The purpose of the proposed research is to design a Decentralized Voltage/Stability Monitoring and Control System to counteract voltage violations and the impact of disturbances/contingencies on power system voltage stability. A decentralized voltage and stability control system is designed to coordinate the controls of the local secondary voltage control devices and necessary load shedding without requiring information about the rest of the system. The voltage/stability control can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. The control objectives include, but are not limited to: minimization of system active/reactive losses; maximization of the system stability margin; and minimization of the control actions. The constraints of the optimization problem depend on the specifications of the actual system components. For the first time, margin sensitivities of the control actions are included in the control formulation. The concept of using margin sensitivity to evaluate the post-control load margin is presented as a fast and accurate way to assess potential voltage and stability control options. A system decomposition procedure is designed to define the disturbance-affected zone as an independent control subsystem. A normal constraint algorithm is adopted to identify the most suitable control solution in a shorter timeline than the typical utility voltage-control practice. Both steady-state and dynamic simulations are performed to compare the proposed system with typical utility control practices.

“Hardware in the Loop” (HIL) testing is widely used in the automotive industry. The sophisticated electronic control units used for vehicle control are usually tested and evaluated using HIL-simulations. The HIL increases the degree of realistic testing of any system. Moreover, it helps in designing the structure and control of the system under test so that it works effectively in the situations that will be encountered in the system. Due to the size and the complexity of interaction within a power network, most research is based on pure simulation. To validate the performance of physical generator or protection system, most testing is constrained to very simple power network. This research, however, examines a method to test power system hardware within a complex virtual environment using the concept of the HIL. The HIL testing for electronic control units and power systems protection device can be easily performed at signal level. But performance of power systems equipments, such as distributed generation systems can not be evaluated at signal level using HIL testing. The HIL testing for power systems equipments is termed here as ‘Power Network in the Loop’ (PNIL). PNIL testing can only be performed at power level and requires a power amplifier that can amplify the simulation signal to the power level. A power network is divided in two parts. One part represents the Power Network Under Test (PNUT) and the other part represents the rest of the complex network. The complex network is simulated in real time simulator (RTS) while the PNUT is connected to the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based power amplifier. Two way interaction between the simulator and amplifier is performed using analog to digital (A/D) and digital to analog (D/A) converters. The power amplifier amplifies the current or voltage signal of simulator to the power level and establishes the power level interaction between RTS and PNUT. In the first part of this thesis, design and control of a VSC based power amplifier that can amplify a broadband voltage signal is presented. A new Hybrid Discontinuous Control method is proposed for the amplifier. This amplifier can be used for several power systems applications. In the first part of the thesis, use of this amplifier in DSTATCOM and UPS applications are presented. In the later part of this thesis the solution of network in the loop testing with the help of this amplifier is reported. The experimental setup for PNIL testing is built in the laboratory of Queensland University of Technology and the feasibility of PNIL testing has been evaluated using the experimental studies. In the last section of this thesis a universal load with power regenerative capability is designed. This universal load is used to test the DG system using PNIL concepts. This thesis is composed of published/submitted papers that form the chapters in this dissertation. Each paper has been published or submitted during the period of candidature. Chapter 1 integrates all the papers to provide a coherent view of wide bandwidth switching amplifier and its used in different power systems applications specially for the solution of power systems testing using PNIL.