown that the hydrodynamics, characterized by power dissipation per unit of volume (P/V) and volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), impacted the production of pristinamycins by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (Mehmood, 2011). The aim of this work is then to study the influence of these two parameters in a stirred tank bioreactor (STR), widely used in industry, and in an airlift bioreactor. This last bioreactor has been designed specifically for this work. In a first part, the hydrodynamic environment was described in STR and the fluid flows were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Using the same hydrodynamic conditions in STR and in airlift bioreactor than in flasks, the process performance (bacterial growth and pristinamycin production) were always lower in STR and airlift bioreactor. This demonstrates that P / V, kLa and also maximum dissipation were not pertinent scale-up criteria for the pristinamycin production from flask to STR or airlift bioreactor. On the contrary, the determined performances seemed to be related to the changes in bacterial morphology (presence and size of pellets) and to the physiology of the cells inside these structures. Surprisingly, during this work, the initiation of the pristinamycin production occurred almost always during the growth phase of S. pristinaespiralis. This phenomenon was probably due to the conjunction of several parameters which remain to identify

This master’s thesis deals with the basic design of diesel injection control unit hardware. There is a description of the whole blocks of Motorpal Common Rail diesel injection system in the introduction. Next are described requirement of control unit hardware. In the following are descriptions of parts, which was choosed for adjustment. The second part of thesis describes the whole design of control unit wiring diagram. There is described each block in detail in this part. Next part describes component placement on printed circuit board. The conclusion of thesis compare designed version of control unit with elderly versions.

Power dissipation is one of the major design issues of digital circuits. The power dissipated by a circuit affects its speed and performance. Multiplier is one of the most commonly used circuits in the digital devices. There are various types of multipliers available depending upon the application in which they are used. In the present thesis report, the importance of power dissipation in today's digital technology is discussed and the various types and sources of power dissipation have been elaborated. Different types of multipliers have been designed which vary in their structure and amount of power dissipation. The concept of pipelining is explained and the reduction in the power dissipation of the multipliers after pipelining is experimentally determined. Clock gating is a very important technique used in the design of digital circuits to reduce power dissipation. Various types of clock gating techniques have been presented as a case study. The technology used in the simulation of these circuits is 0.35µm CMOS and the simulator used is SPECTRE S.