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis presents three different methods to investigate flexural wave propagation and scattering, power flow and transmission efficiencies, and dynamic stress concentration and fatigue failures in structural dynamics. The first method is based on the acoustical wave propagator (AWP) technique, which is the main part described in this thesis. Through the numerical implementation of the AWP, the complete information of the vibrating structure can be obtained including displacement, velocity, acceleration, bending moments, strain and stresses. The AWP technique has been applied to systems consisting of a one-dimensional stepped beam, a two-dimensional thin plate, a thin plate with a sharp change of section, a heterogeneous plate with multiple cylindrical patches, and a Mindlin?s plate with a reinforced rib. For this Mindlin?s plate structure, through the comparison of the results obtained by Mindlin?s thick plate theory and Kirchhoff?s classical thin plate theory, the difference of theoretical predicted results is investigated. As part of these investigations, reflection and transmission coefficients, power flow and transmission efficiencies in a onedimensional stepped beam, and power flow in a two-dimensional circular plate structure, are studied. In particular, this technique has been successfully extended to investigate wave propagation and scattering, and dynamic stress concentration at discontinuities. Potential applications are fatigue failure prediction and damage detection in complex structures. The second method is based on experimental techniques to investigate the structural response under impact loads, which consist of the waveform measuring technique in the time domain by using the WAVEVIEW software, and steady-state measurements by using the Polytec Laser Scanning Vibrometer (PLSV) in the frequency domain. The waveform measuring technique is introduced to obtain the waveform at different locations in the time domain. These experimental results can be used to verify the validity of predicted results obtained by the AWP technique. Furthermore, distributions of dynamic strain and stress in both near-field (close to discontinuities) and far-field regions are investigated for the study of the effects of the discontinuities on reflection and transmission coefficients in a one-dimensional stepped beam structure. Experimental results in the time domain can be easily transferred into those in the frequency domain by the fast Fourier transformation, and compared with those obtained by other researchers. This PLSV technique provides an accurate and efficient tool to investigate mode shape and power flow in some coupled structures, such as a ribbed plate. Through the finite differencing technique, autospectral and spatial of dynamic strain can be obtained. The third method considered uses the travelling wave solution method to solve reflection and transmission coefficients in a one-dimensional stepped beam structure in the time domain. In particular, analytical exact solutions of reflection and transmission coefficients under the given initial-value problem are derived. These analytical solutions together with experimental results can be used to compare with those obtained by the AWP technique.

Kungälv Energi äger och ansvarar idag över Kungälv Kommuns elnät. Med en ökande befolkningsmängd ställs allt högre krav på elnätet och framför allt leveranssäkerheten. Med kalla vintrar och stort energibehov ger detta upphov till en svårare situation gällande leveranssäkerhet. I nuläget har Kungälv Energi två mottagarstationer, en 130/10kV-station espektive 130/20kV-station. 30/10kV-stationen börjar närma sig en gräns där effektbehovet närmar sig den maximala istributionskapaciteten. Därför fastställs en plan för att kunna klara av effektbehovet vid averi på en av två 130/10kV-transformatorer i mottagarstationen M1. Resultatet av rapporten visar att tillräcklig kapacitet finns i närliggande fördelningsstationer för att klara av reservdrift under hög belastning utan att några övriga komponenter skadas. Rapporten behandlar främst effektflöden för att kontrollera att dessa ej överskrider transformatorernas, ledningarnas och kablarnas märkeffekt. I flertalet fall har även faktorer för nödbelastning räknats med vilket resulterar i att samtliga linjer hos Kungälv Energi klarar av den ökade belastningen. Upptäckta flaskhalsar i nätet har uppmärksammats och delgetts samt förslag till förändringar för att förhindra framtida problem. / Kungälv Energi owns and is responsible of Kungälv municipality's electricity grid. With an increasing population and increasing demands on the grid and especially security of supply. With cold winters and large energy gives rise to a more difficult situation regarding security of supply. Currently, Kungälv Energi two receiving stations, a 130 / 10kV station and 130 / 20kV station. 130 / 10kV station is approaching a point where power demand is approaching the maximum distribution capacity. Therefore sets out a plan to cope with the power demand at the failure of one of two 130 / 10kV transformers of the receiving station M1. The results of the report shows that sufficient capacity is available in nearby distribution stations to cope with the emergency operation under high loads without any other components damaged. The report deals primarily with power flows to check that they do not exceed transformers, lines and cables rated power. In the majority of cases have also factors for distress load been counted with, which gives the result that all lines of Kungälv Energi can handle the increased load. Detected bottlenecks in the network have been highlighted, communicated and proposed changes to Kungälv Energi to prevent future problems.

A captação de energia eólica tem sido alvo de estudos em todo o mundo nas últimas décadas devido aos incentivos pela busca por geração de energia por meio de fontes alternativas. A configuração mais utilizada atualmente são as turbinas de três pás com eixo horizontal, upwind, operando com velocidade variável com limitação de potência por variação de passo, e utilizando o gerador de indução de dupla alimentação. A operação em velocidade variável com atuação no ângulo de passo permite a máxima captação de energia para as diferentes velocidades de vento, enquanto evita que a turbina ultrapasse o seu valor nominal de potência. O uso de conversores permite o controle das correntes do rotor, variando sua velocidade, e o controle da potência reativa de estator, e a montagem do tipo back-to-back permite que o fluxo de energia do rotor flua para a rede ou da rede. A modelagem matemática do sistema foi toda referenciada no referencial síncrono com notação vetorial e orientação de fluxo de rede, simplificando os modelos matemáticos. Para a montagem dos controladores foi utilizado o método de Controle de Modelo Interno e de Resistência Ativa. A montagem de todo o sistema para simulação foi realizada no Matlab/Simulink, e seu desenvolvimento é mostrado no decorrer do trabalho. Este trabalho analisa o fluxo de energia do sistema, desde a energia captada pelo vento até a energia entregue à rede. Para isso, são feitas análise dos fluxos das potências ativa e reativa do sistema, para fator de potência unitário, indutivo e capacitivo e para os mais recorrentes comportamentos do vento. Também são feitas análises a respeito dos regimes de operação do sistema, definidos a partir da relação entre os fluxos de potência, concluindo que a máquina poderá operar como gerador ou motor, devido principalmente à intensidade da variação do vento. / The use of wind energy has been the subject of studies around the world in recent decades due to the incentives to search for power generation through alternative sources. The most widely used configuration has been the three blades with horizontal axis and upwind turbine, operating in variable speed with power limitation by varying the pitch angle, and using the doubly fed induction generator configuration. The variable speed operation with power limitation enable for maximum energy harvesting for different wind speeds and prevents the turbine exceeds its nominal power. The use of converters allows for control of the rotor currents, varying the speed, and stator reactive power, and assembling type back-to-back allows for the rotor energy flux to flow into and out of the grid. Mathematical modeling of the whole system was referenced in the synchronous reference frame with vector notation and oriented by the grid flux, simplifying the mathematical models. For installation of the drivers, were used the Internal Model Control and Active Damping methods. The assembly of the entire system for simulation was conducted on Matlab / Simulink, and its step to step is shown in this work. This study analyzes the energy flow of the system, from the energy harvest from de wind to the energy delivered to the grid. To reach this, flow analysis of active and reactive power of the system is done, using unity, inductive and capacitive power factor, for the most recurrent wind behaviors. Analysis are made about the operation regimes of the system, defined as the relationship between the power flows, concluding that the machine can operate as a generator or motor, mainly due to the variation of the wind intensity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 boninineto_a_dr_ilha.pdf: 824701 bytes, checksum: 6658988060f97f3bc85ad52076cad0b2 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho analisa a utilização de técnicas de parametrização global para o fluxo de carga continuado. Essas técnicas são consideradas inadequadas para a obtenção da margem de carregamento de sistemas com problemas de estabilidade de tensão com características fortemente locais. Isto se deve ao fato de que no ponto de máximo carregamento a singularidade da matriz Jacobiana do método de parametrização global coincide com a da matriz Jacobiana do fluxo de carga. Nesses casos, a parametrização local é considerada como a única forma de se eliminar a singularidade. Entretanto, este trabalho mostra que a singularidade também pode ser eficientemente eliminada não só para estes sistemas, mas para qualquer outro, através de uma nova técnica de parametrização (global). A técnica utiliza a equação de uma reta que passa por um ponto no plano determinado pelas variáveis fator de carregamento e a somatória das magnitudes, ou dos ângulos, das tensões nodais de todas as barras do sistema, que são as variáveis comumente usadas pelas técnicas de parametrização global. Os resultados obtidos para diversos sistemas confirmam o aumento da eficiência dos métodos propostos e mostram sua viabilidade para aplicações no planejamento da operação nos atuais sistemas de gerenciamento de energia / This work presents an analysis of the use of global parameterization techniques to the continuation power flow. Those techniques are considered inadequate for computation of the loading margin of power systems characterized by strong local static voltage stability. In such systems, at maximum loading point, the singularity of the Jacobian matrices of global parameterization techniques coincide with the one of the power flow Jacobian matrix. In those cases, the local parameterization is considered as the only way to overcome the singularity. However, this paper shows that this kind of singularity can be efficiently eliminated not only for these systems, but also for all others, by a new parameterization technique (global). This technique uses the addition of a line equation, which passes through a point in the plane determined by the sum of all the bus voltage magnitudes, or angles, and loading factor variables, that are variables commonly used by global parameterization techniques. The obtained results for several systems confirm the efficiency increased of the proposed methods and show its viability for applications in the operating planning in a modern energy management system

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gallegopareja_la_dr_ilha.pdf: 1184349 bytes, checksum: 67e1f90a3708a0564704972e31ced51c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta tese é proposta e avaliada uma metodologia alternativa para o cálculo do fluxo de potência quando são consideradas incertezas no sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. Especificamente é considerada incerteza na demanda dos usuários de baixa tensão, assim como também nas fases em que os usuários estão ligados no sistema. A demanda das unidades consumidoras é modelada através das funções de distribuição de probabilidades. A metodologia proposta vale-se das curvas de carga diárias típicas que foram estimadas através das curvas de carga medidas em uma campanha de medição. O fluxo de potência proposto emprega o método de simulação de Monte Carlo para gerar múltiplos cenários de demanda do sistema de distribuição. O método de fluxo de potência determinístico empregado é o denominado algoritmo Backward-Forward Sweep. Neste trabalho também é realizado um estudo estatístico para determinar quais distribuições de probabilidade podem representar os dados das curvas de carga diárias obtidas na campanha de medições. Muitos trabalhos apresentados no âmbito acadêmico empregam a priori a função de distribuição de probabilidade normal para realizar os diversos estudos, isto pode levar a conclusões inadequadas. Também é realizada uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos pelo fluxo de potência probabilístico, quando são utilizadas duas funções de distribuição de probabilidade diferentes para estimar as curvas de carga diárias (a função de distribuição de probabilidade que ficou no primeiro lugar na análise estatística e a função normal). São apresentados resultados comparativos para diferentes distribuições de probabilidade, quando é considerada incerteza somente na demanda e quando é considerada conjuntamente incertezas na demanda e na conexão das fases / In this thesis an alternative methodology to calculate the power flow considering uncertainty in the electrical distribution system is proposed and validated. Specifically, uncertainty is considered in the demand of the low voltage consumers, as well as the phases in which the users are connected to the system. The demand of the consumer units is modeled by means of probability distribution functions. The proposed methodology uses the daily load curves that were estimated by means of the load curves measured in measuring campaign. The proposed power flow uses the Monte Carlo simulation method to generate multiple demand scenarios of the distribution system. The deterministic power flow method implemented is the so called Backward-Forward Sweep algorithm. In this work it is also implemented a statistical study to determine which distribution functions can represent the data of the daily load curves obtained in the measuring campaign. Many research works found in the academic ambit use a priori the normal distribution function to perform diverse studies; this can lead to wrong conclusions. This thesis also presents a comparative analysis between the results obtained by the probabilistic power flow, when two different probability distribution functions are used to estimate the daily load curves (the probability distribution function that was first in the statistical analysis and the normal function). Comparative results are shown for different distribution functions considering uncertainty only in the demand, and considering uncertainty in the demand and the connection of the phases

Submitted by DAISY PAES SILVA null (daisypaess@gmail.com) on 2016-05-18T15:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 3068870 bytes, checksum: d65c9a34405a8cb377b1440005b0fb11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-20T17:31:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dp_me_bauru.pdf: 3068870 bytes, checksum: d65c9a34405a8cb377b1440005b0fb11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T17:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dp_me_bauru.pdf: 3068870 bytes, checksum: d65c9a34405a8cb377b1440005b0fb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo (FPO) é considerado um importante problema da Engenharia Elétrica desde a década de 1960. A partir de então, muitos trabalhos foram publicados com diferentes formulações e abordagens para a resolução deste problema. Muitas destas abordagens desconsiderava a natureza discreta das variáveis de controle e consideram todas as variáveis do problema como contínuas. Estas formulações são aproximações do problema de FPO, pois, algumas variáveis podem somente ser ajustadas por passos discretos, conforme a realidade do sistema. No problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo (FPOR), caso particular do problema de FPO, as variáveis relacionadas à potência ativa são fixadas e a otimização somente considera as variáveis relacionadas à potência reativa. O problema de FPOR pode ser modelado matematicamente como um problema de programação não-linear com variáveis discretas e contínuas. Neste trabalho, propõem-se das abordagens para resolução do problema FPOR que consideram a natureza discreta das variáveis do problema. Nas abordagens propostas são utilizadas funções penalidade associadas a um método de pontos interiores, combinando as vantagens de ambos para a resolução do problema de FPOR. Desenvolvem-se funções penalidade polinomiais para tratar as variáveis de controle discretas do problema, taps dos transformadores e bancos de capacitores e de reatores shunt, obtendo-se uma sequência de problemas contínuos, diferenciáveis e penalizados, que são resolvidos pelo método de pontos interiores implementado no solver gratuito IPOPT. As soluções de tais problemas convergem para a solução do problema original. Os testes numéricos foram realizados com os sistemas elétricos IEEE 14, 30, 118 e 300 barras para verificar a eficiência das abordagens propostas. / The Optimal Power Flow Problem (OPF) is considered an important problem of the electrical engineering since the 1960s. From that moment, many papers were published with different formulations and approaches for solving this problem. Many of these approaches disregard the discrete nature of the control variables and consider all the variables of the problem as continuous. These formulations are approximations of the OPF problem, because some variables can be adjusted only by discrete steps, according to the system reality. In the Reactive Optimal Power Flow problem (ROPF), particular case of the OPF problem, the variables related to the active power are fixed and the optimization only considers the variables related to the reactive power. The ROPF problem can be mathematically modeled as a nonlinear programming problem with discrete and continuous variables. In this work, two approaches are presented for solving the ROPF problem considering the discrete nature of its variables. In the presented approaches, penalty functions are used associated with an interior-point method, combining the advantages of both for solving the ROPF problem. Polynomial penalty functions are used to treat the discrete control variables of the problem, transformers taps and shunt susceptances, obtaining a sequence of continuous, differentiable and penalized problems, which are solved by the interior-point method implemented in the IPOPT free solver. The solution of such problems converge to the solution of the original problem. The numerical tests were performed in the electrical systems IEEE 14, IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 buses to show the efficiency of the proposed methods. / CNPq: 130486/2014-0

Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Percival Bueno de Araujo / Banca: Anna Diva Plasencia Lotufo / Banca: José Manuel Arroyo Sanchez / Banca: Paulo Augusto Nepomuceno Garcia / Resumo: Nesta tese é proposta e avaliada uma metodologia alternativa para o cálculo do fluxo de potência quando são consideradas incertezas no sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. Especificamente é considerada incerteza na demanda dos usuários de baixa tensão, assim como também nas fases em que os usuários estão ligados no sistema. A demanda das unidades consumidoras é modelada através das funções de distribuição de probabilidades. A metodologia proposta vale-se das curvas de carga diárias típicas que foram estimadas através das curvas de carga medidas em uma campanha de medição. O fluxo de potência proposto emprega o método de simulação de Monte Carlo para gerar múltiplos cenários de demanda do sistema de distribuição. O método de fluxo de potência determinístico empregado é o denominado algoritmo Backward-Forward Sweep. Neste trabalho também é realizado um estudo estatístico para determinar quais distribuições de probabilidade podem representar os dados das curvas de carga diárias obtidas na campanha de medições. Muitos trabalhos apresentados no âmbito acadêmico empregam a priori a função de distribuição de probabilidade normal para realizar os diversos estudos, isto pode levar a conclusões inadequadas. Também é realizada uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos pelo fluxo de potência probabilístico, quando são utilizadas duas funções de distribuição de probabilidade diferentes para estimar as curvas de carga diárias (a função de distribuição de probabilidade que ficou no primeiro lugar na análise estatística e a função normal). São apresentados resultados comparativos para diferentes distribuições de probabilidade, quando é considerada incerteza somente na demanda e quando é considerada conjuntamente incertezas na demanda e na conexão das fases / Abstract: In this thesis an alternative methodology to calculate the power flow considering uncertainty in the electrical distribution system is proposed and validated. Specifically, uncertainty is considered in the demand of the low voltage consumers, as well as the phases in which the users are connected to the system. The demand of the consumer units is modeled by means of probability distribution functions. The proposed methodology uses the daily load curves that were estimated by means of the load curves measured in measuring campaign. The proposed power flow uses the Monte Carlo simulation method to generate multiple demand scenarios of the distribution system. The deterministic power flow method implemented is the so called Backward-Forward Sweep algorithm. In this work it is also implemented a statistical study to determine which distribution functions can represent the data of the daily load curves obtained in the measuring campaign. Many research works found in the academic ambit use a priori the normal distribution function to perform diverse studies; this can lead to wrong conclusions. This thesis also presents a comparative analysis between the results obtained by the probabilistic power flow, when two different probability distribution functions are used to estimate the daily load curves (the probability distribution function that was first in the statistical analysis and the normal function). Comparative results are shown for different distribution functions considering uncertainty only in the demand, and considering uncertainty in the demand and the connection of the phases / Doutor

Este trabalho apresenta proposta de modelo matemático para o problema de expansão do sistema de transmissão baseado no fluxo de carga CC considerando a utilização de links CC e FACTS resolvido através de metodologia de solução que considera a primeira e a segunda lei de Kirchhoff em processo enumerativo de branch-and-bound adaptado. A abordagem possui dois pontos em destaque: i) apresenta uma proposta de modelo matemático com possibilidade da utilização direta em problemas de expansão de linhas de transmissão que possuem tanto linhas de transmissão CA, transformadores, links CC e dispositivos FACTS e ii) é um método exato de solução do problema que garante a otimalidade da resposta e traz uma contribuição ao tradicional método branch-and-bound por incluir relaxações adicionais. O método aplicado aos sistemas de 6 barras de Garver e sistema Sul sudeste Brasileiro de 46 barras apresenta respostas adequadas e o modelo matemático testado em um sistema Garver modificado apresenta novas configurações possíveis com redução do custo total do investimento. / This work proposes a mathematical model to the transmission expansion system problem based on the DC power flow model considering the use of DC links and FACTS that is solved using a solution method considering the first and second Kirchhoff’s Law in an enumerative adapted branch-and-bound process. It is possible to highlight two key aspects of the proposed approach: i) presents a mathematical model that can be directly used on expansion transmission systems problems that have AC transmission lines, transformers, DC links and FACTS and ii) is an exact solution method that guarantees the optimum problems’s solutions and contributes to the traditional branch-and-bound method bringing additional relaxations. The solution method applied to Garver’s six-bus network and southeast Brazilian 46 bus network provides correct answers and the mathematical model tested on a modified Garver’s six-bus network presents new possible configurations that enables overall cost reduction to the problem.